The national idea: Imperial legacies and post-communist pathways in eastern Europe

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 406-442

  Bunce, Valerie ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Democratization; Empire; Ethnofederation; Liberal opposition; Nationalism; The Soviet bloc

Indexed keywords

EID: 23944439952     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325405277963     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Vladimir Tismaneanu, "Nationalism, Populism and Other Threats to Liberal Democracy in Post-communist Europe" (Donald W. Treadgold Papers, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, no. 20, January 1999).
2. Ilya Prizel, National Identity and Foreign Policy Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
3. Adrian Karatnycky, "National Income and Liberty," Journal of Democracy 15 (January 2004): 82-93.
4. Tismaneanu, "Nationalism"; Veljko Vujačić, "From Class to Nation: Left, Right and the Ideological and Institutional Roots of Postcommunist 'National Socialism,'" East European Politics and Societies 17 (Summer 1999): 359-92;
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6. E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
7. Deborah Yashar, "Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 31 (October 1998): 23-42.
8. Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Towards a Dynamic Model," Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 3-24.
9. Prizel, National Identity.
10. See, for example, Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976);
11. Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Geoff Eley and Ronald Suny, eds., Becoming National: A Reader (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996), 42-59;
12. Anthony Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991);
13. Loring Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995);
14. Mark Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
15. and Gail Stokes, "Solving the Wars of Yugoslav Succession," in Norman Naimark and Holly Case, eds., Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003), 193-210.
16. Anthony Marx, Faith in the Nation: Exclusivist Origins of Nationalism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003).
17. Smith, National Identity, 65.
18. See Smith, National Identity, 69;
19. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism;
20. Daniel Chirot, "Herder's Multicultural Theory of Nationalism and Its Consequences," East European Politics and Societies 10 (Winter 1996): 1-15;
21. and Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
22. But see Charles Jelavich, "South Slav Education: Was There Yugoslavism?" in Norman M. Naimark and Holly Case, eds., Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003), 93-115.
23. Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 21.
24. See Smith, National Identity, 69;
25. Greenfeld, Nationalism, 21.
26. Ann Swidler, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies," American Sociological Review 51 (April 1986): 273-86.
27. Also see Katherine Verdery, "Nationalism in Romania," Slavic Review 52 (Summer 1994): 179-203.
28. Denise Powers, "Fresco Fiasco: Narratives of National Identity and the Bruno Schulz Murals in Drogobych," East European Politics and Societies 17 (Fall 2003): 622-53.
29. Smith, Stories of Peoplehood.
30. Also see Roger Petersen, Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred and Resentment in Twentieth Century Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
31. ; and Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991).
32. See especially Powers, "Fresco Fiasco," and Nicholas J. Miller, Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia before the First World War (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997), for particularly insightful discussions.
33. Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984);
34. Stephen Auer, "Nationalism in Central Europe - A Chance or a Threat for the Emerging Liberal Democratic Order?" East European Politics and Societies 14 (Spring 2000): 213-45;
35. and Valerie Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience," World Politics 55 (January 2003): 167-92.
36. Jeno Szucs, "The Three Historical Regions of Europe: An Outline," Acta Historica 29:2-4(1983): 131-84;
37. Charles Tilly, ed., Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975);
38. Perry Anderson, From Antiquity to Feudalism (London: New Left Books, 1974);
39. Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974);
40. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993);
41. Robert Brenner, "Economic Backwardness in Eastern Europe in Light of Developments in the West," in Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 15-52;
42. R. N. Berki, "State and Society: An Antithesis of Modern Political Thought," in Jack Hayward and R. N. Berki, eds., State and Society in Contemporary Europe (New York: St. Martin's, 1979), 1-22;
43. Brian Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992);
44. and Valerie Bunce, "The Historical Origins of the East-West Divide: Civil Society, Political Society, and Democracy in Europe," in Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, eds., Civil Society before Democracy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
45. Smith, National Identity, 9.
46. Heather Rae, State Identities and the Homogenization of Peoples (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
47. Renan, "What Is a Nation?"
48. See, especially, Greenfeld, Nationalism, 488.
49. See, for example, Szucs, "Three Historical Regions";
50. Anderson, From Antiquity to Feudalism;
51. Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State;
52. Andrew Janos, East Central Europe in the Modern World: The Politics of the Borderlands from Pre- to Postcommunism (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000);
53. George Yaney, "Law, Society and the Domestic Regime in Russia in Historical Perspective," American Political Science Review 59 (March 1965): 379-90;
54. Veljko Vujačič, "Historical Legacies, Nationalist Mobilization and Political Outcomes in Russia and Serbia: A Weberian View, " Theory and Society 25 (December 1996): 763-801;
55. and Bunce, "Historical Origins."
56. Alexander Motyl, Imperial Ends: The Decay, Collapse and Revival of Empire (New York: Colombia University Press, 2001);
57. Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000);
58. and Michael Doyle, Empires (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986).
