A review of surface ozone background levels and trends

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 38, Issue 21, 2004, Pages 3431-3442

  Vingarzan, Roxanne ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Background ozone; Ozone projections; Ozone trends; Spring maximum; Tropospheric ozone

Indexed keywords

DATA REDUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OZONE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

OZONE CONCENTRATION; OZONE LEVELS;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

OZONE;

ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; BACKGROUND LEVEL; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; OZONE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; TREND ANALYSIS; TROPOSPHERE;

AIR POLLUTION; CANADA; GEOGRAPHY; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRATOSPHERE; SURFACE PROPERTY; TROPOSPHERE; UNITED STATES;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 2442453249     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.030     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. 2 emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in Asia with 1 deg×1 deg resolution. Atmospheric Environment. 28:1994;213-225
2. Angle R.P., Sandhu H.S. Urban and rural ozone concentrations in Alberta, Canada. Atmospheric Environment. 20(6):1986;1221-1228
3. Bojkov R.D. Surface ozone during the second half of the nineteenth century. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 25:1986;343-352
4. Bottenheim J.W., Sirois A., Brice K.A., Gallant A.J. Five years of continuous observations of PAN and ozone at a rural location in eastern Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99:1994;5333-5352
5. Bozo L., Weidinger T. Tropospheric ozone measurements over Hungary in the 19th century. Abio. 23(2):1995;129-130
6. Bronnimann S., Buchmann B., Wanner H. Trends in near-surface ozone concentration in Switzerland. the 1990s Atmospheric Environment. 36(17):2002;2841-2852
7. CAPMoN (Canadian Air and Precipitation Network), 2003. Environment Canada, Climate and Atmospheric Research Directorate, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ont., M3H 5T4; http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/natchem/particles/ n_capmon_e.html.
8. Carmichael G.R., Streets D.G., Calori G., Amann M., Jacobson M.Z., Hansen J., Ueda H. Changing trends in sulfur emissions in Asia. implications for acid deposition, air pollution and climate Environmental Science Technology. 36:2002;4707-4713
9. Cartalis C., Varotsos C. Surface ozone in Athens, Greece, at the beginning and end of the twentieth century. Atmospheric Environment. 28(1):1994;3-8
10. CASTNet (Clean Air Status and Trends Network), 2004. http://www.epa.gov/ castnet/.
11. CCME (Canadian Councils of Ministers of the Environment), 2002. Guidance Document for Achievement Determination - Canada Wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone. The Canadian Councils of Ministers of the Environment, 123 Main Street, Suite 360, Winnipeg, Man., R3C 1A3 (ISBN 1-896997-41-4).
12. Chameides W.L., Xingsheng L., Xiaoyan T., Xiuji Z., Chao L., Kiang C.S., St. John J., Saylor R.D., Liu S.C., Lam K.S., Wang T., Giorgi F. Is ozone pollution affecting crop yields in China? Geophysical Research Letters. 26:1999;867-870
13. CMDL (Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory), 2004. CMDL Summary Report #26. Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, 325 Broadway R/CMDL, Boulder, Colorado, 80305; http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/publications/annrpt26/4_1_4. pdf.
14. Cox, W., 1998. Trends in 8-hour Ozone in Selected Urban Areas (1986-1997). US EPA, OAQPS (D243-01) RTP, NC 27709; http://capita.wustl.edu/ EnhancedOzone/Resources/Bibliography/Reports/FragRep.
15. Derwent R.G., Simmonds P.G., Scuring S., Dimmer C. Observation and interpretation of seasonal cycles in the surface concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide at Mace Head, Ireland, from 1990 to 1994. Atmospheric Environment. 32:1998;145-157
16. 7Be as a stratospheric tracer. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (D4), TOP 11-1-TOP 11-8.
17. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 1993. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants. Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 3-6 (EPA-600/P-93-004aF-cF).
18. Feister U., Warmbt W. Long term measurements of surface ozone in the German Democratic Republic. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 5:1987;1-21
