Macro-appraisal and Functional Analysis: Documenting governance rather than government

Journal of the Society of Archivists

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 5-18

  Cook, Terry ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442544702     PISSN: 00379816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0037981042000199106     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. This article began as a paper delivered to the Third International Colloquium on Library and Information Science, sponsored by the Department of Library and Information Science, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain, 9-11 October 2002. The theme of the symposium was 'The Refined Art of Destruction: the records' appraisal and disposal'. My original address to the symposium was translated and published in Spanish as 'Macrovaloración y análisis funcional: la preeminencia de la interacción politico-social sobre el gobierno' in Tabula: Revista de Archivos de Castilla y León, vol 6 (2003), pp 87-102. The present version has been considerably reworked for this journal's audience. I am grateful to Kate Manning, Archivist, University College Dublin, Ireland, for urging me to revise the speech that she heard and to submit it for publication in English.
2. The theme of the conference in Spain (see note 1) focused on 'the fine art of destruction' as a corollary of archival appraisal. There is a nuance of distinction here. Most archival legislation grants the chief archival officer of a jurisdiction veto power over destruction of public records. In some jurisdictions, this was seen as a means to an end: the 'good' records having long-term (we used to say 'permanent') value that the archive wishes to retain will be left over after all the 'bad' records have been destroyed. This is the residue approach, popular in the UK and Australia especially, and justifies a stronger role for archivists as records-keepers across the whole spectrum (or continuum) of a record's life. The emphasis is on elimination and winnowing of records. In North America and parts of Europe, the focus is more directly on identifying the archival record, selecting or extracting it, and leaving the rest for appropriate management (and accountability responsibility) to the creating agency-without at all denying that archivists have a keen interest (and supporting role) in having reliable, trustworthy records created and well-managed in agencies. It is a difference of emphasis, sometimes characterised as the administrative versus cultural role of archivists in appraisal-a 'fine art' indeed. On the rather uncomfortable position archivists place themselves when these accountabilities are not clear, see T. Cook, '"A Monumental Blunder": the destruction of records on Nazi War Criminals in Canada', in R. Cox and D. Wallace (eds), Archives and the Public Good: accountability and records in modern society (London, 2002), pp 37-65. The 'fine art' term was first used in this context by Canadian Dominion (now National) Archivist, W. Kaye Lamb, who had very much a 'cultural' focus in archivy, ironically in a festschrift article honouring Sir Hilary Jenkinson, who of course articulated the 'administrative' dimension of appraisal. See W. K. Lamb, 'The fine art of destruction', in A. E. J. Hollaender (ed.), Essays in Memory of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Chichester, 1962), pp 50-56. The concept has recently been revisited by one of Lamb's successors as National Archivist, see I. E. Wilson, 'The fine art of destruction revisited', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 124-139. The Jenkinsonian and Schellenbergian models are described briefly below, but at more length in T. Cook, 'What is past is prologue: a history of archival ideas since 1898, and the future paradigm shift', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 17-63.
