Management of sport-related concussion in young athletes

Sports Medicine

Volumn 35, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 671-684

  Patel, Dilip R ^a   Shivdasani, Vandana ^a   Baker, Robert J ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ANAMNESIS; ATHLETE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY POSTURE; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN EDEMA; CHILD; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GROWTH; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; MULTIPLE TRAUMA; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPORT INJURY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BRAIN CONCUSSION; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; RECURRENCE; SPORTS MEDICINE;

EID: 24044491617     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 01121642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535080-00002     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Bailes JE, Cantu RC. Head injury in athletes. Neurosurgery 2001; 48 (1): 26-46
2. Landry GL. Central nervous system trauma: management of concussions in athletes. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002; 49 (4): 723-41
3. Patel DR, Luckstead EF. Catastrophic pediatric sports injuries. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002; 49 (3): 581-92
4. Grindel SH. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of minor traumatic brain injury. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003; 2: 18-23
5. Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Epidemiological considerations of concussions among intercollegiate athletes. Appl Neuropsychol 2003; 10 (1): 12-22
6. Koh JO, Cassidy JD, Watkinson EJ. Incidence of concussion in contact sports: a systematic review of the evidence. Brain Inj 2003; 17 (10): 901-17
7. Wojtys EM, Hovda D, Landry G, et al. Concussion in sports. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27 (5): 676-87
8. Johnston K, McCrory P, Mohtadi N, et al. Concussion state of the art review, part 2: clinical science. Clin J Sport Med 2001; 11: 150-60
9. Pratt HD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE. Child and adolescent neurodevelopment and sport participation. In: De Lee JC, Drez D, Miller MD, editors. Orthopedic sports medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders, 2003: 624-42
10. McCrory P, Collie A, Anderson V, et al. Can we manage sport related concussion in children the same as in adults? Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 516-9
11. Davis G, McCrory P. The paediatric sport-related concussion pilot study. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 47
12. Ommaya AK, Goldsmith W, Thibault L. Biomechanics and neuropathology of adult and paediatric head injury. Br J Neurosurg 2002; 16 (3): 220-42
13. McKeever CK, Schatz P. Current issues in the identification, assessment, and management of concussions in sports-related injuries. Appl Neuropsychol 2003; 10 (1): 4-11
14. Powel JW, Barber-Foss KD. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA 1999; 282: 958-63
15. McCrory PR, Berkovic SF. Second impact syndrome. Neurology 1998; 50 (3): 677-83
16. Field M, Collins MW, Lovell MR, et al. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 546-53
17. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Iverson GL, et al. Grade 1 or 'ding' concussions in high school athletes. Am J Sport Med 2004; 32 (1): 47-54
18. Collins MW, Lovell MR, Iverson GL, et al. Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery 2002; 51 (5): 1175-81
19. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Iverson GL, et al. Recovery from mild concussion in high school athletes. J Neurosurg 2003; 98: 296-301
20. Quintana EC. Recovery from mild concussion in high school athletes. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 43 (5): 680-1
21. Patel DR, Greydanus DE, Pratt HD. Youth sports: more than sprains and strains. Contemp Pediatr 2001; 18 (3): 45-76
22. Patel DR, Luckstead EF. Sports participation, risk taking, and health risk behaviors. Adolesc Med 2000; 11 (1): 141-55
23. Millar K, Nicoll JA, Thornhill S, et al. Long term neuropsychological outcome after head injury: relation to APOE genotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74 (8): 1047-52
24. Nathoo N, Chetty R, van Dellen JR, et al. Genetic vulnerability following traumatic brain injury: the role of apolipoprotein E. Mol Pathol 2003; 56 (3): 132-6
25. Liberman JN, Stewart WF, Wesnes K, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and short term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury. Neurology 2002; 58 (7): 1038-44
26. McCrory P. Boxing and the brain: revisiting chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (1): 2
27. Samatovicz RA. Genetics and brain injury: apolipoprotein E. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2000; 15 (3): 869-74
28. Patel DR, Greydanus DE. Genes and athletes. Adolesc Med 2002; 13 (2): 249-56
29. Ethics, molecular biology, and sports medicine. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (3): 142-3
30. Kelly JP. Traumatic brain injury and concussion in sports. JAMA 1999; 282 (10): 989-91
31. Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, et al. Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes. Sports Med 2001; 31 (8): 629-36
32. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. The management of concussion in sports. Neurology 1997; 48: 581-5
33. Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Br J Sport Med 2002; 36: 6-10
34. Collins MW, Hawn KL. The clinical management of sports concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2002; 1: 12-22
35. Cantu RC. Guidelines for return to contact sports after a cerebral concussion. Phys Sportsmed 1986; 14: 75-83
36. Cantu RC. Return to play guidelines after a head injury. Clin Sports Med 1998; 17: 45-60
37. Colorado Medical Society. Guidelines for the management of concussion in sports (rev). Denver (CO): Colorado Medical Society, 1991
