Criminalising social and political violence internationally

Millenium

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 543-567

  Dillon, Michael ^a,b,c  

^a Dept of Politics and Intl Rel ^*

^b Institute for Cultural Research

^c LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442460411     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298980270031201     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Jacques Derrida, 'Force of Law: The "Mystical Foundations of Authority" - Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice', trans. M. Quaintance Cardoza Law Review (Vol. II, 1990), p. 971.
2. See, for example, Sheldon Wolin's classic, Politics and Vision (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1961).
3. Comprehensive details of the progress towards the establishment of an International Criminal Court together with background history and documentation may be found on the web site of the Coalition for an International Criminal Court, http://www.igc.apc.org/icc/
4. See, for example, Mary Kaldor and Basker Vashee, Restructuring the Global Military Sector, Volume 1: New Wars, (London: Pinter, 1997), and Mary Kaldor and Basker Vashee, Restructuring the Global Military Sector, Volume 2: The End of Military Fordism (London: Pinter, 1998).
5. See, for example, Mary Kaldor and Basker Vashee, Restructuring the Global Military Sector, Volume 1: New Wars, (London: Pinter, 1997), and Mary Kaldor and Basker Vashee, Restructuring the Global Military Sector, Volume 2: The End of Military Fordism (London: Pinter, 1998).
6. See Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyer's Publishing Company, 1989); Martti Koskenniemi 'Theory and Practitioner', in Philip Allott and Martti Koskenniemi, Theory and International Law: An Introduction (London: The British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1991); and Martti Koskenniemi, International Law (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992).
7. See Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyer's Publishing Company, 1989); Martti Koskenniemi 'Theory and Practitioner', in Philip Allott and Martti Koskenniemi, Theory and International Law: An Introduction (London: The British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1991); and Martti Koskenniemi, International Law (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992).
8. See Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyer's Publishing Company, 1989); Martti Koskenniemi 'Theory and Practitioner', in Philip Allott and Martti Koskenniemi, Theory and International Law: An Introduction (London: The British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1991); and Martti Koskenniemi, International Law (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992).
9. Jacques Rancierre, Disagreement (Minneapolis, MN.: Minnesota, 1998, p. 17).
10. Ibid., p. 138.
11. Emmanuel Levinas, The Philosophy of Hitlerism', trans. S. Hand Critical Inquiry (Vol. 17, 1990), p. 63.
12. See, for example, Ian Clark, Waging War: A Philosophical Introduction (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990).
13. See Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence: Volume Two of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Cambridge: Polity, 1985); Michael Mann, States. War and Capitalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988); and Charles Tilly, Coercion. Capital and European States. AD 990-1990 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
14. See Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence: Volume Two of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Cambridge: Polity, 1985); Michael Mann, States. War and Capitalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988); and Charles Tilly, Coercion. Capital and European States. AD 990-1990 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
15. See Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence: Volume Two of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Cambridge: Polity, 1985); Michael Mann, States. War and Capitalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988); and Charles Tilly, Coercion. Capital and European States. AD 990-1990 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
16. Terence Des Pres, The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 69.
17. Giorgio Agamben, 'The Camp as Nomos of the Modem', in Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber (eds.), Violence, Identity and Self-determination (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (New York, NY: Summit, 1988); and Andrew Hewitt, 'The Bad Seed: "Auschwitz" and the Physiology of Evil', in Joan Copjec (ed.), Radical Evil (New York, NY: Verso 1996).
18. Giorgio Agamben, 'The Camp as Nomos of the Modem', in Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber (eds.), Violence, Identity and Self-determination (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (New York, NY: Summit, 1988); and Andrew Hewitt, 'The Bad Seed: "Auschwitz" and the Physiology of Evil', in Joan Copjec (ed.), Radical Evil (New York, NY: Verso 1996).