3. The theme of the conference in Spain (see note 1) focused on 'the fine art of destruction' as a corollary of archival appraisal. There is a nuance of distinction here. Most archival legislation grants the chief archival officer of a jurisdiction veto power over destruction of public records. In some jurisdictions, this was seen as a means to an end: the 'good' records having long-term (we used to say 'permanent') value that the archive wishes to retain will be left over after all the 'bad' records have been destroyed. This is the residue approach, popular in the UK and Australia especially, and justifies a stronger role for archivists as records-keepers across the whole spectrum (or continuum) of a record's life. The emphasis is on elimination and winnowing of records. In North America and parts of Europe, the focus is more directly on identifying the archival record, selecting or extracting it, and leaving the rest for appropriate management (and accountability responsibility) to the creating agency-without at all denying that archivists have a keen interest (and supporting role) in having reliable, trustworthy records created and well-managed in agencies. It is a difference of emphasis, sometimes characterised as the administrative versus cultural role of archivists in appraisal-a 'fine art' indeed. On the rather uncomfortable position archivists place themselves when these accountabilities are not clear, see T. Cook, '"A Monumental Blunder": the destruction of records on Nazi War Criminals in Canada', in R. Cox and D. Wallace (eds), Archives and the Public Good: accountability and records in modern society (London, 2002), pp 37-65. The 'fine art' term was first used in this context by Canadian Dominion (now National) Archivist, W. Kaye Lamb, who had very much a 'cultural' focus in archivy, ironically in a festschrift article honouring Sir Hilary Jenkinson, who of course articulated the 'administrative' dimension of appraisal. See W. K. Lamb, 'The fine art of destruction', in A. E. J. Hollaender (ed.), Essays in Memory of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Chichester, 1962), pp 50-56. The concept has recently been revisited by one of Lamb's successors as National Archivist, see I. E. Wilson, 'The fine art of destruction revisited', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 124-139. The Jenkinsonian and Schellenbergian models are described briefly below, but at more length in T. Cook, 'What is past is prologue: a history of archival ideas since 1898, and the future paradigm shift', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 17-63.
4. The theme of the conference in Spain (see note 1) focused on 'the fine art of destruction' as a corollary of archival appraisal. There is a nuance of distinction here. Most archival legislation grants the chief archival officer of a jurisdiction veto power over destruction of public records. In some jurisdictions, this was seen as a means to an end: the 'good' records having long-term (we used to say 'permanent') value that the archive wishes to retain will be left over after all the 'bad' records have been destroyed. This is the residue approach, popular in the UK and Australia especially, and justifies a stronger role for archivists as records-keepers across the whole spectrum (or continuum) of a record's life. The emphasis is on elimination and winnowing of records. In North America and parts of Europe, the focus is more directly on identifying the archival record, selecting or extracting it, and leaving the rest for appropriate management (and accountability responsibility) to the creating agency-without at all denying that archivists have a keen interest (and supporting role) in having reliable, trustworthy records created and well-managed in agencies. It is a difference of emphasis, sometimes characterised as the administrative versus cultural role of archivists in appraisal-a 'fine art' indeed. On the rather uncomfortable position archivists place themselves when these accountabilities are not clear, see T. Cook, '"A Monumental Blunder": the destruction of records on Nazi War Criminals in Canada', in R. Cox and D. Wallace (eds), Archives and the Public Good: accountability and records in modern society (London, 2002), pp 37-65. The 'fine art' term was first used in this context by Canadian Dominion (now National) Archivist, W. Kaye Lamb, who had very much a 'cultural' focus in archivy, ironically in a festschrift article honouring Sir Hilary Jenkinson, who of course articulated the 'administrative' dimension of appraisal. See W. K. Lamb, 'The fine art of destruction', in A. E. J. Hollaender (ed.), Essays in Memory of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Chichester, 1962), pp 50-56. The concept has recently been revisited by one of Lamb's successors as National Archivist, see I. E. Wilson, 'The fine art of destruction revisited', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 124-139. The Jenkinsonian and Schellenbergian models are described briefly below, but at more length in T. Cook, 'What is past is prologue: a history of archival ideas since 1898, and the future paradigm shift', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 17-63.
