Ecological concepts and diversity of old-growth forests

Journal of Forestry

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 14-21

  Spies, Thomas A ^a  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Policy

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; PUBLIC POLICY;

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT PRACTICES;

FORESTRY;

BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGICAL APPROACH; FOREST MANAGEMENT; OLD-GROWTH FOREST;

EID: 2442547674     PISSN: 00221201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. ANONYMOUS. 1939. Generic definition and description of old-growth forests. Report on file. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
2. DENEVAN, W.M. 1992. The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of tbe Association of American Geographers 82:369-85.
3. FERNOW, B. E. 1891. What is forestry? Washington, DC: Forestry Division, Department of Agriculture.
4. FOSTER, D.R., D.A. ORWIG, and J.S. MCLACHLAN. 1996. Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests. Tree 11:419-21.
5. FRANKLIN, J.F., and T.A. SPIES. 1991. Ecological definitions of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. In Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests, eds. L. F. Ruggiero K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff, 61-69. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Servuive, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
6. FRANKLIN, J.F, T.A. SPIES, R. VAN PELT, A.B. CAREY, D.A. THORNBURGH, D.R. BERG, D.B. LINDENMAYER, M.E. HARMON, W.S. KEETON, D.C. SHAW, K. BIBLE, and J. CHEN. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:399-423.
7. FRELICH, L.E. 2002. Forest dynamics and disturbance regimes: Studies from temperate evergneen-deciduous forests Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8. HARMON, M.E., J.F. FRANKLIN, F.J. SWANSON, P. SOLLINS, S.V. GREGORY, J.D. LATTIN, N.H. ANDERSON, S.P. CLINE, N.G. AUMEN, J.R. SEDELL, G.W. LIENKAEMPER, K.J. CROMACK, and K.W. CUMMINS. 1986. Ecology of coarse wood debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15:133-302.
9. HARMS, W.R. 1996. An old-growth definition for wet pine forests, woodlands, and savannas. General Technical Report GTR-SRS-7. Asheville, NC: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
10. HUNTER, M.L., J.R., and A.S. WHITE. 1997. Ecological threshold and the definition of old-growth forest stands. Natural Areas Journal 17:292-96.
11. LUGO, A.E. 1997. Old-growth mangrove forests in the United States, Conservation Biology 11:11-20.
12. OLD-GROWTH DEFINITION TASK GROUP. 1986. Interim definitions for old-growth Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest and California. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service.
13. OLIVER, C.D., and B.C. LARSON. 1990. Forest stand dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
14. PARKER, A.J., K.C. PARKER, and H. WIGGINS-BROWN. 2000. Disturbance and scale effects on southern old-growth forests (USA): The sand pine example. Natural Areas Journal 20:273-79.
15. SPIES, T.A., and J.F. FRANKLIN. 1988. Old-growth and forest dynamics to the Douglas-fir region of western Oregon and Washington. Natural Areas Journal 8:190-201.
16. SPIES, T.A., and J.F. FRANKLIN. 1996. The diversity and maintenance of old-growth forests. In Biodiversity in managed landscape: Theory and practice, eds. R.C. Szaro and D.W. Johnston, 296-314. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. SPIES, T.A., and M.G. TURNER. 1999. Dynamic forest mosaics. In Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems, ed. M.L. Hunter Jr., 95-160. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
18. VAN WAGNER, C.E. 1978. Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8:220-27.
19. WATT, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35:1-22.
20. WELLS, R.W., K.P. LERTZMAN, and S.C. SAUNDERS. 1998. Old-growth definitions for the forests British Columbia, Canada. Natural Areas Journal 18:279-92.
21. WIMBERLY, M.C., T.A. SPIES, C.J. LONG, and C. WHITLOCK. 2000. Simulating historical variability in the amount of old forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Conservation Biology 14:167-80.
22. ZIMMERMANN, M.H., and C.L. BROWN. 1971. Trees: Structure and function. New York: Springer-Verlag.