19. Giorgio Agamben, 'The Camp as Nomos of the Modem', in Hent de Vries and Samuel Weber (eds.), Violence, Identity and Self-determination (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (New York, NY: Summit, 1988); and Andrew Hewitt, 'The Bad Seed: "Auschwitz" and the Physiology of Evil', in Joan Copjec (ed.), Radical Evil (New York, NY: Verso 1996).
20. See Steven Ratner and Jason Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
21. See, for example, Adam Roberts, Humanitarian Action in War: Aid. Protection and Impartiality in a Vacuum, Adelphi Paper 305 International Institute for Strategic Studies (London: Oxford University Press, 1996).
22. Jack Donnelly, 'Human Rights: A New Standard of Civilisation', International Affairs (Vol. 7, No. 1, 1998), p. 17.
23. Theodor Meron, 'International Criminalisation of Internal Atrocities', The American Journal of International Law (Vol. 89, No. 1, 1995), pp. 554-77.
24. See Ernst Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 165.
25. See Robert Cover, 'Violence and the Word', The Yale Law Journal (Vol. 95, No. 8, 1986).
26. Including not only the Geneva and Hague Conventions, the International Military Tribunals that tried German and Japanese war criminals, the United Nations Charter, and UN Conventions on genocide, but also, occasionally, Henry V's speech before Agincourt.
27. Ratner and Abrams, op. cit., in note 11, p. 7.
28. Detailed accounts of the work of each Tribunal may be found on their respective web pages. See: http://www.un.org.icty/, and http://www.wnn.edu/humanrts/africa/Rwandal.htm
29. Jacques Rancierre, op. cit., in note 6, p. 139.
30. Theodor Meron, op. cit., in note 14, p. 555.
31. Geoffrey Best, War and Law since 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 404.
32. Ratner and Abrams, op. cit., in note 11, p. 291.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., p. 297.
35. Best, op. cit., in note 21, p. 404.
36. Ibid., p. 403.
37. Ibid., p. 408.
38. Ibid., p. 467.
39. Donnelly, op. cit., in note 13, p. 20.
40. Ratner and Abrams summarise these points in the conclusion to their discussion of their accountability for human rights violations. See Ratner and Abrams, op. cit., in note 11, pp. 291-303.
41. Best, op. cit., in note 21, p. 406.
42. Jacques Derrida, 'Violence and Metaphysics: An Essay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas', in Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. A. Bass (London: Routledge, 1978).
43. Michael Dillon, Politics of Security: Towards a Political Philosophy of Continental Thought (London: Routledge, 1996).
44. See, for example, the following: Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (London: Routledge, 1997); Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); and Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
45. See, for example, the following: Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (London: Routledge, 1997); Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); and Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
46. See, for example, the following: Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (London: Routledge, 1997); Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); and Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).
47. Jean-Luc Nancy, The Sense of the Word, trans. J.S. Librett (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota University Press, 1997).
48. Copjec, (ed.), op. cit., in note 10, and William E. Connolly, The Augustinian Imperative (London: Sage, 1993).
49. For a sustained account of the invaluable and of the incommensurable and their relation to politics and freedom, see especially the work of Jean-Luc Nancy, The Birth to Presence, trans. T.B. Holmes (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); Jean-Luc Nancy, The Experience of Freedom, trans. B. McDonald (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988); and Jean-Luc Nancy, 'The Insufficiency of "Values" and the Necessity of "Sense", trans. S. Bristow Cultural Values (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1997).
50. For a sustained account of the invaluable and of the incommensurable and their relation to politics and freedom, see especially the work of Jean-Luc Nancy, The Birth to Presence, trans. T.B. Holmes (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); Jean-Luc Nancy, The Experience of Freedom, trans. B. McDonald (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988); and Jean-Luc Nancy, 'The Insufficiency of "Values" and the Necessity of "Sense", trans. S. Bristow Cultural Values (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1997).