5. The theme of the conference in Spain (see note 1) focused on 'the fine art of destruction' as a corollary of archival appraisal. There is a nuance of distinction here. Most archival legislation grants the chief archival officer of a jurisdiction veto power over destruction of public records. In some jurisdictions, this was seen as a means to an end: the 'good' records having long-term (we used to say 'permanent') value that the archive wishes to retain will be left over after all the 'bad' records have been destroyed. This is the residue approach, popular in the UK and Australia especially, and justifies a stronger role for archivists as records-keepers across the whole spectrum (or continuum) of a record's life. The emphasis is on elimination and winnowing of records. In North America and parts of Europe, the focus is more directly on identifying the archival record, selecting or extracting it, and leaving the rest for appropriate management (and accountability responsibility) to the creating agency-without at all denying that archivists have a keen interest (and supporting role) in having reliable, trustworthy records created and well-managed in agencies. It is a difference of emphasis, sometimes characterised as the administrative versus cultural role of archivists in appraisal-a 'fine art' indeed. On the rather uncomfortable position archivists place themselves when these accountabilities are not clear, see T. Cook, '"A Monumental Blunder": the destruction of records on Nazi War Criminals in Canada', in R. Cox and D. Wallace (eds), Archives and the Public Good: accountability and records in modern society (London, 2002), pp 37-65. The 'fine art' term was first used in this context by Canadian Dominion (now National) Archivist, W. Kaye Lamb, who had very much a 'cultural' focus in archivy, ironically in a festschrift article honouring Sir Hilary Jenkinson, who of course articulated the 'administrative' dimension of appraisal. See W. K. Lamb, 'The fine art of destruction', in A. E. J. Hollaender (ed.), Essays in Memory of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Chichester, 1962), pp 50-56. The concept has recently been revisited by one of Lamb's successors as National Archivist, see I. E. Wilson, 'The fine art of destruction revisited', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 124-139. The Jenkinsonian and Schellenbergian models are described briefly below, but at more length in T. Cook, 'What is past is prologue: a history of archival ideas since 1898, and the future paradigm shift', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 17-63.
6. I first developed macro-appraisal in 1989-90 when writing my RAMP study for the International Council on Archives, see The Archival Appraisal of Records Containing Personal Information: a RAMP study with guidelines (Paris, 1991), and later used its insights to develop, with the help of colleagues, the macro-appraisal programme at the National Archives of Canada during 1990-91, where it was formally launched across government in 1991 as the intellectual core of a new planned approach to the disposal of records. I was later the director responsible for the appraisal and disposal programme for government records in all media from 1993 to 1998, when I left the institution. My views in this article should not automatically be assumed, therefore, to be those of the National Archives of Canada today, where all the programmes are constantly evolving, although the core of the macro-appraisal programme remains as I left it. Nevertheless, I write as an archival educator, and no longer as a senior manager of the National Archives of Canada.
7. On why Jenkinson and Schellenberg's appraisal concepts and strategic approaches are no longer appropriate to modern archivists (despite some vestigial merits from both that macro-appraisal incorporates), see again Cook, 'What is past is prologue' which places the past century's appraisal thinking, including macro-appraisal, in an historical and post-modern perspective.
8. For a sustained critique of this misleading (and dangerous) professional mythology, see the two double-length thematic issues of Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information, vol 2, nos 1/2 and 3/4 (2002) on 'Archives, records, and power' edited by J. M. Schwartz and T. Cook, which contain 15 essays critiquing this mythology across all archival functions, as well as historically and philosophically. Countering this mythology, I have also published two related articles on the subjective, constructed nature of the post-modern archive and what that means for an archivist's daily work: see T. Cook, 'Archival science and postmodernism: new formulations for old concepts', Archival Science, vol 1, no 1 (2001, pp 3-24); and 'Fashionable nonsense or professional rebirth: postmodernism and the practice of archives', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001, pp 14-35).
9. For a sustained critique of this misleading (and dangerous) professional mythology, see the two double-length thematic issues of Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information, vol 2, nos 1/2 and 3/4 (2002) on 'Archives, records, and power' edited by J. M. Schwartz and T. Cook, which contain 15 essays critiquing this mythology across all archival functions, as well as historically and philosophically. Countering this mythology, I have also published two related articles on the subjective, constructed nature of the post-modern archive and what that means for an archivist's daily work: see T. Cook, 'Archival science and postmodernism: new formulations for old concepts', Archival Science, vol 1, no 1 (2001, pp 3-24); and 'Fashionable nonsense or professional rebirth: postmodernism and the practice of archives', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001, pp 14-35).
