Role of lignin in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

VTT Publications

Volumn , Issue 520, 2004, Pages 3-80

  Palonen, Hetti ^a  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cellulases; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Enzymatic modification; Enzymes; Laccase; Lignocellulose; Pretreatment; Softwood lignin; Trichoderma reesei; Wet oxidation

Indexed keywords

EID: 2342433243     PISSN: 12350621     EISSN: 14550849     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Agarwal UP, and Atalla RH. 1986. In-situ Raman microprobe studies of plant cell walls: macromolecular organization and compositional variability in the secondary wall of Picea mariana (mill.). B.S.P. Planta 169, pp. 325-332.
2. Amann M. 1997. The lignozym process -coming closer to the mill. Proc. 9th Int. Symp. on Wood and Pulp. Chem., Montreal, F4, pp. 1-5.
3. Amann M, Candussio A, Müller R, and Frey V. 2000. In situ generation of mediator - a new consept for laccase-catalyzed delignification of kraft pulp. Tappi Pulping Conf., 5-8 November, Boston, USA.
4. Anonymous, 2002. European barometer 2002: The 2002 overview of renewable energies, EurObserv'ER.
5. Atalla RH, and Vanderhart DL. 1984. Native Cellulose: A Composite of Two Distinct Crystalline Forms, Science, 223, pp. 283-285.
6. Atalla RH, and Agarwal UP. 1985. Raman microprobe evidence for lignin orientation in the native state of woody tissue. Science 227, pp. 636-638.
7. von Arx JA, van der Walt JP, and Liebenberg NVDW. 1981. On Mauginiella scattae. Sydowia, 34, pp. 42-45.
8. Baker CS, Suvajittanont W, Bothwell MK, and McGuire J. 2001. Adsorption of Thermomonospora fusca E5 and Trichoderma reesei cellulases on synthetic surfaces. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 94, pp. 29-40. (Pubitemid 32463716)
9. Bao W, O'Malley DM, Whetten R, and Sederoff RR. 1993. A laccase associated with lignification in loblolly pine xylem. Science 260, pp. 672-674. (Pubitemid 23167589)
10. Barr BK, Hsieh YL, Ganem B, and Wilson DB. 1996. Identification of two fuctionally different classes of exocellulases. Biochemistry 35, pp. 586-592. (Pubitemid 26032711)
11. Bernfeld P. 1955 Amylases, α and β. In: Colowick SP, and Kaplan NO (Eds.). Methods in Enzymology. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 149-158.
12. Biely P, Vršanská M, Tenkanen M, and Kluepfel D. 1997. Endo-β-xylanase families: differences in catalytic properties. J. Biotechnol. 57, pp. 151-166. (Pubitemid 27397479)
13. Bjerre AB, Olesen AB, Fernqvist T, Plöger A, and Schmidt AS. 1996. Pretreatment of wheat straw using combined wet oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis resulting in convertible cellulose and hemicellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 49, pp. 568-577. (Pubitemid 26062615)
14. Bourbonnais R, and Paice M. 1990. Oxidation of non-phenolic substrates. An expanded role for laccases in lignin biodegradation. FEBS Lett. 267, pp. 99-102. (Pubitemid 20211711)
15. Bourbonnais R, and Paice M. 1992. Demethylation and delignification of kraft pulp by Trametes versicolor laccase in presence of 2,2′-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36, pp. 823-827.
16. Brash JL, and Horbett TA. 1995. Proteins at interfaces, an overview. In: Horbett TA and Brash JL (Eds.). Proteins at interfaces, fundamentals and applications. ACS Symp Ser 602, ACS, Washington DC, USA.
17. Brode BF 3rd, Erwin CR, Rauch DS, Lucas DS, and Rubingh DN. 1994. Enzyme behavior at surfaces. Site-specific variants of subtilisin BPN' with enhanced surface stability. J. Biol. Chem. 269, pp. 23538-23543.