19. Fenneteaux I., Colin P., Etienne A., Boudries H., Dutot A.L., Perros P.E., Toupance G. Influence of continental sources on oceanic air composition at the eastern edge of the North Atlantic, TOR 1992-1995. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 32:1999;233-280
20. Finlayson-Pitts B.J., Pitts J.N. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere - Theory, Experiments and Application. 2000;Academic Press, San Diego, CA. (ISBN 0-12-257060-x)
21. Fiore A.M., Jacob D.J., Logan J.A., Lin J.H. Long-term trends in ground level ozone over the contiguous United States, 1980-1995. Journal of Geophysical Research. 103:1998;1471-1480
22. Fiore, A.M., Jacob, D.J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R.M., Field, B.D., Wilkinson, J.G., 2002. Background ozone over the United States in summer: origin and contribution to pollution episodes. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (15), ACH 11-1-ACH 11-25.
23. Fishman J., Fakhruzzaman K., Cros B., Nganga D. Identification of widespread pollution in the Southern Hemisphere deduced from satellite analyses. Science. 252:1991;1693-1696
24. Fusco, A.C., Logan, J.A., 2003. Analysis of 1970-1995 trends in tropospheric ozone at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes with the GEOS-CHEM model. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (D15), ACH 4-1-ACH 4-25.
25. Gardner M.W., Dorling S.R. Meteorologically adjusted trends in UK daily maximum surface ozone concentrations. Atmospheric Environment. 34:2000;171-176
26. Girgzdiene R. Surface ozone measurements in Lithuania. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;1791
27. Harvard University, 2004. Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group; http://www.as.harvard.edu/chemistry/trop/geos/.
28. Holland D.M., Pricipe P.P., Vorburger L. Rural ozone. trends and exceedences at CASTNet sites Environmental Science and Technology. 33:1999;43-48
29. Hough A.M., Derwent R.G. Changes in the global concentration of tropospheric ozone due to human activities. Nature. 344:1990;645-648
30. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2001. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 881pp (ISBN 0521 807670).
31. IPCC-DDC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Data Distribution Centre), 2004; http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk.
32. Jacob D.J, Logan J.A., Murti P.P. Effect of rising Asian emissions on surface ozone in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters. 26:1999;2175-2178
33. Jaffe D.A., Anderson T., Covert D., Kotchenruther R., Trost B., Danielson J., Simpson W., Bertsen T., Karlsdottir S., Blake D., Harris J., Carmichael G., Uno I. Transport of Asian air pollution to North America. Geophysical Research Letters. 26:1999;711-714
34. Jaffe D.A., Parrish D., Goldstein A., Price H., Harris J. Increasing background ozone during spring on the west coast of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research. 30(12):2003;1613. (doi:10.1029/2003GL017024)
35. Kotchenruther R.A., Jaffe D.A., Beine H.J., Anderson T.L., Bottenheim J.W., Harris J.M., Blake D.R., Schmitt R. Observations of ozone and related species in the northeast Pacific during the PHOBEA campaigns. 2. Airborne observations Journal of Geophysical Research. 106:2001;7463-7483
36. Lee S.-H., Akimoto H., Nakane H., Kurnosenko S., Kinjo Y. Lower tropospheric ozone trend observed in 1989-1997 at Okinawa, Japan. Geophysical Research Letters. 25:1998;1637-1640
37. Lefohn A.S., Shadwick D.S. Ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located in the United States. Atmospheric Environment. 25A(2):1991;491-501
38. Lefohn A.S., Shadwick D.S., Feister U., Mohnen V.A. Surface-level ozone. climate change and evidence for trends Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 42(2):1992;136-144
39. Lefohn, A.S., Shadwick, D.S., Ziman, S.D., 1998. The difficult challenge of attaining EPA's new ozone standard. Environmental Science and Technology 276A-282A.
40. Levy H., Mahlman J., Moxim W.J., Liu S. Tropospheric ozone. the role of transport Journal of Geophysical Research. 90:1985;3753-3772
41. Lin C.-Y.C., Jacob D.J., Munger J.W., Fiore A.M. Increasing background ozone in surface air over the United States. Geophysical Research Letters. 27:2000;3465-3468
42. Lin C.-Y.C., Jacob D.J., Fiore A.M. Trends in exceedences of the ozone air quality standard in continental United States 1980-1998. Atmospheric Environment. 35(19):2001;3217-3228