10. For a sustained critique of this misleading (and dangerous) professional mythology, see the two double-length thematic issues of Archival Science: International Journal on Recorded Information, vol 2, nos 1/2 and 3/4 (2002) on 'Archives, records, and power' edited by J. M. Schwartz and T. Cook, which contain 15 essays critiquing this mythology across all archival functions, as well as historically and philosophically. Countering this mythology, I have also published two related articles on the subjective, constructed nature of the post-modern archive and what that means for an archivist's daily work: see T. Cook, 'Archival science and postmodernism: new formulations for old concepts', Archival Science, vol 1, no 1 (2001, pp 3-24); and 'Fashionable nonsense or professional rebirth: postmodernism and the practice of archives', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001, pp 14-35).
11. See especially H. Booms, 'Society and the formation of a documentary heritage: issues in the appraisal of archival sources', Archivaria, vol 24 (Summer 1987), pp 69-107, (translated from the original 1972 German version); as well as his 'Uberlieferungsbilding: keeping archives as a social and political activity', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92, pp 25-33). Part of Booms' 1987/1972 tour de force is a sustained historical critique of German archival theorists who adopted a Jenkinsonian or Schellenbergian model for appraisal, although neither he nor they might label their views that way.
12. See especially H. Booms, 'Society and the formation of a documentary heritage: issues in the appraisal of archival sources', Archivaria, vol 24 (Summer 1987), pp 69-107, (translated from the original 1972 German version); as well as his 'Uberlieferungsbilding: keeping archives as a social and political activity', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92, pp 25-33). Part of Booms' 1987/1972 tour de force is a sustained historical critique of German archival theorists who adopted a Jenkinsonian or Schellenbergian model for appraisal, although neither he nor they might label their views that way.
13. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
14. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
15. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
16. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
17. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
18. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
19. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
20. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
21. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
22. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
23. For these writers on archival appraisal reflecting or articulating this social values perspective, in addition to Booms, see G. Ham, 'The archival edge', in M. Daniels and T. Walch (eds), A Modern Archives Reader (Washington, 1984), pp 326-335 and 'Archival choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance', in N. E. Peace (ed.), Archival Choices: managing the historical record in an age of abundance (Lexington, MA, 1984), pp 133-147; H. Samuels, Varsity Letters: documenting modern colleges and universities (London, 1992) and 'Who controls the past?', American Archivist, vol 49 (Spring 1986), pp 109-124. Building out from this base, and my RAMP study cited in note 3, the key statements from the National Archives of Canada about macro-appraisal are T. Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a new theory of archival appraisal', in B. Craig (ed.), The Canadian Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70; '"Many are called but few are chosen": appraisal guidelines for sampling and selecting case files', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 25-50; 'Beyond the screen: the records continuum and archival cultural heritage', in L. Burrows (ed.), Beyond the Screen: capturing corporate and social memory (Melbourne, 2000), p 8-21; and R. Brown, 'Macro-appraisal theory and the context of the public records creator', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 121-172, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 34-56; 'The value of "narrativity" in the appraisal of historical documents: foundation for a theory of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 32 (Summer 1991), pp 152-156. For placing appraisal ideas, including updated thinking about macro-appraisal in an historical and post-modern perspective, see the three articles by T. Cook cited above in notes 4 and 5.
24. See I. E. Wilson, 'Reflections on archival strategies', American Archivist, 58 (Fall 1995), pp 414-428. For archivists merely (and meekly) to do what they think their government sponsors want regarding their own institutional records, or what archivists think will please these sponsors and thus show that archivists are good corporate 'players' worthy of continued funding, is, as Shirley Spragge says, too easy (and too irresponsible) an abdication of the archivist's cultural mission and societal responsibilities: 'The abdication crisis: are archivists giving up their cultural responsibility?', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 173-181. For a critique of archivists limiting their roles to ensuring that records bear the characteristics of trustworthy evidence (which they have a partnership role in achieving, certainly), see Cook, 'Beyond the screen' and M. A. Greene, 'The power of meaning: the archival mission in the postmodern age', American Archivist, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 42-55. Following and expanding Spragge's vision, see L. Millar's incisive pair of linked articles: 'Discharging our debt: the evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada', Archivaria, vol 46 (Fall 1998), pp 103-146; and 'The spirit of total archives: seeking a sustainable archival system', Archivaria, vol 47 (Spring 1999), pp 46-65.