18. Brown RM. 1999. Cellulose Structure and Biosynthesis, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, pp. 767.
19. Brunow G. 1998. Oxidative coupling of phenols and the biosynthesis of lignin. In: Lewis NG, and Sarkanen S (Eds.). Lignin and Lignan Biosynthesis. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Pp. 131-147. (Pubitemid 128485179)
20. Buchert J, Mustranta A, Tamminen T, Spetz P, and Holmbom B. 2002. Modification of spruce lignans with Trametes hirsuta laccase. Holzforschung 56, pp. 579-584. (Pubitemid 35459864)
21. Burns DS, Ooshima H, and Converse AO. 1989. Surface area of pretreated lignocellulosics as a function of the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 20/21, pp. 79-94.
22. Call HP, and Mücke I. 1997. History, overview and applications of mediated lignolytic systems, especially laccase-mediator-systems (Lignozym-process). J. Biotechnol. 53, pp. 163-202. (Pubitemid 27286437)
23. Carrard G, and Linder M. 1999. Widely different off-rates of two closely related cellulose-binding domains from Trichoderma reesei. Eur. J. Biochem. 262, pp. 637-643. (Pubitemid 29291018)
24. Chakar F, and Ragauskas A. 1999. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Wood and Pulp Chem., Vol. 1, Yokohama, Japan. Pp. 566-570.
25. Chang VS, and Holtzapple MT. 2000. Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84-86, pp. 5-37. (Pubitemid 30349447)
26. Charles N, Mansfield SD, Mirochnik O, and Duff SJB. 2003. Effect of oxygen delignification operating parameters on downstream enzymatic hydrolysis of softwood substrates. Biotechnol. Prog. 19, pp. 1606-1611. (Pubitemid 37250053)
27. Chen M, Gritzali M, and Stafford D. 1987. Nucleotide sequence and deduced primary structure of cellobiohydrolase II of Trichoderma reesei. Bio/Technol. 5, pp. 274-278.
28. Chen H, Hayn M, and Esterbauer H. 1992. Purification and characterization of two extracellular β-glucosidases from Trichoderma reesei. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1121, pp. 54-60.
29. Chernoglazov VM, Ermolova OV, and Klyosov AA. 1988. Adsorption of highpurity endo-1,4-β-glucanases from Trichoderma reesei on components of lignocellulosic materials: cellulose, lignin, and xylan. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 10, pp. 503-507.
30. Converse AO, Matsuno R, Tanaka M, and Taniguchi M. 1988. A model for enzyme adsorption and hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose with slow deactivation of the adsorbed enzyme. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 32, pp. 38-45. (Pubitemid 18621678)
31. Converse AO, Ooshima H, and Burns DS. 1990. Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials based on surface area of cellulose accessible to enzyme and enzyme adsorption on lignin and cellulose. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24/25, pp. 67-73. (Pubitemid 20275144)
32. Converse AO. 1993. Substrate factors limiting enzymatic hydrolysis, In: Saddler JN (Ed.). Bioconversion of Forest and Agricultural Plant residues, CAB International, Wollingford, UK. Pp. 93-106.
33. Coutinho PM, and Henrissat B. 1999. Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes server at URL: http://afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/~cazy/CAZY/index.html.
34. Davies G, and Henrissat B. 1995. Structures and mechanism of glycosyl hydrolases. Structure 3, pp. 853-859.
35. Divne C, Ståhlberg J, Reinikainen T, Ruohonen L, Pettersson G, Knowles JKC, Teeri TT, and Jones TA. 1994. The three-dimensional structure of the catalytic core of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. Science 265, pp. 524-528. (Pubitemid 24264997)
36. Doolittle WF. 1999. Lateral genomics. Trends Cell. Biol. 9, pp. 5-8.
37. Draude KM, Kurniawan CB, and Duff SJB. 2001. Effect of delignification on the rate and extent of enzymatic hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic material. Biores. Technol. 79, pp. 113-120. (Pubitemid 32577400)
38. Durán N, Rosa MA, D.Annibale A, and Gianfreda L. 2002. Applications of laccases and tyrosinases (phenoloxidases) immobilized on different supports: a review. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 31, pp. 907-931. (Pubitemid 35375750)
39. Eggert CB, Temp U, and Eriksson K-E. 1996. A fungal metabolite mediates degradation of non-phenolic lignin structures and synthetic lignin by laccase. FEBS Lett. 391, pp. 144-148. (Pubitemid 26325732)
40. Erickson M, Larsson S, and Miksche GE. 1973. Gas-chromatographische analyze von ligninoxidationsprodukten. Acta Chem Scand. 27, pp. 903-914.