43. Liu S., Trainer M., Fehsenfeld F., Parrish D., Williams E., Fahey D., Hubler G., Murphy P. Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implication for regional and global ozone distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 92:1987;4191-4207
44. Liu H., Jacob D.J., Chan L.Y., Oltmans S.J., Bey I., Yantosca R.M, Harris J.M., Duncan B.N., Martin R.V. Sources of tropospheric ozone along the Asian Pacific Rim. an analysis of ozonesonde observations Journal of Geophysical Research. 107(D21):2002;4573. (doi: 10.1029/2001JD002005)
45. Lisac I., Grubisic V. An analysis of surface ozone data measured at the end of the 19th century in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Atmospheric Environment. 25A(2):1991;481-486
46. Logan J.A. Tropospheric ozone. seasonal behavior, trends and anthropogenic influence Journal of Geophysical Research. 90(10):1985;463-482
47. Logan J.A. Ozone in rural areas of the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research. 94(D6):1989;8511-8532
48. Logan J.A. Trends in the vertical distribution of ozone. an analysis of ozonesonde data Journal of Geophysical Research. 99:1994;25553-25585
49. Logan J.A. An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere. recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone Journal of Geophysical Research. 104:1999;16115-16149
50. Low P.S., Kelly P.M. Variations in surface trends over Europe. Geophysical Research Letters. 19(11):1992;1117-1120
51. Low, P.S., Davies, T.D., Kelly, P.M., Farmer, G., 1990. Trends in surface ozone at Hohenpeissenberg and Arkona. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(D13)(22), 441-453.
52. Low P.S, Davies T.D., Kelly P.M., Reiter R. Uncertainties in surface ozone trend at Hohenpeissenberg. Atmospheric Environment. 25A:1991;511-515
53. Marenco A., Gouget H., Nedelec P., Pages J.-P. Evidence of a long term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series. Consequences: positive radiative forcing Journal of Geophysical Research. 99(16):1994;617-632
54. Meagher J.F., Lee N.T., Valente R.J., Parkhurst W.J. Rural ozone in the southeastern United States. Atmospheric Environment. 21:1987;605-615
55. Merrill J.T. Atmospheric long-range transport to the Pacific ocean. Chemical Oceanography. 10:1989;15-50
56. Monks P.S. A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum. Atmospheric Environment. 34:2000;3545-3561
57. Mukammal E.I, Neumann H.H., Nichols T.R. Some features of the ozone climatology of Ontario, Canada and possible contributions of stratospheric ozone to surface concentrations. Archiv fur Meteorologie Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie B. 34:1985;179-211
58. Novelli P.C., Masarie K.A., Lang P.M. Distributions and recent changes of carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research. 103:1998;19015
59. NASA, 2004. Goddard Institute for Space Studies; http://www.giss.nasa. gov/research/modeling/gcms.html.
60. Nakicenovic, N., Alcamo, J., Davis, G., de Vries, B., Fenhann, J., Gaffin, S., Gregory, K., Grubler, A., Jung, T.Y., Kram, T., La Rovere, E.L., Michaelis, L., Mori, S., Morita, T., Pepper, W., Pitcher, H., Price, L., Raihi, K., Roehrl, A., Rogner, H.-H., Sankovski, A., Schlesinger, M., Shukla, P., Smith, S., Swart, R., van Rooijen, S., Victor, N., Dadi, Z., 2000. IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 599pp.
61. Oltmans S.J. Surface ozone measurements in clean air. Journal of Geophysical Research. 86:1981;1174-1180
62. Oltmans S.J., Lefohn A.S., Scheel H.E., Harris J.M., Levy H., Galbally I.E., Brunke E.G., Meyer C.P., Lathrop J.A., Johnson B.J., Shadwick D.S., Cuevas E., Schmidlin F.J., Tarasick D.W., Claude H., Kerr J.B., Uchino O., Mohnen V. Trends of ozone in the troposphere. Geophysical Research Letters. 25:1998;139-142
63. Parrish D.D., Hahn C.J., Williams E.J., Norton R.B., Fehsenfeld F.C., Singh H.B., Shetter J.D., Gandrud B.W., Ridley B.A. Indications of photochemical histories of Pacific air masses from measurements of atmospheric trace species at Point Arena, California. Journal of Geophysical Research. 97(15):1992;883-901
64. Prather M., Ehhalt D. Atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases, in Climate Change. The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:2001;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (ISBN 0521014956)
65. Ryall D.B., Maryon R.H., Derwent R.G., Simmonds P.G. Modeling long range transport of CFCs to Mace Head, Ireland. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 124:1998;417-446