51. For a sustained account of the invaluable and of the incommensurable and their relation to politics and freedom, see especially the work of Jean-Luc Nancy, The Birth to Presence, trans. T.B. Holmes (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); Jean-Luc Nancy, The Experience of Freedom, trans. B. McDonald (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988); and Jean-Luc Nancy, 'The Insufficiency of "Values" and the Necessity of "Sense", trans. S. Bristow Cultural Values (Vol. 1, No. 1, 1997).
52. This theme is pursued one way and another throughout the essay in, De Vries and Weber, op. cit, in note 10.
53. See Donnelly, op. cit., in note 13, p. 20.
54. See Nicole Loraux, The Children of Athena: Athenian Ideas about Citizenship and the Division between the Sexes, trans. C. Levine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p.3-22.
55. I have adopted an insight here from Suzanne Langer, Philosophy in a New Key (New York, NY: Mentor, 1952), pp. 58-59. For one of many accounts of how this vocabulary of subjectivity emerged, see Lois Dupre, Passage to Modernity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993).
56. I have adopted an insight here from Suzanne Langer, Philosophy in a New Key (New York, NY: Mentor, 1952), pp. 58-59. For one of many accounts of how this vocabulary of subjectivity emerged, see Lois Dupre, Passage to Modernity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993).
57. See Kantorowicz, op. cit., in note 15, for a detailed account of the 'crown' that could fruitfully be mapped on to that of the modern 'subject'
58. Hans Blumenberg, Work on Myth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
59. Amongst the best accounts of Foucault, see Graham Burchall, Colin Gordon and peter Miller, The Foucault Effect (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); Herbert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1982); and Barry Hindess, Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
60. Amongst the best accounts of Foucault, see Graham Burchall, Colin Gordon and peter Miller, The Foucault Effect (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); Herbert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1982); and Barry Hindess, Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
61. Amongst the best accounts of Foucault, see Graham Burchall, Colin Gordon and peter Miller, The Foucault Effect (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); Herbert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1982); and Barry Hindess, Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
62. Michael Dillon, 'Sovereignty and Govemmentality: From the Problematics of the New World Order to the Ethical Problematic of the World Order', Alternatives (Vol. 20, No. 3, 1995), pp. 323-68.
63. See Roberts, op. cit., in note 12, and David Campbell, National Deconstruction: Violence. Identity and Justice in Bosnia (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota, 1998).
64. Christopher Clapham, 'Degrees of Statehood', Review of International Studies (Vol. 24, No. 2, 1998).
65. See Marc Galatner, 'Law Abounding: Legislation Around the North Atlantic', Modern Law Review (Vol. 55, No. 1, 1992), pp. 1-24; C.N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1995); and G. Teubner, Juridification of Social Spheres: A Comparative Analysis in the Areas of Labour. Corporate, Anti-trust and Social Welfare (Berlin: de Grutyer, 1987).
66. See Marc Galatner, 'Law Abounding: Legislation Around the North Atlantic', Modern Law Review (Vol. 55, No. 1, 1992), pp. 1-24; C.N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1995); and G. Teubner, Juridification of Social Spheres: A Comparative Analysis in the Areas of Labour. Corporate, Anti-trust and Social Welfare (Berlin: de Grutyer, 1987).
67. See Marc Galatner, 'Law Abounding: Legislation Around the North Atlantic', Modern Law Review (Vol. 55, No. 1, 1992), pp. 1-24; C.N. Tate and T. Vallinder (eds.), The Global Expansion of Judicial Power (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1995); and G. Teubner, Juridification of Social Spheres: A Comparative Analysis in the Areas of Labour. Corporate, Anti-trust and Social Welfare (Berlin: de Grutyer, 1987).
