The U.S.-Japan security alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea dispute

Asian Survey

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 414-436

  Rowan, Joshua P ^a  

^a MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASEAN; GEOPOLITICS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; TERRITORIAL DISPUTE;

ASIA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; FAR EAST; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; OCEANIC REGIONS; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH CHINA SEA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 24144489168     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/as.2005.45.3.414     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Ewan W. Anderson, "Geopolitics: International Boundaries as Fighting Places," in Geopolitics: Geography and Strategy, eds. Colin S. Gray and Geoffrey Sloan (London: Frank Cass, 1999), p. 125.
2. Keith Bradsher, "Warnings from Al Qaeda Stir Fear That Terrorists May Attack Oil Tankers," New York Times, December 12, 2002, p. A 20.
3. China and Taiwan both claim the entire Spratly archipelago. Partial claims have been made by Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. The Spratlys alone extend across about 800,000 square kilometers of sea but total less than five square kilometers in land area. See .
4. , "Spratly Islands," , October 6, 2004.
5. For examples, see Andrew Tan, "What's Behind Malaysia's Defense Buildup?" Straits Times (Singapore), July 4, 2003;
6. Wang Xiangwei, "Admiral Wants Spratly Islands Developed Faster; National Interests Need Protecting, Southern Chief Says," South China Morning Post, March 9, 2004, p. 5.
7. Federation of American Scientists, "Spratly Islands," January 20, 2000, .
8. Bradsher, "Warnings from Al-Qaeda Stir Fear."
9. U.S. Department of Energy, "South China Sea Region," Countly Analysis Briefs, September 22, 2003, .
10. I b i d.
11. I b i d.
12. I b i d.
13. I b i d.
14. United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part 2, Section 2, Article 3, December 10, 1982, , p. 27.
15. Ibid., p. 43.
16. Ibid., p. 66.
17. Xavier Furtado, "International Law and the Dispute over the Spratly Islands: Whither UNCLOST?" Contemporary Southeast Asia 21:3 (December 1999), p. 387.
18. Mark J. Valencia, Jon M. Van Dyke, and Noel A. Ludwig, Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), p. 38.
19. China National Offshore Oil Cooperation, Annual Report (Beijing: China National Offshore Oil Cooperation, 2002), p. 20.
20. According to experts on the South China Sea dispute, neither UNCLOS nor Malaysia's own act indicate that the continental shelf pertains to land or rocks that rise above sea level. The wording of both documents addresses only submerged land and rocks. See Valencia et al., Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea, p. 37.
21. Ibid., p. 33.
22. Alex Magno, "Naval Power Play Sets Off Alarms," Time Asia, September 27, 1999, .
23. David G. Wiencek, "South China Sea Flashpoint," China Brief 1:2, July 24, 2001.
24. People's Daily, "Philippines Dismisses Claims of Chinese Transgression in South China Sea," November 14, 2003, .
25. "Oil Giants to Tap Ocean Resources," Xinhua Economic News Service, November 13, 2003.
26. Cheng-yi Lin, "Taiwan's South China Sea Policy," Asian Survey 37:4 (April 1997), p. 329.
27. See Chapter 2, "The Military Posture of the Rim of the Republic of China on Taiwan," in National Defense Report, Republic of China, 1993-1994 (Taipei: Li Ming Cultural Enterprise Co., 1994), pp. 31-48.
28. Mark J. Valencia, "The South China Sea Disputes: Taiwan's Role," email communication to author, December 11, 2002.
29. Lin, "Taiwan's South China Sea Policy," 325.
30. Valencia et al., Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea, p. 31.
31. Ibid., pp. 30-33.
32. Ibid., p. 31.
33. Ibid., p. 32.
34. John W. Garver, "China's Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly 132 (December 1992), pp. 1001-05.
35. Mark J. Valencia, China and the South China Sea Disputes, Adelphi Paper, no. 298 (London: Oxford University Press, October 1995), p. 9.
36. Jim Colbert, ed., Proceedings from the Conference on Natural Resources and National Security: Sources of Conflict and the U.S. Interest (Washington, D.C.: Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, 2000), p. 1.
37. Stewart S. Johnson, "Territorial Issues and Conflict Potential in the South China Sea," Conflict Quarterly (Fall 1994), p. 29.
38. According to Beijing, 400 scholars spent 10 years to "prove historically that China discovered and developed the Spratly Islands." According to then-Chinese Ambassador to the U.N. Gao Feng, "Beijing's sovereignty over the island was based on historical facts ... recognized by neighboring countries." See Thalif Deen, "China Warns Outsiders to Keep Out of the Spratlys Dispute," Asia Times online, December 8, 1999, .
39. Valencia et al., Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea, p. 20.
40. Ibid., p. 21.
41. Ibid., pp. 24-25.
42. Ibid., p. 25.
43. Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, February 25, 1992, .
44. Craig S. Smith, "China Reshaping Military to Toughen Its Muscle in the Region," New York Times, October 16, 2002, p. A12.
45. Garver, "China's Push Through the South China Sea," pp. 1004-05.
46. I b i d.
47. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, February 24, 1976, .
48. Harvey Feldman, "American Interest in the Region," in Colbert, ed., Proceedings from the Conference on Natural Resources and National Security, p. 63.
49. Susumu Awanohara, "Washington's Priorities," Far Eastern Economic Review, August 13, 1992, p. 18.
50. Oil and Gas Journal, August 1, 1994, p. 4.
51. Conoco Inc., "Conoco in Vietnam: Key to Aggressive Growth in Southeast Asia," 2002, .
52. Valencia, China and the South China Sea Disputes, p. 25.
53. Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines, August 30, 1951, .
54. For a recent commentary on the treaty, see U.S. Pacific Command, "Joint Statement by the Philippine-U.S. Mutual Defense Board," June 27,2002, .
55. Lam Peng Er, "Japan and the Spratlys Dispute: Aspirations and Limitations," Asian Survey 36:10 (October 1996), p. 996.
56. Nicholas J. Spykman, The Geography of Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1944), p. 43. Sir Halford Mackinder, a European geopolitician, formulated a theory in 1904 known as the Heartland Theory. It basically defined the Heartland as the Russian mainland and areas in Eastern Europe. Mackinder argued that whoever controlled this region would control the world. In 1942, Spykman developed a counter-theory that stated the coastal areas of Eurasia, not Russia and lands in Eastern Europe, were the key to controlling the world island.
57. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, "Joint Press Conference 12 December 2003," December 12, 2003, .
58. Larry M. Wortzel, The ASEAN Regional Forum: Asian Security Without an American Umbrella (Carlisle Barracks, Penn.: Strategic Studies Institute, December 13, 1996), p. 15.
59. Valencia et al., Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea, p. 88.
60. Ibid., p. 89.
61. I b i d.
62. , "Spratly Islands."
63. Mark J. Valencia, "South China Sea Agreement: Close but No Cigar," email communication to the author, December 11, 2002.
64. David Wiencek, "South China Sea Flashpoint Revisited," China Brief 2:24 (December 10, 2002), .
65. Valencia, "South China Sea Agreement."
66. See also "Still a Sea of Troubles," Economist, November 9, 2002.