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Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 103-146

Discharging our debt: The evolution of the total archives concept in English Canada

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EID: 2442535255     PISSN: 03186954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (129)
  • 1
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    • note
    • A version of this paper was presented as "Whose Memory? In Whose Custody? Archival Management in the Twenty-First Century" at the Association of Canadian Archivists Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 8 June 1997. Much of the historical information in this paper is based on the author's doctoral dissertation, "The End of Total Archives: An Analysis Of Changing Acquisition Practices in Canadian Archival Repositories" (Ph.D. Dissertation, University College London, 1996). The reader is directed to that source for further details of discussions about the history of archival management in Canada. The author is grateful for the guidance and support of a number of colleagues, in particular D. Richard Valpy, who took the time to offer valuable comments on several drafts of this article, and Terry Cook, who has provided a detailed and insightful critique of this article and the thesis from which it is drawn.
  • 2
    • 84880615087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In this paper, the term "public archives" is used in reference to repositories funded directly by national, provincial, territorial, and municipal governments.
  • 3
    • 84880591777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The masculine is used here in the generic sense to represent both male and female archivists, recognizing of course that the vast majority of archivists in earlier times were men.
  • 4
    • 84880624676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, Archives, Report on Canadian Archives, 1889 (Ottawa, 1890), pp. x, xv.
  • 6
    • 84880641821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For more information on the work of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, see Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, The Centenary Volume of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1824-1924 (Montreal, 1924).
  • 7
    • 84880585684 scopus 로고
    • The Opening of the New Archives Building of Nova Scotia
    • note
    • J. Howe, quoted in J.C. Webster, "The Opening of the New Archives Building of Nova Scotia, " Canadian Historical Review 12, no. 1 (March 1931), pp. 44-45.
    • (1931) Canadian Historical Review , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-45
    • Webster, J.C.1
  • 8
    • 84880579514 scopus 로고
    • note
    • Nova Scotia, House of Assembly, Journals (30 April 1857), quoted in J.H. Archer, "A Study of Archival Institutions in Canada, " (Ph.D. Dissertation, Queen's University, 1969), p. 48.
    • (1969) House of Assembly, Journals , pp. 48
    • Scotia, N.1
  • 9
    • 84880615406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Akins was also commissioned as Provincial Librarian, "without pecuniary remuneration, " on the assumption that the two tasks, preservation of records and acquisition of books, could be done simultaneously. Public Archives of Nova Scotia, T.B. Akins Collection, MG 1, vol. 1504, no. 37, Akins to the Earl of Mulgrave, Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of Nova Scotia, 23 March 1860.
  • 11
    • 33749008286 scopus 로고
    • The Origins of the Public Archives Records Centre, 1897-1956
    • note
    • For more information on this period, see, for example, Jay Atherton, "The Origins of the Public Archives Records Centre, 1897-1956, " Archivaria 8 (Summer 1979), especially pp. 35-42.
    • (1979) Archivaria , vol.8 , pp. 35-42
    • Atherton, J.1
  • 12
    • 33749008286 scopus 로고
    • The Origins of the Public Archives Records Centre, 1897-1956
    • note
    • For more information on this period, see, for example, Jay Atherton, "The Origins of the Public Archives Records Centre, 1897-1956, " Archivaria 8 (Summer 1979), especially pp. 35-42.
    • (1979) Archivaria , vol.8 , pp. 35-42
    • Atherton, J.1
  • 14
    • 84880599432 scopus 로고
    • 'Quaint Specimens of the Early Days': Priorities in Collecting the Ontario Archival Record, 1872-1935
    • note
    • Donald Macleod addresses the care of the public record in Ontario in "'Quaint Specimens of the Early Days': Priorities in Collecting the Ontario Archival Record, 1872-1935, " Archivaria 22 (Summer 1986), pp. 12-39.
    • (1986) Archivaria , vol.22 , pp. 12-39
  • 16
    • 84880587795 scopus 로고
    • note
    • National Archives of Canada (hereafter NA), National Archives of Canada Records, RG 37, vol. 104, D. Brymner, "Memorandum on Archives, " 11 December 1878.