41. Eriksson T, Börjesson J, and Tjerneld F. 2002a. Mechanism of surfactant effect in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 31, pp. 353-364. (Pubitemid 34790241)
42. Eriksson T, Karlsson J, and Tjerneld F. 2002b. A model explaining declining rate in hydrolysis of lignocellulose substrates with cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) and endoglucanase I (Cel7B) of Trichoderma reesei. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 101, pp. 41-60. (Pubitemid 34460685)
43. Eriksson K-EL, Blanchette RA, and Ander P. 1990. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood and wood components. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 416 p.
44. Esteghlalian AR, Bilodeau M, Mansfield SD, and Saddler JN. 2001. Do enzymatic hydrolyzability and Simons' stain reflect the changes in the accessibility of lignocellulosic substrates to cellulase enzymes? Biotechnol. Prog. 17, pp. 1049-1054. (Pubitemid 34018283)
45. Faix O, Mozuch MD, and Kirk TK. 1985. Degradation of gymnosperm (guaiacyl) vs. Angiosperm (syringyl/guaiacyl) lignins by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Holzforschung 39, pp. 203-208.
46. Felby C, Nielsen BR, Olesen PO, and Skibsted LH. 1997. Identification and quantification of radical reaction intermediates by electron spin resonance spectrometry of laccase-catalyzed oxidation of wood fibers from beech (Fagus sylvatica). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 48, pp. 459-464. (Pubitemid 27475282)
47. Fengel D, and Wegener G. 1983. Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure and reactions. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. 613 p.
48. Fernando T, and Aust S. 1994. Biodegradation of toxic chemicals by white-rot fungi. In: Chaundhry GR (ed.). Biological degradation and bioremediation of toxic chemicals. Chapman and Hall, London. Pp. 386-402.
49. Foreman PK, Brown D, Dankmeyer L, Dean R, Diener S, Dunn-Coleman NS, Goedegebuur F, Houfek TD, England GJ, Kelley AS, Meerman HJ, Mitchell T, Mitchinson C, Olivares HA, Teunissen PJ, Yao J, and Ward M. 2003. Transcriptional regulation of biomass-degrading enzymes in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. J. Biol. Chem. 278, pp. 31988-31997.
50. Freudenreich I, Amann M, Fritz-Langhals E, and Stohrer J. 1998. Proc. Int. Pulp Bleaching Conf. Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 71-76.
51. Galbe M, and Zacchi G. 2002. A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, pp. 618-628.
52. Garcia-Vallve S, Romeu A, and Palau J. 2000. Horizontal gene transfer of glycosyl hydrolases of the rumen fungi. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, pp. 352-361. (Pubitemid 30123756)
53. Gianfreda L, Xu F, and Bollag J-M. 1999. Laccases: A usefull group of oxidoreductive enzymes. Bioremed. J. 3, pp. 1-25.
54. Gibbs RD. 1958. The Mäule reaction, lignins, and the relationship between woody plants. In: Thimann KV (Ed.). The physiology of forest trees. Ronald Press Comp. New York. Pp. 269-312.
55. Gilkes NR, Henrissat B, Kilburn DG, Miller RC, and Warren REJ. 1991. Domains in microbial β-1,4-glycanases: Sequence conservation, function, and enzyme families. Microbiol. Rev. 55, pp. 303-315. (Pubitemid 21895156)
56. Gilkes NR, Jervist E, Henrissat B, Tekant B, Miller C, Warren RAJ, and Kilburn DG. 1992. The adsorption of bacterial cellulase and its two isolated domains to crystalline cellulose. J. Biol. Chem. 267, pp. 6743-6749.