25. See I. E. Wilson, 'Reflections on archival strategies', American Archivist, 58 (Fall 1995), pp 414-428. For archivists merely (and meekly) to do what they think their government sponsors want regarding their own institutional records, or what archivists think will please these sponsors and thus show that archivists are good corporate 'players' worthy of continued funding, is, as Shirley Spragge says, too easy (and too irresponsible) an abdication of the archivist's cultural mission and societal responsibilities: 'The abdication crisis: are archivists giving up their cultural responsibility?', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 173-181. For a critique of archivists limiting their roles to ensuring that records bear the characteristics of trustworthy evidence (which they have a partnership role in achieving, certainly), see Cook, 'Beyond the screen' and M. A. Greene, 'The power of meaning: the archival mission in the postmodern age', American Archivist, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 42-55. Following and expanding Spragge's vision, see L. Millar's incisive pair of linked articles: 'Discharging our debt: the evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada', Archivaria, vol 46 (Fall 1998), pp 103-146; and 'The spirit of total archives: seeking a sustainable archival system', Archivaria, vol 47 (Spring 1999), pp 46-65.
26. See I. E. Wilson, 'Reflections on archival strategies', American Archivist, 58 (Fall 1995), pp 414-428. For archivists merely (and meekly) to do what they think their government sponsors want regarding their own institutional records, or what archivists think will please these sponsors and thus show that archivists are good corporate 'players' worthy of continued funding, is, as Shirley Spragge says, too easy (and too irresponsible) an abdication of the archivist's cultural mission and societal responsibilities: 'The abdication crisis: are archivists giving up their cultural responsibility?', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 173-181. For a critique of archivists limiting their roles to ensuring that records bear the characteristics of trustworthy evidence (which they have a partnership role in achieving, certainly), see Cook, 'Beyond the screen' and M. A. Greene, 'The power of meaning: the archival mission in the postmodern age', American Archivist, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 42-55. Following and expanding Spragge's vision, see L. Millar's incisive pair of linked articles: 'Discharging our debt: the evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada', Archivaria, vol 46 (Fall 1998), pp 103-146; and 'The spirit of total archives: seeking a sustainable archival system', Archivaria, vol 47 (Spring 1999), pp 46-65.
27. See I. E. Wilson, 'Reflections on archival strategies', American Archivist, 58 (Fall 1995), pp 414-428. For archivists merely (and meekly) to do what they think their government sponsors want regarding their own institutional records, or what archivists think will please these sponsors and thus show that archivists are good corporate 'players' worthy of continued funding, is, as Shirley Spragge says, too easy (and too irresponsible) an abdication of the archivist's cultural mission and societal responsibilities: 'The abdication crisis: are archivists giving up their cultural responsibility?', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 173-181. For a critique of archivists limiting their roles to ensuring that records bear the characteristics of trustworthy evidence (which they have a partnership role in achieving, certainly), see Cook, 'Beyond the screen' and M. A. Greene, 'The power of meaning: the archival mission in the postmodern age', American Archivist, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 42-55. Following and expanding Spragge's vision, see L. Millar's incisive pair of linked articles: 'Discharging our debt: the evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada', Archivaria, vol 46 (Fall 1998), pp 103-146; and 'The spirit of total archives: seeking a sustainable archival system', Archivaria, vol 47 (Spring 1999), pp 46-65.