    • (1878) Memorandum on Archives
    • Brymner, D.1
  • 17
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 19
    • 79959342234 scopus 로고
    • note
    • D. Parker, in the introduction to his 1913 Guide to the Materials for United States History in Canadian Archives, commented on the evolution of the Canadian national archives, stating that "the Dominion Archivist [Brymner] had no archives, in the strict sense of that term, to administer. " D. Parker, Guide to the Materials for United States History in Canadian Archives (Washington, DC, 1913), p. 3.
    • (1913) Guide to the Materials for United States History in Canadian Archives , pp. 3
    • Parker, D.1
  • 20
    • 84880591841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, An Act Respecting the Public Archives (1912). Shortly after the passage of the Act, the Privy Council transferred responsibility for the archives and the commission from the Minister of Agriculture to the Department of Secretary of State. See NA, RG 37, vol. 303, File: Public Archives of Canada, PAC History, part 2, Canada, Privy Council, "Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, " 6 June 1912.
  • 21
    • 84880607857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA, MG 30, Kenney Papers, C176, vol. 7, File: 8/19, James Kenney, Speech, 1940.
  • 22
    • 84880638552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, An Act Respecting the Public Archives.
  • 24
    • 84880630495 scopus 로고
    • Historical Records and the Canadian War Effort
    • note
    • "Historical Records and the Canadian War Effort, " Canadian Historical Review 21, no. 2 (June 1940), pp. 239-40. See also "Canada, " The American Archivist 4, no. 1 (January 1941), pp. 70-71.
    • (1940) Canadian Historical Review , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 239-240
  • 26
    • 84880641094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Saskatchewan Archives Board, Hilda Neatby Collection, A139, No. 129, Canadian Historical Association, "Brief Prepared by the Canadian Historical Association, " Appendix I, A. Maheux to Prime Minister W.L.M. King, 17 July 1948.
  • 27
    • 84880618481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA, RG 37, vol. 61, File: 65-5-10, vol. 1, J. Kenney, Acting Dominion Archivist, to W.K. Lamb, Provincial Archivist, British Columbia, 4 December 1936.
  • 28
    • 79955660874 scopus 로고
    • Provincial Archives in Canada
    • note
    • G.W. Brown, "Provincial Archives in Canada, " Canadian Historical Review 16, no. 1 (March 1935), p. 3.
    • (1935) Canadian Historical Review , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Brown, G.W.1
  • 29
    • 79955660874 scopus 로고
    • Provincial Archives in Canada
    • note
    • G.W. Brown, "Provincial Archives in Canada, " Canadian Historical Review 16, no. 1 (March 1935), p. 3.
    • (1935) Canadian Historical Review , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Brown, G.W.1
  • 30
    • 84880591350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • University of Saskatchewan Archives, Morton Papers, MG 2, I: Subject Files, 15: Provincial Archives, 1917-1944, Morton to Major Barnett, Department of Natural Resources, Regina, Saskatchewan, 8 January 1930.
  • 31
    • 79960340842 scopus 로고
    • The Organization and Status of Archival Training in the United States
    • note
    • Ernst Posner, quoted in K.L. Trever, "The Organization and Status of Archival Training in the United States, " The American Archivist 11, no. 2 (April 1948), p. 159.
    • (1948) The American Archivist , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 159
    • Trever, K.L.1
  • 33
    • 84880580783 scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, Report (Ottawa, 1951), pp. xi, 15, 18.
    • (1951) Report
  • 34
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 35
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 36
    • 84880630361 scopus 로고
    • note
    • "A 'Practical Plea,'" Canadian Historical Review 15, no. 3 (September 1934), pp. 245-47.
    • (1934) Canadian Historical Review , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 245-247
  • 37
    • 79955660874 scopus 로고
    • Provincial Archives in Canada
    • note
    • G.W. Brown, "Provincial Archives in Canada, " Canadian Historical Review 16, no. 1 (March 1935), p. 3.
    • (1935) Canadian Historical Review , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Brown, G.W.1
  • 38
    • 84880582111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • University of Saskatchewan Archives, George Simpson Papers, MG 7, S 2, Series 5, Provincial Archives, L.H. Thomas, "Memorandum on the Promotion of the Study of Provincial and Community History in Saskatchewan, " p. 15.