57. Glasser WG, and Glasser HR. 1981. Pap. Puu 63, pp. 71-83.
58. Grethlein HE. 1985. The effect of pore-size distribution on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates, Bio/Technology 3, pp. 155-160. (Pubitemid 15160538)
59. Grohmann K, Torget R, and Himmel ME. 1985. Optimization of dilute acid pretreatment of biomass, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, pp. 59-80. (Pubitemid 17185439)
60. Grönqvist S, Buchert J, Rantanen K, Viikari L, and Suurnäkki A. 2003a. Activity of laccase on unbleached and bleached thermomechanical pulp. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 32, pp. 439-445. (Pubitemid 36136063)
61. Grönqvist S. Suurnäkki A, Niku-Paavola M-L, Kruus K, Buchert J, and Viikari L. 2003b. Lignocellulose processing with oxidative enzymes. In: Mansfield SD, and Saddler JN (Eds.). Lignocellulose processing with oxidative enzymes. Applications of enzymes to lignocellulosics. ACS Symp Ser 855, ACS, Washington DC. Pp. 46-65.
62. Gusakov AV, Sinitsyn AP, Berlin AG, Markov AM, and Ankudimova NV. 2000. Surface hydrophobic amino acid residues in cellulase molecules as a structural factor responsible for their high denim-washing performance. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 27, pp. 664-671.
63. Gusakov AV, Sinitsyn AP, Markov AV, Sinitsyna OA, Ankudimova NV, and Berlin AG. 2001. Study of protein adsorption on indigo particles confirms the existence of indigo-enzyme interaction sites in cellulose molecules. J. Biotechnol. 87, pp. 83-90. (Pubitemid 32232227)
64. Hatakka A. 1994. Lignin-modifying enzymes from selected white-rot fungi: production and role in lignin degradation. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13, pp. 125-135. (Pubitemid 24095408)
65. Hatakka A. 2001. Biodegradation of lignin. In: Hofrichter M, and Steinbüchel A, (Eds.). Biopolymers. Biology, chemistry, biotechnology, applications. Vol 1. Lignin, humic substances and coal. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 129-180.
66. Hayn M, Steiner W, Klinger R, Steinmüller H, Sinner M, and Esterbauer H. 1993. Basic research and pilot studies on the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic. In: Saddler JN (Ed.). Bioconversion of forest and agricultural plant residues. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Pp. 33-72.
67. Helle SS, Duff SJB, and Cooper DG. 1993. Effect of surfactants on cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, pp. 611-617. (Pubitemid 23237985)
68. Hogan CM, and Mes-Hartree M. 1990. Recycle of cellulases and the use of lignocellulosic residue for enzyme production after hydrolysis of steam-pretreated aspenwood. J. Industrial Microbiol. 6, pp. 253-262.
69. Holtzapple M, Cognata M, Shu Y, and Hendrickson C. 1990. Inhibition of Trichoderma reesei cellulase by sugars and solvents. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17, pp. 873-893.
70. Hon D N-S. 1994. Cellulose: a random walk along its historical path. Cellulose 1, pp. 1-25.
71. Houtman CJ, and Atalla RH. 1995. Cellulose-lignin interactions. Plant Physiol. 107, pp. 977-984.
72. Hsu T-A. 1996. Pretreatment of biomass. In: Wyman CE (Ed.). Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and utilization. Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Pp.179-212.
73. IUPAC, 1987. Measurement for cellulase activities. Pure and Appl. Chem. 59, pp. 257-268.
74. Jeffries TW. 1990. Biodegradation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Biodegradation 1, pp. 808-812.
75. Johannes C, and Majcherczyk A. 2000. Laccase activity tests and laccase inhibitors. J. Biotechnol. 78, pp. 193-199. (Pubitemid 30139561)
76. Cel48A to easily hydrolysable and recalcitrant cellulose fractions on BMCC. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 31, pp. 941-948.
77. Kadla JF, and Gilbert RD. 2000. Cellulose Structure: A Review. Cellulose Chem. Technol. 34, pp. 197.
78. Karlsson J, Medve J, Tjerneld F. 1999. Hydrolysis of steam pretreated lignocellulose. Synergism and adsorption for cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase II of Trichoderma reesei. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 82, pp. 243-258.
