Exposures of preschool children to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in their everyday environments

Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 297-309

  Morgan, Marsha K ^a   Sheldon, Linda S ^a   Croghan, Carry W ^a   Jones, Paul A ^a   Robertson, Gary L ^a   Chuang, Jane C ^b   Wilson, Nancy K ^b   Lyu, Christopher W ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

3,5,6 Trichloro 2 pyridinol; Chlorpyrifos; Day care centers; Homes; Media; Preschool children

Indexed keywords

2 HYDROXY 3,5,6 TRICHLORPYRIDINE; CHLORPYRIFOS; PESTICIDE; PYRIDINOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; DAY CARE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HOME CARE; HOME MONITORING; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC POLLUTION; PESTICIDE SPRAYING; POLLUTANT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; QUALITY CONTROL; RESIDUE ANALYSIS; SAMPLING;

AIR; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHILD DAY CARE CENTERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHLORPYRIFOS; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FLOORS AND FLOORCOVERINGS; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HOUSING; HUMANS; INFANT; INSECTICIDES; NORTH CAROLINA; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; PYRIDONES; SOIL;

EID: 23744471138     PISSN: 10534245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500406     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Adgate J.L., Barr D.B., Clayton C.W., Eberly L.E., Freeman N.C., Lioy P.J., Needham L.L., Pellizzari E.D., Quackenboss J.J., Roy A., and Sexton K. Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample. Environ Health Perspect 2001: 10(6): 583-589.
2. Bearer C.F. How are children different from adults? Environ Health Perspect 1995: 103(6): 7-12.
3. Chuang J.C., Brinkman M., Hart K., Davis D.B., Finegold J., and Gordon S.M. Method refinement and analysis of food data. Report to USEPA, Contract 68-D4-0023, WA 4-03., 1999.
4. Clayton A.C., Pellizzan E.D., Whitemore R.W., Quackenboss J.J., Adgate J., and Sexton K. Distributions, associations, and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES). J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 2003: 13(2): 100-111.
5. Cook T.J., and Shenoy S.S. Intestinal permeability of chlorpyrifos using the single-pass intestinal perfusion method in the rat. Toxicology 2003: 184: 125-133.
6. Curl C.L., Fenske R.A., Kissel J.C., Shirai J.H., Moate T.F., Griffith W., Coronado G., and Thompson B. Evaluation of take-home organophosporus pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and their children. Environ Health Perspect 2002: 110(12): A787-A792.
7. Davis D.L., and Ahmed A.K. Exposures from indoor spraying of chlorpyrifos pose greater health risks to children than currently estimated. Environ Health Perspect 1998: 106: 299-301.
8. Exposure Factors Handbook. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. Washington DC. EPA 600/P-95/ 002Ba. http://www.epa.gov/ordntrnt/ORD/WebPubs/exposure/, 1995.
9. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Pesticide Program, residue monitoring http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/pes99rep.html, 2000.
10. Fenske R.A., Lu C., Barr D., and Needham L. Children's exposure to chlorpyrifos and parathion in an agricultural community in central Washington state. Environ Health Perspect 2002: 110(5): 549-553.
11. Griffin P., Mason H., Heywood K., and Cocker J. Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: human volunteer study. Occup Environ Med 1999: 56: 10-13.
12. Hanley T.R., Carney E.W., and Johnson E.M. Developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits with 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, the major metabolite of chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Sci 2000: 53(1): 100-108.
13. Hines C.J., and Deddens J.A. Determinants of chlorpyrifos exposures and urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol levels among termiticide applicators. Ann Occup Hyg 2001: 45(4): 309-321.
14. Koch H.M., and Angerer J. Analysis of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in urine samples from the general population using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after steam distillation and solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr B 2001: 759: 43-49.
15. Landrigan P.J., Claudio L., Markowitz S.B., Berkowitz G.S., Brenner B.L., Romero H., Wetmur J.G., Matte T.D., Gore A.C., Godbold J.H., and Wolff M.S. Pesticides and inner-city children: exposures, risks, and prevention. Environ Health Perspect 1999: 107(3): 431-437.
16. Lioy P.J., Edwards R.D., Freeman N., Gurunathan S., Pellizzari E., Adgate J.L., Quackenboss J., and Sexton K. House dust levels of selected pesticides and a herbicide measured by the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine metabolites. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000: 10: 327-340.
17. Miller L.A., and Stapleton F.B. Urinary volume in children with urolithiasis. J Urol 1989: 141(4): 918-920.
18. Needham L.L., and Sexton K. Assessing children's exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: an overview of selected research challenges and complexities. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000: 10: 611-629.
19. Nolan R.J., Rick D.L., Freshour N.L., and Saunders J.H. Chlorpyrifos: Pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1984: 73: 8-15.
20. O'Rourke M.K., Lizardi P.S., Rogan S.P., Freeman N.C., Aguirre A., and Saint C.G. Pesticide exposure and creatinine variation among young children. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000: 10: 672-681.
21. Racke K.D. Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1993: 131: 1-150.
22. Rigas M.L., Okino M.S., and Quackenboss J.J. Use of a pharmacokinetic model to assess chlorpyrifos exposure and dose in children, based on urinary biomarker measurements. Toxicol Sci 2001: 61: 374-381.
23. Ross J.H., Driver J.H., Cochran R.C., Thongsinthusak T., and Krieger R.I. Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment? Ann Occup Hyg 2001: 45(1001): S5-S17.
24. Sexton K., Adgate J.L., Eberly L.E., Clayton C.A., Whitmore R.W., Pellizzan E.D., Lioy P.J., and Quackenboss J.J. Predicting children's short-tem exposure to pesticides: results of a questionnaire screening approach. Environ Health Perspect 2003: 111: 549-553.
25. Szabo L., and Fegyverneki S. Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal children - the Miskolc nomograms. Br J Urol 1995: 76(1): 16-20.
26. Ting K.C., and Lee C.S. Gas chromatographic determination of triclopyr in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 1995: 690: 119-129.
27. Tomlin C.D.S. In The Pesticide Manual. 12th Edn. British Crop Protection Council, UK, 1994, p. 172.
28. USDA. Triclopyr, pesticide fact sheet. http://infoventures.com/e-hlth/ pestcide/ triclopy.html, 2004.
29. USEPA. Headquarters press release; agreement reached between EPA and chlorpyrifos pesticide registrants. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf, 1997.
30. USEPA. Office of Prevention. Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Chlorpyrifos revised risk assessment and agreement with registrants. http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/op/chlorpyrifos/agreement.pdf, 2000a.
31. USEPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Chlorpyrifos-methyl summary. http:// www.epa.gov/oppsrrdI/op/chlorpyrifos-methyl/summary.htm, 2000b.
32. USEPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Chlorpyrifos summary. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrdI/op/chlorpyrifos/summary.htm, 2000c.
33. USEPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Chlorpyrifos revised risk assessment and risk mitigation procedures. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/chlorpyrifos/ consumerqs.htm. 2003.
34. Wilson N.K., Chuang J.C., Lyu C., Menton R., and Morgan M.K. Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2003: 13(1): 187-202.
35. Wilson N.K., Chuang J.C., Iachan R., Lyu C., Gordon S.M., Morgan M.K., Ozkaynak H., and Sheldon L.S. Design and sampling methodology for a large study of preschool children's aggregate exposures to persistent organic pollutants in their everyday environments. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004: 14: 260-274.