28. See I. E. Wilson, 'Reflections on archival strategies', American Archivist, 58 (Fall 1995), pp 414-428. For archivists merely (and meekly) to do what they think their government sponsors want regarding their own institutional records, or what archivists think will please these sponsors and thus show that archivists are good corporate 'players' worthy of continued funding, is, as Shirley Spragge says, too easy (and too irresponsible) an abdication of the archivist's cultural mission and societal responsibilities: 'The abdication crisis: are archivists giving up their cultural responsibility?', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 173-181. For a critique of archivists limiting their roles to ensuring that records bear the characteristics of trustworthy evidence (which they have a partnership role in achieving, certainly), see Cook, 'Beyond the screen' and M. A. Greene, 'The power of meaning: the archival mission in the postmodern age', American Archivist, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 42-55. Following and expanding Spragge's vision, see L. Millar's incisive pair of linked articles: 'Discharging our debt: the evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada', Archivaria, vol 46 (Fall 1998), pp 103-146; and 'The spirit of total archives: seeking a sustainable archival system', Archivaria, vol 47 (Spring 1999), pp 46-65.
29. See I. E. Wilson, 'Reflections on archival strategies', American Archivist, 58 (Fall 1995), pp 414-428. For archivists merely (and meekly) to do what they think their government sponsors want regarding their own institutional records, or what archivists think will please these sponsors and thus show that archivists are good corporate 'players' worthy of continued funding, is, as Shirley Spragge says, too easy (and too irresponsible) an abdication of the archivist's cultural mission and societal responsibilities: 'The abdication crisis: are archivists giving up their cultural responsibility?', Archivaria, vol 40 (Fall 1995), pp 173-181. For a critique of archivists limiting their roles to ensuring that records bear the characteristics of trustworthy evidence (which they have a partnership role in achieving, certainly), see Cook, 'Beyond the screen' and M. A. Greene, 'The power of meaning: the archival mission in the postmodern age', American Archivist, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 42-55. Following and expanding Spragge's vision, see L. Millar's incisive pair of linked articles: 'Discharging our debt: the evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada', Archivaria, vol 46 (Fall 1998), pp 103-146; and 'The spirit of total archives: seeking a sustainable archival system', Archivaria, vol 47 (Spring 1999), pp 46-65.
30. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
31. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
32. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
33. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
34. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
35. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
36. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
37. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell,
38. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
39. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
40. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
41. A flavouring of several published case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are J.-S. Piché, 'Macro-appraisal and duplication of information: federal real property management records', Archivaria, vol 39 (Spring 1995), pp 39-50; C. Bailey, 'From the top down: the practice of macro-appraisal', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 89-128; C. Loewen, 'From human neglect to planetary survival: new approaches to the appraisal of environmental records', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 87-103; J.-S. Piché and S. Powell, 'Counting archives in: the appraisal of the 1991 Census of Canada', Archivaria, vol 45 (Spring 1998), pp 27-43; S. Powell, 'Archival reappraisal: the immigration case files', Archivaria, vol 33 (Winter 1991-92), pp 45-60; E. Scheinberg, 'Case file theory: does it work in practice?', Archivaria, vol 38 (Fall 1994), pp 61-73; J. Suderman, 'Appraising records of the expenditure management function: an exercise in functional analysis', Archivaria, vol 43 (Spring 1997), pp 129-142; B. Beaven, 'Macro-appraisal: from theory to practice', Archivaria, vol 48 (Fall 1999), pp 161-191; and P. Botticelli, 'Records appraisal in network organizations', Archivaria, vol 49 (Spring 2000), pp 228-303. On functional analysis, see C. Robinson, 'Records control and disposal using functional analysis', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 25 (November 1997), pp 288-303; and P. Sabourin, 'Constructing a function-based records classification system: business activity structure classification system', Archivaria, vol 51 (Spring 2001), pp 137-154. A number of other case studies of implementing macro-appraisal are now being edited for publication. For a comparative perspective, see J. Roberts, 'One size fits all? the portability of macro-appraisal by a comparative analysis of Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand', Archivaria, vol 52 (Fall 2001), pp 47-68.