79. Kawai S, Nakagawa M, Ohashi H. 2002. Degradation mechanism of a nonphenolic β-O-4 lignin model dimer by Trametes versicolor laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriatzole. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 30, pp. 482-489. (Pubitemid 34310271)
80. Kaylen M, Van Dyne DL, Choi, Y-S, and Blase M. 2000. Economic feasibility of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Biores. Technol. 72, pp. 19-32. (Pubitemid 29492871)
81. Kiiskinen L-L, Viikari L, and Kruus K. 2002. Purification and characterization of a novel laccase from the ascomycete Melanocarpus albomyces. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, pp. 198-204. (Pubitemid 34756959)
82. Kiiskinen L-L, Palonen H, Linder M, Viikari L, and Kruus K. 2004. Laccase from Melanocarpus albomyces binds effectively to cellulose. Submitted.
83. Kim DW, and Hong YG. 2000. Ionic strength effect on adsorption of cellobiohydrolases I and II on microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol. Lett. 22, pp. 1337-1342.
84. 2 pretreatment of lignocellulose enchances enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biores. Technol. 77, pp. 139-144.
85. Kleywegt G, Zou J-Y, Divne C, Davies GJ, Sinning I, Ståhlberg J, Reinikainen T, Srisodsuk M, Teeri TT, and Jones TA. 1997. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of endoglucanase I from Trichoderma reesei at 3.6 Åresolution, and a comparison with related enzymes. J. Mol. Biol. 273, pp. 1-15.
86. Knowles J, Lehtovaara P, and Teeri T. 1987. Cellulase families and their genes. Trends Biotechnol. 5, pp. 255-261.
87. Kotiranta P, Karsson J, Siika-aho M, Medve J, Viikari L, Tjerneld F, and Tenkanen M. 1999. Adsorption and activity of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I, endoglucanase II, and the corresponding core proteins on steam pretreated willow. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 81, pp. 81-90.
88. Linder M. 1996. Structure-function relationships in fungal cellulose-binding domains. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 294. 29 p. + app. 22 p.
89. Linder M, and Teeri TT. 1996. The cellulose-binding domain of the major cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma reesei exhibits true reversibility and a high exchange rate on crystalline cellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93. Pp. 12251-12255. (Pubitemid 26367128)
90. Linder M, and Teeri T. 1997. The roles and function of cellulose-binding domains. J. Biotechnol. 57, pp. 15-28. (Pubitemid 27397467)
91. Liu L, Dean JFD, Friedmann WE, and Eriksson K-E. 1994. A laccase-like phenoloxidase is correlated with lignin biosynthesis in Zinnia elegans stem tissue. Plant J. 6, pp. 213-224.
92. Lu Y, Yang B, Gregg D, Saddler JN, and Mansfield SD. 2002. Cellulase adsorption and an evaluation of enzyme recycle during hydrolysis of steam-exploded softwood residues. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 98-100, pp. 641-654. (Pubitemid 34460655)
93. Lundquist K, and Kristersson P. 1985. Exhaustive laccase-catalysed oxidation of a lignin model compound (vanillyn glycol) produces methanol and polymeric quinoid products. Biochem. J. 229, pp. 277-279. (Pubitemid 15068145)
94. Mai C, Schormann W, Milstein O, and Hüttermann A. 2000. Enhanced stability of laccase in the presence of phenolic compounds. Appl. Microb. Biotechnol. 54, pp. 510-514.
95. Mansfield SH, Mooney C, and Saddler JN. 1999. Substrate and enzymatic characteristics that limit enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol. Prog. 15, pp. 804-816. (Pubitemid 29475619)
96. Marchessault RH, Coulombe S, Morikawa H, and Robert D. 1981. Characterization of Aspen exploded wood lignin. Can. J. Chem. 60, pp. 2372-3282.
97. McGinnis GD, Wilson WW, and Muller CE. 1983. Biomass pretreatment with water and high pressure oxygen. The wet-oxidation process. Ind. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 22, pp. 352-357.