68. See Mary Anderson, Do No Harm. Supporting Local Capacities for Peace Through Aid (Cambridge, MA: Local Capacities for Peace Project and The Collaborative for Development, 1996); Mark Duffield, Post-modern Conflict, Aid Policy and Humanitarian Conditionality (Birmingham: Paper Prepared for the Emergency Aid Department for International Development (DFID), 1997); and OECD, DAC Guidelines on the Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (Paris: OECD, 1997). If further evidence were needed, consult the UK Economic and Social Research Council web site for details of its Future Governance Research Programme, especially 'Research Areas Theme B: Obligated Policy Transfers': http://www. esrc.ac. uk/govern.htm
69. See Mary Anderson, Do No Harm. Supporting Local Capacities for Peace Through Aid (Cambridge, MA: Local Capacities for Peace Project and The Collaborative for Development, 1996); Mark Duffield, Post-modern Conflict, Aid Policy and Humanitarian Conditionality (Birmingham: Paper Prepared for the Emergency Aid Department for International Development (DFID), 1997); and OECD, DAC Guidelines on the Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (Paris: OECD, 1997). If further evidence were needed, consult the UK Economic and Social Research Council web site for details of its Future Governance Research Programme, especially 'Research Areas Theme B: Obligated Policy Transfers': http://www. esrc.ac. uk/govern.htm
70. See Mary Anderson, Do No Harm. Supporting Local Capacities for Peace Through Aid (Cambridge, MA: Local Capacities for Peace Project and The Collaborative for Development, 1996); Mark Duffield, Post-modern Conflict, Aid Policy and Humanitarian Conditionality (Birmingham: Paper Prepared for the Emergency Aid Department for International Development (DFID), 1997); and OECD, DAC Guidelines on the Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (Paris: OECD, 1997). If further evidence were needed, consult the UK Economic and Social Research Council web site for details of its Future Governance Research Programme, especially 'Research Areas Theme B: Obligated Policy Transfers': http://www. esrc.ac. uk/govern.htm
71. See Mary Anderson, Do No Harm. Supporting Local Capacities for Peace Through Aid (Cambridge, MA: Local Capacities for Peace Project and The Collaborative for Development, 1996); Mark Duffield, Post-modern Conflict, Aid Policy and Humanitarian Conditionality (Birmingham: Paper Prepared for the Emergency Aid Department for International Development (DFID), 1997); and OECD, DAC Guidelines on the Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (Paris: OECD, 1997). If further evidence were needed, consult the UK Economic and Social Research Council web site for details of its Future Governance Research Programme, especially 'Research Areas Theme B: Obligated Policy Transfers': http://www. esrc.ac. uk/govern.htm
72. On the notion of the imaginary, see Michele le Doeuff, The Philosophical Imaginary (London: Athlone, 1989).
73. See Brian Massumi, The Autonomy of Affect', in Paul Patterson (ed.), Deleuze: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 219-39.
74. For an account of the sensitivity of the Nuremberg prosecutors to this counter charge see, Michael Marrus, The Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal. 1945-46: A Documentary History (Boston, MA: Bedford Books, 1998).
75. This is the genereal theme of Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia, op. cit., in note 5.
76. Dillon, op. cit., in note 33, and Jean-Luc Nancy, The Experience of Freedom (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).
77. Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations, trans. M. Joughin (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 145.
78. See René Girard, Violence and the Sacred (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); John Kerrigan, Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997); and R.I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
79. See René Girard, Violence and the Sacred (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); John Kerrigan, Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997); and R.I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
80. See René Girard, Violence and the Sacred (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); John Kerrigan, Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997); and R.I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
81. Etienne Balibar, The Philosophy of Marx (London: Verso, 1995), pp. 71-72.
82. See for example, the essays in Allott, et al., op. cit., in note 5.
83. Hans Kelsen, What is Justice? (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1957), p. 262.
84. Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia, op. cit., in note 5, p. 30.
85. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis (London: Harper and Row, 1964), pp. 87-88.
86. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish, trans. A. Sheridan (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1982), p. 184.
87. Jacques Derrida, 'Scribble (Writing Power)', trans. C. Plotkin Yale French Studies 116 (1979), pp. 117-18.
88. Deleuze, op. cit., in note 55, p. 169.
89. I am grateful to David Campbell for these points.
90. Rancierre, op. cit. in note 6, p. 16.