59. See, especially, Mark Beissinger, "The Persisting Ambiguity of Empire," Post-Soviet Affairs 11:2(1995): 149-84;
60. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization;
61. and Ronald Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
62. Frederick Cooper, "Modernizing Colonialism and the Limits of Empire," Social Science Research Council: Items and Issues 4 (Fall/Winter 2003): 1-9.
63. See Valerie Bunce, "The Empire Strikes Back: The Transformation of the Eastern Bloc from a Soviet Asset to a Soviet Liability," International Organization 39 (Winter 1984/5): 1-46;
64. Prizel, National Identity;
65. Maria Todorova, "Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Communist Legacy in Eastern Europe," East European Politics and Societies 7 (Winter 1993): 135-54.
66. Beatrice Manz, "Multiethnic Empires and the Formation of Identity," Ethnic and Racial Studies 26 (January 2003): 70-101.
67. See Powers, "Fresco Fiasco."
68. Peter Sugar, Ethnic Diversity and Conflict in Eastern Europe (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 1980);
69. Alina Mungiu-Pippidi, "Sense and Prejudice in the Study of Ethnic Conflict: Beyond Systems Paradigm in Research and Theory," in Alina Mungiu-Pippidi and Ivan Krastev, eds., Nationalism after Communism: Lessons Learned (Budapest, Hungary: Center for Policy Studies/Central European University Press, 2004): 13-42;
70. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalisms (Oord, the Netherlands: Oxford University Press, 1983).
71. Berki, State and Society;
72. Hans Kohn, Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1965);
73. Gellner, Nations; and see the
74. insightful discussion by Mungiu-Pippidi, "Sense and Prejudice."
75. Bunce, "Historical Origins."
76. Smith, National Identity, 13.
77. John McGarry, "Northern Ireland, Civic Nationalism, and the Good Friday Agreement," in John McGarry, ed., Northern Ireland and the Divided World: The Northern Ireland Conflict and the Good Friday Agreement in Comparative Perspective (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001), 109-36.
78. See Rae, State Identities, for some earlier cases of state-sponsored homogenization.
79. Lieven, Empire, 49.
80. Nancy Bermeo, Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Collapse of Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
81. See Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
82. Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
83. and Yuri Slezkine, "The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism," Slavic Review 53 (Summer 1994): 413-52.
84. Wlodzimirz Brus, "Stalinism and the Peoples' Democracies," in Robert Tucker, ed., Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation (New York: Norton, 1977), 77-110.
85. Yitzhak Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
86. Bunce, "Empire Strikes Back."
87. Valerie Bunce, "The Political Economy of Postsocialism," Slavic Review 58 (Winter 1999): 756-93;
88. Vujačić, "Historical Legacies";
89. and Veljko Vujačić, "Perceptions of the State in Russia and Serbia: The Role of Ideas in the Soviet and Yugoslav Collapse," Post-Soviet Affairs 20 (April 2004): 164-94.
90. Bunce, Subversive Institutions.
91. I b i d.
92. Valerie Bunce, "Cooperation, Compromise or Conflict? Three Models of Center-Regional Bargaining in Postcommunist Ethnofederations" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 3 September 2003);
93. Monica Toft, The Geography of Ethnic Violence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003);
94. and Svante Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus (Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 2001).
95. Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democratization";
96. Valerie Bunce and Stephen Watts, "Managing Diversity and Sustaining Democracy: Ethnofederal versus Unitary States in the Postcommunist World," in Philip Roeder and Donald Rothchild, eds., Power-Sharing and Peace-Making (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
97. Powers, "Fresco Fiasco," 652;
98. Dietmar Schirmer, "Closing the Nation: Nationalism and Statism in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Germany," in Sima Godfrey and Frank Unger, eds., The Shifting Foundations of Modern Nation-States: Realignments of Belonging (Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2004).
99. Bunce, "Empire Strikes Back";
100. and Bunce, Subversive Institutions.
101. David Mason, "The Polish Party in Crisis, 1980-82," Slavic Review 43 (Spring 1984): 30-45;
102. Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991);
103. and Jan Kubik, The Power of Symbols versus the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994).
104. Walter C. Clemens, Baltic Independence and the Russian Empire (New York: St. Martin's, 1991);
105. and Rasma Karklins, Ethnopolitics and Transition to Democracy: The USSR and Latvia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
106. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991);
107. and Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democratization.
108. Bunce, "Political Economy";
109. and Steven M. Fish, "The Determinants of Economic Reform in the Post-communist World," Eastern European Politics and Society 12 (Winter 1998): 13-78.
110. Rawi Abdelal, Economic Nationalism after Empire: A Comparative Perspective on Nation, Economy and Security in Post-Soviet Eurasia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
111. David Ost, "Illusory Corporatism in Eastern Europe: Neoliberal Tripartisan and Postcommunism and Postcommunist Class Identities," Politics and Society 28 (December 2002): 514.
112. See, for example, Michael Hechter, Containing Nationalism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000).
113. Bunce, "Political Economy"; and
114. Michael McFaul, "The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Non-cooperative Transition in the Postcommunist World," World Politics 54 (January 2002): 48-71.
115. Bunce, "Cooperation, Compromise or Conflict?";
116. Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democratization"; and
117. McFaul, "Fourth Wave."
118. Karklins, Ethnopolitics;
119. Bunce, "Rethinking Recent Democratization."
120. V. P. Gagnon Jr., The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
121. Milada Vachudova, Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration after Communism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004).
122. See, for example, Gardner Bovingdon, Strangers in Their Own Land: The Politics of Uyghur Identity in Chinese Central Asia (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 2002).