98. Medve J, Ståhlberg J, and Tjerneld F. 1994. Adsorption and synergism of cellobiohydrolase I and II of Trichoderma reesei during hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44, pp. 1064-1073. (Pubitemid 24331656)
99. Medve J, Karlsson J, Lee D, and Tjerneld F. 1998. Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose by cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase II from Trichoderma reesei: Adsorption, sugar production pattern and synergism of the enzymes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 59, pp. 621-634. (Pubitemid 28350464)
100. Montenecourt B. 1983. Trichoderma reesei cellulases. TIBTECH 1, pp. 156-161. (Pubitemid 15212932)
101. Mooney CA, Mansfield SH, Touhy MG, and Saddler JN. 1998. The effect of initial pore size and lignin content on the enzymatic hydrolysis of softwood. Biores. Technol. 64, pp. 113-119. (Pubitemid 28192616)
102. Negro MJ, Manzanares P, Oliva JM, Ballesteros I, and Ballesteros M. 2003. Changes in various physical/chemical parameters of Pinus pinaster wood after steam explosion pretreatment. Biomass Bioenergy 25, pp. 301-308. (Pubitemid 36953109)
103. Nguyen QA, Tucker MP, Keller FA, and Eddy FP. 2000. Two-stage dilute-acid pretreatment of softwoods. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84-86, pp. 561-576. (Pubitemid 30349492)
104. Nidetzky B, and Claeyssens M. 1994. Specific quantification of Trichoderma reesei cellulases in reconstituted mixtures and its application to cellulase-cellulose binding studies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44, pp. 961-966. (Pubitemid 24308544)
105. Nidetzky B, Steiner W, and Claeyssens M. 1994. Cellulose hydrolysis by the cellulases from Trichoderma reesei: adsorptions of two cellobiohydrolases, two endoglucanases and their core proteins on filter paper and their relation to hydrolysis. Biochem. J. 303, pp. 817-823. (Pubitemid 24326016)
106. Niku-Paavola M-L, Karhunen E, Salola P, and Raunio V. 1988. Lignolytic enzymes of the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata. Biochem. J. 254, pp. 877-884.
107. Niku-Paavola M-L, Anke H, Poppius-Levlin K, and Viikari L. 2003. Siderophores as natural mediators in laccase-aided degradation of lignin. In: Mansfield SD, and Saddler JN (Eds.). Applications of enzymes to lignocellulosics. ACS Symp Ser 855, ACS, Washington DC. Pp. 176-190.
108. Norde W, and Haynes CA. 1995. Reversibility and the mechanism of protein adsorption. In: Horbett TA, and Brash JL (Eds.). Proteins at interfaces II: fundamentals and applications. ACS Symp Ser 602, ACS, Washington DC. Pp 26-40.
109. Novikova LN, Medvedeva SA, Volchatova IV, and Bogatyreva SA. 2002. Changes in Macromolecular characteristics and biological activity of hydrolytic lignin in the course of composting. Appl. Biochem. Microbial. 38, pp. 181-185.
110. Oksanen T, Buchert J, Amann M, Candussio A, and Viikari L. 2002. Boosting of LMS-bleaching with hemicellulases. In: Viikari L, and Lantto R (Eds.). Progress in Biotechnology 21, Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry: 8th ICBPPI. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 255-262.
111. Ong E, Greenwood J, Gilkes N, Kilburn DG, Miller RC, and Warren RAJ. 1989. The cellulose-binding domains of cellulases: tools for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 7, pp. 239-243. (Pubitemid 20643403)
112. Ooshima H, Sakata M, and Harano Y. 1986. Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulase by surfactant. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28, pp. 1727-1734. (Pubitemid 17463670)
113. Ooshima H, Burns D, and Converse AO. 1990. Adsorption of cellulase from Trichoderma reesei on cellulose and lignacious residue in wood pretreated by dilute sulfuric acid with explosive decompression. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 36, pp. 446-452. (Pubitemid 20283268)
114. van Oss CJ. 1995. Hydrophobicity of biosurfaces -origin, quantitative determination and interaction energies. Colloids Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 5, pp. 91-110.