42. For more information on the presentation of the appraisal research and decision-making processes, see R. Brown (with Y. Hackett), 'Drafting an appraisal report for the disposition of government records' (internal report, National Archives of Canada, 1999).
43. This too is part of the systematic methodology used to define the macro-appraisal programme at the National Archives of Canada. For the actual approach, see T. Cook, 'An appraisal methodology: guidelines for performing an archival appraisal' (December 1991) and T. Cook, 'Government-wide plan for the disposition of records 1991-1996', (October 1990), both internal National Archives reports. The former was expanded and revised in light of experience by T. Cook, 'Appraisal methodology: macro-appraisal and functional analysis. Part A: Concepts and theory; Part B: Guidelines for performing an archival appraisal on government records' (National Archives of Canada, 2001), available at 〈http://www.archives.ca/06/061101_e.html〉 (accessed 16 December 2003).
44. This too is part of the systematic methodology used to define the macro-appraisal programme at the National Archives of Canada. For the actual approach, see T. Cook, 'An appraisal methodology: guidelines for performing an archival appraisal' (December 1991) and T. Cook, 'Government-wide plan for the disposition of records 1991-1996', (October 1990), both internal National Archives reports. The former was expanded and revised in light of experience by T. Cook, 'Appraisal methodology: macro-appraisal and functional analysis. Part A: Concepts and theory; Part B: Guidelines for performing an archival appraisal on government records' (National Archives of Canada, 2001), available at 〈http://www.archives.ca/06/061101_e.html〉 (accessed 16 December 2003).
45. This too is part of the systematic methodology used to define the macro-appraisal programme at the National Archives of Canada. For the actual approach, see T. Cook, 'An appraisal methodology: guidelines for performing an archival appraisal' (December 1991) and T. Cook, 'Government-wide plan for the disposition of records 1991-1996', (October 1990), both internal National Archives reports. The former was expanded and revised in light of experience by T. Cook, 'Appraisal methodology: macro-appraisal and functional analysis. Part A: Concepts and theory; Part B: Guidelines for performing an archival appraisal on government records' (National Archives of Canada, 2001), available at 〈http://www.archives.ca/06/061101_e.html〉 (accessed 16 December 2003).
46. For an extensive list of relevant works by archivists on the post-modern archive, see Cook, 'Fashionable nonsense or professional rebirth', and the extensive listing of sources given there in note 14. Three important additions since are C. Hamilton, V. Harris et al., Refiguring the Archive (Cape Town, 2002) the two special issues of Archival Science on 'Archives, records, and power' (see note 5 above) and Tom Nesmith 'seeing archives, postmodernism and the changing intellectual place of archives', American Archives, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 24-41.
47. For an extensive list of relevant works by archivists on the post-modern archive, see Cook, 'Fashionable nonsense or professional rebirth', and the extensive listing of sources given there in note 14. Three important additions since are C. Hamilton, V. Harris et al., Refiguring the Archive (Cape Town, 2002) the two special issues of Archival Science on 'Archives, records, and power' (see note 5 above) and Tom Nesmith 'seeing archives, postmodernism and the changing intellectual place of archives', American Archives, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 24-41.
48. For an extensive list of relevant works by archivists on the post-modern archive, see Cook, 'Fashionable nonsense or professional rebirth', and the extensive listing of sources given there in note 14. Three important additions since are C. Hamilton, V. Harris et al., Refiguring the Archive (Cape Town, 2002) the two special issues of Archival Science on 'Archives, records, and power' (see note 5 above) and Tom Nesmith 'seeing archives, postmodernism and the changing intellectual place of archives', American Archives, vol 65 (Spring/Summer 2002), pp 24-41.