  • 39
    • 84880598946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, Report, pp. 118-22.
  • 40
    • 84880633779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Two perspectives on provincial records management development are found in Barbara Craig, "Records Management and the Ontario Archives, 1950-1976, " pp. 3-33, and Marion Beyea, "Records Management: The New Brunswick Case, " pp. 61-77, both in Archivaria 8 (Summer 1979).
    • Records Management: The New Brunswick Case , pp. 61-77
    • Beyea, M.1
  • 41
    • 84880578742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, Report, esp. pp. 323-43.
  • 42
    • 84880608446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, Royal Commission on Government Organization, Report, Volume 1 (Ottawa, 1963), p. 574.
  • 43
    • 33749014717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Public Archives of Canada, 1948-1968
    • note
    • For more information on this period, see W.G. Ormsby, "The Public Archives of Canada, 1948-1968, " Archivaria 15 (Winter 1982-83), pp. 36-46.
    • Archivaria , pp. 36-46
    • Ormsby, W.G.1
  • 45
    • 84880619931 scopus 로고
    • National Ethnic Archives
    • note
    • W. Neutell, "National Ethnic Archives, " Canadian Library Journal 33, no. 5 (October 1976), p. 436.
    • (1976) Canadian Library Journal , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 436
    • Neutell, W.1
  • 46
    • 84880617405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See the Public Archives of Canada, Public Archives Report 1972-1973 (1974), esp. p. 15. See also M.D. Swift, "The Canadian Archival Scene in the 1970s: Current Developments and Trends, " Archivaria 15 (Winter 1982-83), p. 49.
  • 47
    • 84880626971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Public Archives of Canada, Report 1972-1973 (1974), p. 13.
    • Report 1972-1973 , pp. 13
  • 48
    • 84880590291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tyranny of the Medium: A Comment on 'Total Archives'
    • note
    • Terry Cook, "The Tyranny of the Medium: A Comment on 'Total Archives', " Archivaria 9 (Winter 1979-80), pp. 144-45.
    • Archivaria , pp. 144-145
    • Cook, T.1
  • 49
    • 84880588169 scopus 로고
    • The Tyranny of Tradition
    • note
    • A. Birrell, "The Tyranny of Tradition, " Archivaria 10 (Spring 1980), p. 252.
    • (1980) Archivaria , vol.10 , pp. 252
    • Birrell, A.1
  • 51
    • 84880595931 scopus 로고
    • Canada
    • note
    • A. Ridge, "Canada, " The American Archivist 36, no. 4 (1973), pp. 584-86, and T.H.B. Symons, To Know Ourselves: The Report of the Commission on Canadian Studies, vol. 1 (Ottawa, 1975), pp. 2, 11-12, 20. Shirley Spragge had also discussed the role of the archivist in her article, "The Quest for Professional Status: Examples and Inferences, " The Canadian Archivist 2, no. 5 (1974), pp. 29-40.
    • (1975) The American Archivist , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 584-586
    • Ridge, A.1
  • 53
    • 84880596877 scopus 로고
    • Archives and Religious Records
    • note
    • Marian Beyea, "Archives and Religious Records, " Archivaria 4 (Summer 1977), p. 211.
    • (1977) Archivaria , vol.4 , pp. 211
    • Beyea, M.1
  • 54
    • 84880621789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACA Annual Meeting 1977: A Personal View
    • note
    • R.S. James, "ACA Annual Meeting 1977: A Personal View, " Archivaria 5 (Winter 1977-78), p. 189.
    • Archivaria , pp. 189
    • James, R.S.1
  • 55
    • 84880641084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NA, ACA Records, MG 28, I 340, Laval University [Minutes], 2 June 1976, vol. 2, File: 2-13, Gordon Dodds, Presidential Address, Association of Canadian Archivists, First Annual General Meeting, 2 June 1976.
  • 58
    • 84880582010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clio: The Archivist's Muse?
    • note
    • T. Cook, "Clio: The Archivist's Muse?, " Archivaria 5 (Winter 1977-78), p. 199.