115. O'Sullivan AC. 1997. Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels, Cellulose 4, pp. 173-207. (Pubitemid 127508792)
116. Otter DE, Munro PA, Scott GK, and Geddes R. 1989. Desorption of Trichoderma reesei cellulase from cellulose by a range of desorbents. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34, pp. 291-298.
117. Page DH. 1976. A note on the cell-wall structure of softwood tracheids. Wood Fiber. 7, pp. 246-248.
118. Paice M, Bourbonnais R, Renaud S, Labonte S, Sacciadis G, Berry R, Amann M, Candussio A, and Müller R. 2002. Pilot plant bleaching trials with laccase and mediator. In: Viikari L, and Lantto R, (Eds.). Progress in Biotechnology 21, Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry: 8th ICBPPI. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Pp. 203-211.
119. Park JW, Takahata Y, Kajiuchi T, and Akehata T. 1992. Effects of nonionic surfactant on enzymatic hydrolysis of used newspaper. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 39, pp. 117-120.
120. Parker JMR, Guo D, and Hodges RS. 1986. New hydrophilicity scale derived from high-performance liquid chromatography peptide retention data: correlation of predicted surface residues with antigenicity and X-ray-derived accessible sites. Biochemistry 25, pp. 5425-5432.
121. Penttilä M, Lehtovaara P, Nevalainen H, Bhikhabhai R, and Knowles J. 1986. Homology between cellulase genes of Trichoderma reesei: complete nucleotide sequence of the endoglucanase I gene. Gene 45, pp. 253-263. (Pubitemid 17202577)
122. Poppius-Levlin K, Wang W, Tamminen T, Hortling B, Viikari L, and Niku-Paavola M-L. 1999. Effects of laccase/HBT treatment on pulp and lignin structures. J. Pulp Paper Sci. 25, pp. 90-94.
123. Rahkamo L, Siika-aho M, Vehviläinen M, Dolk M, Viikari L, Nousiainen P, and Buchert J. 1996. Modification of hardwood dissolving pulp with purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases. Cellulose 3, pp. 153-163. (Pubitemid 126728966)
124. Ramos LP, Breuil C, and Saddler JN. 1992. Comparison of steam pretreatment of Eucalyptus, Aspen, and spruce wood chips and their enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 34/35, pp. 37-47.
125. Reinhammar B. 1984. Laccase. In: Lontie R. (Ed.). Copper proteins and copper enzymes, Vol. III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Boca Raton. Pp. 1-35.
126. Reinikainen T, Teleman O, and Teeri TT. 1995. Effects of pH and high ionic strenght on the adsorption and activity of native and mutated cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. Proteins 22, pp. 143-149.
127. Rittstieg K, Suurnäkki A, Suortti T, Kruus K, Guebitz G, and Buchert J. 2002. Investigations on the laccase-catalyzed polymerization of lignin model compounds using size-exclusion HPLC. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 31, pp. 403-410. (Pubitemid 34874820)
128. Rogalski J, Jozwik E, Hatakka A, and Leonowicz A. 1995. Immobilization of laccase from Phlebia radiata on controlled porosity glass. J. Molec. Catal. a-Chem. 95, pp. 99-108.
129. Rouvinen J, Bergfors T, Teeri T, Knowles JKC, and Jones TA. 1990. Three-dimensional structure of cellobiohydrolase II from Trichoderma reesei. Science, 249, pp. 380-386.
130. Saloheimo M, Lehtovaara P, Penttilä M, Teeri T, and Ståhlberg J. 1988. EG III, a new endoglucanase from Trichoderma reesei; the characterization of both gene and enzyme. Gene 63, pp. 11-21. (Pubitemid 18082125)
131. Saloheimo A, Henrissant B, Hoffren AM, Teleman O, and Penttilä M. 1994. A novel, small endoglucanase gene, egl5, from Trichoderma reesei isolated by expression in yest. Mol. Microbiol. 13, pp. 219-228. (Pubitemid 24225494)
132. Saloheimo M, Nakari T, Tenkanen, M, Penttilä M. 1997. A new Trichoderma reesei cellulase: cDNA-cloning and demonstration of endoglucanase activity by yeast expression. Proc. 4th Eur. Conf. Fungal Genetics, 166, Leon, Spain, 4.8 April.