38. Johnston KM, Lassonde M, Ptito A. A contemporary neurosurgical approach to sport-related head injury: the McGill concussion protocol. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192 (4): 515-24
39. Bruno LA, Gennarelli TA, Torg JS. Management guidelines for head injuries in athletics. Clin Sports Med 1987; 6 (2): 17-29
40. Lovell M, Collins M, Bradley J. Return to play following sports related concussion. Clin Sports Med 2004; 23 (3): 421-41
41. Cushman JG, Agarwal N, Fabian TC, et al. Practice management guidelines for the management of mild traumatic brain injury: the EAST practice management guidelines work group. J Trauma 2001; 51 (5): 1016-26
42. Sturmi JE, Smith C, Lombardo JA. Mild brain trauma in sports: diagnosis and management guidelines. Sports Med 1998; 25 (6): 351-8
43. Gebke KB. Mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Sport Med Rep 2002; 1: 23-7
44. Erlanger D, Kaushik T, Cantu RC, et al. Symptom-based assessment of the severity of a concussion. J Neurosurg 2003; 98: 477-84
45. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Maroon JC, et al. Inaccuracy of symptom reporting following concussion in athletes. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2002; 34 Suppl. 5
46. Hawn KL, Lovell MR, Collins MW, et al. Important markers of concussion severity: retrograde and anterograde amnesia. J Athl Train 2002; 37 Suppl. 2: S10
47. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Hawn KL, et al. Does brief loss of consciousness define concussion severity in athletes? J Athl Train 2002; 37 Suppl. 2: S11
48. Bleiberg J, Cernich AN, Cameron K, et al. Duration of cognitive impairment after sports concussion. Neurosurgery 2004; 54 (5): 1073-8
49. McCrory P, Johnstone K, Meeuwisse W, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 196-204
50. Baker RJ, Patel DR. Sports related mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Indian J Pediatr 2000; 67 (5): 317-21
51. Kelly JP, Rosenberg JH. The diagnosis and management of concussion in sports. Neurology 1997; 48: 575-80
52. Maroon JC, Field M, Lovell M, et al. The evaluation of athletes with cerebral concussion. Clin Neurosurg 2002; 49: 319-32
53. McCrea M, Kelly JP, Randolph C. Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC): on-site mental status evaluation of the athlete. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1998; 13 (2): 27-35
54. McCrea M. Standardized mental status assessment of sports concussion. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 176-81
55. Barr WB, McCrea M. Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001; 7 (6): 693-702
56. Headminder™: the science and technology of neurocognitive assessment [online]. Available from URL: http:// www.headminder.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 11]
57. ImPACT©: the best approach to concussion management [online]. Available from URL: http://www.impacttest.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 11]
58. Maddocks DL, Dicker G, Saling MM. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med 1995; 5 (1): 32-5
59. Maddocks D, Dicker G. An objective measure of recovery from concussion in Australian rules footballers. Sport Health 1989; 7 Suppl.: 6-7
60. Grindel SH, Lovell MR, Collins MW. The assessment of sport-related concussion: the evidence behind neuropsychological testing and management. Clin J Sport Med 2001; 11: 134-43
61. Maroon JC, Lovell MR, Norwig J, et al. Cerebral concussion in athletes: evaluation and neuropsychological testing. Neurosurgery 2000; 47 (3): 659-72
62. Lovell MR. The relevance of neuropsychological testing in sports-related head injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 2002; 1 (1): 7-11
63. Barr WB. Neuropsychological testing in high school athletes: preliminary norms and test-retest indices. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003; 18 (1): 91-101
64. Capruso DX, Levin HS. Cognitive impairment following closed head injury. Neurol Clin 1992; 10 (4): 879-91
65. Hinton-Bayre AD, Geffen G. Severity of sports-related concussion and neuropsychological test performance. Neurology 2002; 59: 1068-70
66. Collins MW, Field M, Lovell MR, et al. Relationship between postconcussion headache and neuropsychological test performance in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (2): 168-73
67. Daniel JC, Olesniewicz MH, Reeves DL, et al. Repeated measures of cognitive processing efficiency in adolescent athletes: implications for monitoring recovery from concussion. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1999; 12 (3): 167-9
68. Echemendia RJ, Putukian M, Mackin RC, et al. Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 23-31
69. Aster EJT, Kessels AG, Lezak MD, et al. Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players. JAMA 1999; 282 (10): 971-3
70. Moriarity J, Collie A, Olson D, et al. A prospective controlled study of cognitive function during an amateur boxing tournament. Neurology 2004; 62 (9): 1497-502
71. McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290 (19): 2556-63
72. Collins MW, Iverson GL, Lovell MR, et al. On-field predictors of neuropsychological and symptom deficit following sports-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13 (4): 222-9
73. Ravdin LD, Barr WB, Jordan B, et al. Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers. Clin J Sports Med 2003; 13 (1): 21-7
74. Ryan JP, Atkinson TM, Dunham KT. Sports-related and gender differences on neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14 (1): 18-24
75. Collie A, Darby D, Maruff P. Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports related head injury. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35: 297-302
76. Schatz P, Zillmer EA. Computer-based assessment of sports-related concussion. Appl Neuropsychol 2003; 10 (1): 42-7
77. Collie A, Maruff P, McStephen M, et al. Are reliable change (RC) calculations appropriate for determining the extent of cognitive change in concussed athlete? Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (4): 370-3