66. Savoie D.L., Prospero J.M., Salzman E.S. Nitrate, non-seasalt sulfate and methanesulfonate over the Pacific Ocean. Chemical Oceanography. 10:1989;220-251
67. Scheel H.E., Brunke E.-G., Seiler W. Trace gas measurements at the monitoring station, Cape Point, South Africa between 1978 and 1988. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 11:1990;197-210
68. Scheel H.E., Areskoug H., Geiss H., Gomiscel B., Granby K., Haszpra L., Klasinc L., Kley D., Laurila T., Lindskog T., Roemer M., Schmitt R., Simmonds P., Solberg S., Toupance G. On the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of lower troposphere ozone over Europe. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 28:1997;45-59
69. Simmonds P.G., Seuring S., Nickless G., Derwent R.G. Segregation and Interpretation of Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Measurements by Air Mass Origin at the TOR Station Mace Head, Ireland from 1987-1995. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 28:1997;45-59
70. Singh H.B., Ludwig F.L., Johnson W.B. Tropospheric ozone. concentrations and variability in clean remote atmospheres Atmospheric Environment. 12:1978;2185-2196
71. 3 ambient air concentrations at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;2867-2881
72. Solberg S., Krognes T., Stordal F., Hov O., Beine H.J., Jaffe D.A., Chemitshaw K.C., Penkett S.A. Reactive nitrogen compounds at Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Arctic. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 28:1997;113-123
73. Sorteberg A., Hov O., Solberg S., Torseth K., Areskoug H., Ferm M., Granby K., Lattila H., Persson K., Simpson D. Gaseous and particulate oxidized and reduced nitrogen species in the atmospheric boundary layer in Scandinavia in spring. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 30:1998;241-271
74. Staehelin J., Thudium J., Buehler R., Volz-Thomas A., Graber W. Trends in Surface Ozone Concentrations at Arosa (Switzerland). Atmospheric Environment. 28(1):1994;75-87
75. Stevenson, D., 2001. Global Influences on Future European Tropospheric Ozone. Proceedings from the Eighth European Symposium on the Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants 17-20 September, 2001, Torino, Italy; http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/Units/cc/events/torino2001/torinocd/Documents/Urban/ UO7.htm.
76. Stohl A., Trickl T. A textbook example of long-range transport. simultaneous observation of ozone maxima of stratospheric and North American origin in the free troposphere over Europe Journal of Geophysical Research. 104(30):1999;445-462
77. Streets D.G., Tsai N.Y., Akimoto H., Oka K. Trends in emissions of acidifying species in Asia, 1985-1997. Part 2. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 130:2001;187-192
78. Tarasick, D.W., Fioletov, V.E., Kerr, J.B., Wardle, D.I., Davies, J., Changes in the vertical distribution of ozone over Canada from Ozonesondes: 1980-2001. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, submitted for publication.
79. Varotsos C., Cartalis C. Re-evaluation of surface ozone over Athens, Greece, for the period 1901-1940. Atmospheric Research. 26:1991;303-310
80. Vingarzan R., Thomson B. Temporal variation in daily concentrations of ozone and acid related substances at Saturna Island, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 54:2004;459-472
81. Volz A., Kley D. Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements in the 19th century. Nature. 332:1988;240-242
82. x-hydrocarbon chemistry, 3. Origin of tropospheric ozone and effects on non-methane hydrocarbons. Journal of Geophysical Research. 103(10):1998;757-768
83. Wilkening K.E., Barrie L.A., Engle M. Transpacific air pollution. Science. 290:2000;65-67
84. Winkler P. Surface ozone over the Atlantic. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 7:1988;73-91
85. WHO (World Health Organization), 1987. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 23; World Health Organization, Copenhagen.
86. Wolff G.T., Dunker A.M., Rao S.T., Porter P.S., Zurbeko I.G. Ozone air quality over North America. Part I - A review of reported trends Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 51:2001;273-282
87. Xu D., Yap D., Taylor P.A. Meteorologically adjusted ground level ozone trends in Ontario. Atmospheric Environment. 30(7):1996;1117-1124
88. Yienger J.J., Galanter M., Holloway T.A., Phadinx M.J., Guttikunda S.K., Carmichael G.R., Moxim W.J., Levy ll H. The episodic nature of air pollution transport from Asia to North America. Journal of Geophysical Research. 105(26):2000;931-945