    • Archivaria , pp. 199
    • Cook, T.1
  • 59
    • 84880620554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do We Need New and Improved Archivists?
    • note
    • T.D. Regehr, "Do We Need New and Improved Archivists?, " Archivaria 3 (Winter 1976-77), p. 118.
    • Archivaria , pp. 118
    • Regehr, T.D.1
  • 60
    • 84880644913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian University Archives
    • note
    • Ian E. Wilson, "Canadian University Archives, " Archivaria 3 (Winter 1976-77), p. 27.
    • Archivaria , pp. 27
    • Wilson, I.E.1
  • 61
    • 84947683169 scopus 로고
    • Archival Selection: A Canadian View
    • note
    • W.I. Smith, "Archival Selection: A Canadian View, " Journal of the Society of Archivists 3, no. 6 (October 1967), p. 276. Smith reiterated this view many times, including in his article on "The Public Archives of Canada, " where he stated that "archives, unlike books, are not cre ated to inform the public" and that "those who create records in the course of normal activities usually are not aware of the potential secondary interests and uses of the information they contain. " ARMA Quarterly 7, no. 1 (January 1973), p. 25.
    • (1967) Journal of the Society of Archivists , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. 276
    • Smith, W.I.1
  • 62
    • 84880600366 scopus 로고
    • Canadian History in the 1970s
    • note
    • H.J. Hanhan, "Canadian History in the 1970s, " Canadian Historical Review 58, no. 1 (March 1977), p. 3.
    • (1977) Canadian Historical Review , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Hanhan, H.J.1
  • 63
    • 0040082153 scopus 로고
    • Clio as an Ethnic: The Third Force in Canadian Historiography
    • note
    • See also Roberto Perin, "Clio as an Ethnic: The Third Force in Canadian Historiography, " Canadian Historical Review 64, no. 4 (December 1983), pp. 441-67.
    • (1983) Canadian Historical Review , vol.64 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-467
    • Perin, R.1
  • 64
    • 84979380784 scopus 로고
    • The Role of the State in a Technological Society
    • note
    • K.D. Jaffary, "The Role of the State in a Technological Society, " Canadian Public Administration 15, no. 3 (Fall 1972), p. 440.
    • (1972) Canadian Public Administration , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 440
    • Jaffary, K.D.1
  • 65
    • 84880574371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local Archives: Responsibilities and Challenges for Archivists
    • note
    • Kent M. Haworth, "Local Archives: Responsibilities and Challenges for Archivists, " Archivaria 3 (Winter 1976-77), p. 31.
    • Archivaria , pp. 31
    • Haworth, K.M.1
  • 66
    • 84880634998 scopus 로고
    • Chairman's Message
    • note
    • Michael Swift, "Chairman's Message, " The Canadian Archivist 2, no. 5 (1974), p. 3.
    • (1974) The Canadian Archivist , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 3
    • Swift, M.1
  • 67
    • 84880574395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See, for example, Haworth, "Local Archives. "
  • 75
    • 84880630352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canadian Council of Archives, CCA Budget, 1985-1995. Copy obtained privately.
  • 76
    • 84880611532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canadian Council of Archives, Report, Inaugural Meeting, enclosed in J.P. Wallot to M. Beyea, 27 November 1985. Copy obtained privately.
  • 78
    • 84880598834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canadian Council of Archives, CCA Budget, 1985-1995. Copy obtained privately. From 1985 to 1989 all CCA activities and programmes were administered and funded through the operations of the National Archives of Canada.
  • 79
    • 84880607221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • One could question whether such backlog reduction funds helped develop a "system" or instead simply provided money to help institutions with their core responsibilities for arrangement and description. For more information on the acquisition programme of the CCA, see D.R. Valpy, "The Canadian Council of Archives and Archival Acquisition, " p. 10.
  • 80
    • 84880630446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canadian Council of Archives, The Canadian Archival System, Summary Report, pp. 7-8.