78. Erlanger D, Feldman D, Kutner K, et al. Development and validation of a web-based neuropsychological test protocol for sports-related return-to-play decision-making. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003; 18: 293-316
79. Collie A, Maruff P, McStephen M, et al. Psychometric issues associated with computerized neuropsychological assessment of concussed athletes. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (6): 556-9
80. Makdissi M, Collie A, Maruff P, et al. Computerised cognitive assessment of concussed Australian Rules footballers. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (5): 354-60
81. Collie A, Maruff P. Computerised neuropsychological testing. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (1): 2-3
82. Collie A, Maruff P, Makdissi M, et al. CogSport: reliability and correlation with conventional cognitive tests used in post-concussion medical examinations. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13: 28-32
83. CogSport: the complete concussion management system [online]. Available from URL: http:\www.cogsport.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 11]
84. Iverson G, Lovell MR, Collins MW, et al. Tracking recovery from concussion using ImPACT: applying reliable change methodology. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2002; 17 (8): 770
85. Iversion G, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Validity of ImPACT for measuring the effects of sports-related concussion. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2002; 17 (8): 769
86. ConcussionSentinel [online]. Available from URL: http://www- concussionsentinel.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 12]
87. Guskiewicz KM. Assessment of postural stability following sport-related concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003; 2: 24-30
88. Guskiewicz KM. Postural stability assessment following concussion: one piece of the puzzle. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 182-9
89. Guskiewicz KM, Riemann BL, Perrin DH, et al. Alternative approaches to the assessment of mild head injury in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29 (7): S213-21
90. Peterson CL, Ferrara MS, Mrazik M, et al. Evaluation of neuropsychological domain scores and postural stability following cerebral concussion in sports. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13: 230-7
91. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 100-5
92. Jantzen KJ, Anderson B, Steinberg FL, et al. A prospective functional MR imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury in college football players. Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25 (5): 738-45
93. Chen SHA, Kareken DA, Fastenau PS, et al. A study of persistent post-concussion symptoms in mild head trauma using positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 326-32
94. Perriello VA, Barth JT. Sports concussions: coming to the right conclusions. Contemp Pediatr 2000; 2: 132
95. McCrory P. What advice should we give to athletes postconcussion? Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (5): 316-8
96. Committee CAoSMC. Canadian Academy of Sports Medicine Guidelines for assessment and management of sport-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med 2000; 10: 209-11
97. McCrory P. Treatment of recurrent concussion. Curr Sport Med Rep 2002; 1 (1): 28-32
98. Cantu RC. Recurrent athletic head injury: risks and when to retire. Clin Sports Med 2003; 22 (3): 593-603
99. Webbe FM, Barth JT. Short-term and long-term outcome of athletic closed head injuries. Clin Sports Med 2003; 22: 577-92
100. Macciocchi SN, Barth JT, Littlefield LM. Outcome after mild head injury. Clin Sports Med 1998; 17 (1): 27-36
101. Robadi MH, Jordan BD. The cumulative effect of repetitive concussion in sports. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 194-8
102. Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate foot ball players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290: 2549-55
103. Master JT, Kessels AGH, Jordan BD, et al. Chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. Neurology 1998; 51: 791-6
104. Kelly JP, Nichols JS, Filley CM, et al. Concussion in sports: guidelines for the prevention of catastrophic outcome. JAMA 1991; 266 (20): 2867-9
105. McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, et al. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14 (1): 13-7
106. Cook DJ, Cusimano MD, Tator CH, et al. Evaluation of the ThinkFirst Canada, Smart Hockey, brain and spinal cord injury prevention video. Inj Prev 2003; 9 (4): 361-6
107. Marchie A, Cusimano MD. Bodychecking and concussions in ice hockey: should our youth pay the price? CMAJ 2003; 169 (2): 124-8
108. Benson BW, Rose MS, Meeuwisse WH. The impact of face shield use on concussions in ice hockey: a multivariate analysis. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (1): 27-32
109. Levy ML, Ozgur BM, Berry C, et al. Birth and evolution of the football helmet. Neurosurgery 2004; 55 (3): 656-61
110. McIntosh A, McCrory P, Finch CF. Performance enhanced headgear: a scientific approach to the development of protective headgear. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (1): 46-9
111. Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, et al. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts: part 2. Neurosurgery 2003; 53 (6): 1328-40
112. Pettersen JA. Does rugby headgear prevent concussion? Attitudes of Canadian players and coaches. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (1): 19-22
113. McIntosh AS, McCrory P. Effectiveness of headgear in a pilot study of under 15 rugby union football. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (3): 167-9
114. Wisniewski JF, Guskiewicz K, Trope M, et al. Incidence of cerebral concussions associated with type of mouthguard used in college football. Dent Traumatol 2004; 20 (3): 143-9
115. Labella CR, Smith BW, Sigurdsson A. Effect of mouthguards on dental injuries and concussions in college basketball. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34 (1): 41-4