  • 82
    • 84880610864 scopus 로고
    • How Government Operates in an Environment of Fiscal Restraint
    • note
    • See W.D. Coleman, "Macroeconomic Policy: Dwindling Options, " in M.M. Atkinson, ed., Governing Canada: Institutions and Public Policy (Toronto, 1993), p. 235. See also D. Dodge, "How Government Operates in an Environment of Fiscal Restraint, " in D. Dodge, ed., Rethinking Government: The Dewar Series, Perspectives on Public Management (Ottawa, 1994), esp. pp. 20-21.
    • (1994) Rethinking Government: The Dewar Series, Perspectives on Public Management , pp. 20-21
    • Dodge, D.1
  • 83
    • 84880619219 scopus 로고
    • Canada Counts the Cost
    • note
    • W. Thorsell, "Canada Counts the Cost, " The World in 1996 (London, 1995), p. 67.
    • (1995) The World in 1996 , pp. 67
    • Thorsell, W.1
  • 84
    • 84880609459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking Government
    • note
    • Even the Parti Québécois, which advocates separation from Canada, has focused on fiscal restraint and streamlined government activities. Martin is quoted in J. Maxwell, "Rethinking Government, " in Dodge, ed., Rethinking Government, p. 43.
    • Rethinking Government , pp. 43
    • Maxwell, J.1
  • 85
    • 84880598221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The United States government was forced in November and December 1995 to close a range of federal operations temporarily, as the President and Congress debated the government's right to exceed budget allocations. In France, a series of public-sector strikes were held in November and December 1995 to protest government cuts to social service programmes, which the government claimed were essential to allow the country to gain the financial stability necessary to participate in the move toward a single European currency.
  • 86
    • 0041549549 scopus 로고
    • Archives and the New Information Architecture of the Late 1990s
    • note
    • Ronald R.E. Weissman, "Archives and the New Information Architecture of the Late 1990s, " American Archivist 57, no. 1 (Winter, 1994), p. 20.
    • (1994) American Archivist , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 20
    • Ronald Weissman, R.E.1
  • 87
    • 84880625674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Canadian Council of Archives, Annual Reports for 1995-1996, 1996-1997, and 1997-1998 (Ottawa, 1996, 1997, 1998).
  • 88
    • 84880579829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Three recent International Council on Archives publications on electronic records offer an overview of the challenges involved with their care. See the International Council on Archives, Committee on Electronic Records, Guide for Managing Electronic Records from an Archival Perspective (Paris, February 1997).
  • 90
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 91
    • 84968276389 scopus 로고
    • Freedom of Information and Privacy (Part I)
    • note
    • Of course, the issue of access to information was not uniquely Canadian. The 1970s saw the proliferation of privacy and information legislation throughout the western world, including Sweden, Norway, Germany, and Denmark. These legislative initiatives are described in J. Knoppers, "Freedom of Information and Privacy (Part I), " ARMA Quarterly 14, no. 4 (October 1980), pp. 28-35, 55-56, and (Part II), ARMA Quarterly 15, no. 2 (April 1981), pp. 18-32. For the purposes of this discussion, "access to information" shall be interpreted to mean both "access to information" and "protection of privacy, " unless otherwise noted. It is also important to note that, in this discussion, the protection of personal information is distinguished from other privacy issues, such as protection against media intrusion, physical searches, and so on.
    • (1980) ARMA Quarterly , vol.14 , Issue.4
    • Knoppers, J.1
  • 92
    • 84880592507 scopus 로고
    • The Public Servant and the Right to Privacy
    • note
    • For example, British Columbia established a privacy act in 1968 and Manitoba one in 1970, but these acts referred not to information privacy but to other aspects of personal privacy. For a contemporary perspective, see J.M. Sharp, "The Public Servant and the Right to Privacy, " Canadian Public Administration 14, no. 1 (Spring 1971), p. 59.
    • (1971) Canadian Public Administration , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 59
    • Sharp, J.M.1
  • 93
    • 84880581368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, Access to Information Act, Section 2(1). Emphasis added.
  • 94
    • 84880610939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • British Columbia, Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act Pt. 1, Section 2(1)(a). Emphasis added.
  • 95
    • 84880616999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A. Wright, "British Columbia's Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and Archival Acquisition at the BC Archives and Records Service, " paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of Canadian Archivists, Regina, Saskatchewan, June 1995, pp. 2-3. "Bungled Bonfire of Medical Records Call for Records Protection Law, " FIPA Bulletin (Fall 1994), p. 3.
    • British Columbia's Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act , pp. 2-3
    • Wright, A.1
  • 96
    • 84982497815 scopus 로고
    • Appendix: A Reconnaissance of Canadian Administrative Reform during the Early 1990s
    • note
    • These activities are discussed in more detail in E.A. Lindquist and K.B. Murray, "Appendix: A Reconnaissance of Canadian Administrative Reform during the Early 1990s, " Canadian Public Administration 37, no. 3 (Fall 1994), pp. 468-89. Decentralization and regionalization has been a constant issue in Canadian politics since Confederation in 1867.
    • (1994) Canadian Public Administration , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 468-489
    • Lindquist, E.A.1    Murray, K.B.2
  • 97
    • 34248974824 scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Central Government Services on the Small Community
    • note
    • Some relevant articles on the topic include H.R. Baker, "The Impact of Central Government Services on the Small Community, " Canadian Public Administration 3, no. 2 (June 1960), pp. 97-106.
    • (1960) Canadian Public Administration , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-106
    • Baker, H.R.1
  • 100
    • 84880588702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • H.A. Taylor, "Reconsidering Acquisition, " paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of Canadian Archivists, Ottawa, June 1994, pp. 7-8.
    • Reconsidering Acquisition , pp. 7-8
    • Taylor, H.A.1
  • 101
    • 2642559318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries as Heritage
    • note
    • H.A. Taylor, "The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries as Heritage, " Archivaria 15 (Winter 1982-83), p. 123.
    • Archivaria , pp. 123
    • Taylor, H.A.1
  • 102
    • 84880404342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Archivist, the Letter, and the Spirit
    • note
    • For more on this argument, see Hugh Taylor, "The Archivist, the Letter, and the Spirit, " Archivaria 43 (Spring 1997), pp. 1-16.
    • (1997) Archivaria , vol.43 , pp. 1-16
    • Taylor, H.1
  • 103
    • 84880617145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Jean Dryden, 2 November 1993.
  • 104
    • 84880634684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Marcel Caya, 29 October 1993, transcript p. 9.
  • 105
    • 84880629570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Bennett McCardle, 4 November 1993.
  • 107
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 108
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 110
    • 0039819220 scopus 로고
    • Protecting Electronic Evidence: A Progress Report on the Research Study and its Methodology
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti and Terry Eastwood, "Protecting Electronic Evidence: A Progress Report on the Research Study and its Methodology, " Archivi & Computer 3 (1995), pp. 213-50. See especially Appendix D. See also T. Livelton, "Public Records: A Study in Archival Theory, " (M.A.S. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991).
    • (1995) Archivi & Computer , vol.3 , pp. 213-250
    • Duranti, L.1    Eastwood, T.2
  • 111
    • 84880640735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For detailed discussion of other adherents to this perspective, see the author's thesis, especially Chapter 8.
  • 112
    • 84880599121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The argument is not found just in Canada. An American archivist, John Roberts, in his rebuttal of Eastwood's ACA paper presenting a definition of records, has offered a forthright criticism of Eastwood's theoretical vision. He has claimed that Eastwood's five properties of archives are simply "an elaborate restatement of a single concept: provenance. " Roberts has suggested that "archival theory-when it goes beyond a point of diminishing returns-is inflated, pretentious, and virtually useless. " He has claimed that the urge for a theory came directly out of the profession's need for "standards and recognition" and its effort "to establish independence and status for the archival profession and a struggle to determine what groups will dominate the profession. " "Theory, " he has noted, "as a tool to achieve professional status, can be tied to very self-interested goals. " J.W. Roberts, "Practice Makes Perfect, Theory Makes Theorists, " paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of Canadian Archivists, St. John's, Newfoundland, July 1993, pp. 1, 3, 14-15.
  • 113
    • 33748997731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Information to Knowledge: An Intellectual Paradigm for Archives
    • note
    • Terry Cook, "From Information to Knowledge: An Intellectual Paradigm for Archives, " Archivaria 19 (Winter 1984-85), esp. p. 49.
    • Archivaria , pp. 49
    • Cook, T.1
  • 114
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 115
    • 0039056465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rites of Passage: The Archivist in the Information Age
    • note
    • Terry Cook, "Rites of Passage: The Archivist in the Information Age, " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990-91), p. 176.
    • Archivaria , pp. 176
    • Cook, T.1
  • 116
    • 84880525548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Terry Cook, 12 October 1993, esp. transcript pp. 2-3, 9, 16. 13. Cook, "From Information to Knowledge, " p. 29. Terry Cook has also offered valuable insights on this topic in his consideration of this article in correspondence with the author on 29. September 1998 and 27 January 1999.
    • From Information to Knowledge , pp. 29
    • Cook1
  • 117
    • 33644560450 scopus 로고
    • Hugh Taylor's Contextual Idea for Archives and the Foundation of Graduate Education in Archival Studies
    • note
    • Tom Nesmith, "Hugh Taylor's Contextual Idea for Archives and the Foundation of Graduate Education in Archival Studies, " in Barbara L. Craig, ed., The Archival Imagination: Essays in Honour of Hugh A. Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp. 13-37.
    • (1992) The Archival Imagination: Essays in Honour of Hugh A. Taylor , pp. 13-37
    • Nesmith, T.1
  • 119
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 120
    • 33748994351 scopus 로고
    • Information Ecology and the Archives of the 1980s
    • note
    • Hugh A. Taylor, "Information Ecology and the Archives of the 1980s, " Archivaria 18 (Summer 1984), pp. 25-37.
    • (1984) Archivaria , vol.18 , pp. 25-37
    • Taylor, H.A.1
  • 121
    • 84880646477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interview with Hugh Taylor, 24 September 1993, esp. transcript pp. 9-10.
  • 122
    • 0041761504 scopus 로고
    • The Abdication Crisis: Are Archivists Giving Up Their Cultural Responsibility?
    • note
    • For a valuable discussion of this issue, see Shirley Spragge, "The Abdication Crisis: Are Archivists Giving Up Their Cultural Responsibility?" Archivaria 40 (Fall 1995), pp. 173-81. For detailed discussion of other adherents to this perspective, see the author's thesis, especially Chapter 8.
    • (1995) Archivaria , vol.40 , pp. 173-181
    • Spragge, S.1
  • 123
    • 52649124595 scopus 로고
    • Who Is Preserving Private Records?
    • note
    • R.A.J. McDonald, "Who Is Preserving Private Records?, " Archivaria 38 (Fall 1994), pp. 155-57.
    • (1994) Archivaria , vol.38 , pp. 155-157
    • McDonald, R.A.J.1
  • 124
    • 84880580675 scopus 로고
    • Acquiring and Preserving Private Records: Cultural Versus Administrative Perspectives
    • note
    • R.A.J. McDonald, "Acquiring and Preserving Private Records: Cultural Versus Administrative Perspectives, " Archivaria 38 (Fall 1994), pp. 162-63. McDonald's letter prompted a debate about the role of acquisition in archives, in part leading to the formation of a grassroots organization in British Columbia known as the British Columbia Archives Action Group, dedicated to seeking improved care of the private record.
    • (1994) Archivaria , vol.38 , pp. 162-163
    • McDonald, R.A.J.1
  • 125
    • 84880630473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Canada, National Archives of Canada, "The Future of Private Records Acquisition, " Policy Branch, NPT Discussion Paper: The Future of Private Records Acquisition in Canada (November 1995), p. 1. The National, Provincial, and Territorial Archivists Conference changed its name from the Dominion, Provincial, and Territorial Archivists Committee with the renaming of the National Archives in 1987.
  • 126
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 127
    • 23944455229 scopus 로고
    • Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV)
    • note
    • Luciana Duranti, "Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science. (Part IV), " Archivaria 31 (Winter 1990). p. 14.
    • (1990) Archivaria , vol.31 , pp. 14
    • Duranti, L.1
  • 128
    • 84880637737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • National, Provincial, and Territorial Archives Conference, "NPT Draft Resolution on Private Sector Records, " unpublished draft, 8 December 1995. Copy obtained privately.


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