133. Sasaki T, Tanaka T, Nanbu N, Sato Y, and Kainuma K. 1979. Correlation between X-ray diffraction measurements of cellulose crystalline structure and the susceptibility to microbial cellulase, Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 21, pp. 1031.
134. Schell D, Nguyen Q, Tucker M, and Boynton B. 1998. Pretreatment of softwood by acid-catalyzed steam explosion followed by alkali extraction. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70.72, pp. 17-24. (Pubitemid 28361029)
135. Schmidt AS, Puls J, and Bjerre A. 1996. Comparison of wet oxidation and steaming for solubilization of the hemicellulose fraction in the wheat straw and birchwood. In: Chartier P, Ferrero GL, Henius UM, Hultberg S, Sachau J, and Wiinblad M (Eds.). Biomass for energy and environment, Vol. 3, Proc. 9th European Bioenergy Conf. Oxford: Pergamon. Pp. 1510-1515.
136. Schmidt AS, and Thomsen AB. 1998. Optimization of wet oxidation pretreatment of wheat straw. Biores. Technol. 64, pp. 139-151. (Pubitemid 28192619)
137. Sealey J, and Ragauskas AJ. 1998. Residual lignin studies of laccase-delignified kraft pulps. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 23, pp. 422-426. (Pubitemid 29070743)
138. Sevola Y. 2002. Metsävarat. In: Peltola A (Ed.). Finnish Statistical yearbook of forestry. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Vammala. 376 p.
139. Shaw D. 1980. Charged interfaces. In: Shaw D (Ed.). Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry. Butterworths-Heinemann. 273p.
140. Shevchenko SM, Beatson RP, and Saddler JN. 1999. The nature of lignin from steam explosion/ enzymatic hydrolysis of softwood. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 77-79, pp. 867-876.
141. Shoemaker S, Schweickart V, Ladner M, Gelfand D, Kwok S, Myambo K, and Innis M. 1983. Molecular cloning of exo-cellobiohydrolase I derived from Trichoderma reesei strain L27. Bio/Technol. 1, pp. 691-696.
142. Sinitsyn AP, Gusakov AV, and Vlasenko EY. 1991. Effect of structural and physiochemical features of cellulosic substrates on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 30, pp. 43-59.
143. Sinitsyn AP, Bungay ML, Clesceri LS, and Bungay HR. 1983. Recovery of enzymes from the insoluble residue of hydrolyzed wood. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 8, pp. 25-29.
144. Sjöström E. 1981. Wood chemistry, fundamentals and applications. London: Academic press. 223 p.
145. Skopec C, Brady J, Rignall T, McCabe C, and Himmel M. 2003. Computer simulations of water structuring adjacent to microcrystalline cellulose Ißsurfaces. Symp. Biotechnol. for Fuels and Chemicals, May 4-7. Breckenridge, Colorado, USA.
146. Srisodsuk M. 1994. Mode of action of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I on crystalline cellulose. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 188. 107 p.
147. 2-impregnated mixed softwood for ethanol production. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 71, pp. 299-308.
148. Stone JE, and Scallan AM. 1969. Digestibility as a simple function of a molecule of similar size to a cellulase enzyme, Adv. Chem. Sci. 95, pp. 219-241.
149. Ståhlberg J, Johansson G, and Pettersson G. 1991. A new model for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose based on the two-domain structure of cellobiohydrolase I. Bio/Technology 9, pp. 286-290.
150. Stålbrand H, Saloheimo A, Vehmaanperä J, Henrissat B, and Penttilä M. 1995. Cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a Trichoderma reesei β-mannanase gene containing a cellulose binding domain. Appl. Environmental Microbiology 61, pp. 1090-1097.
151. Sutcliffe R, and Saddler JN. 1986. The role of lignin in the adsorption of cellulases during enzymatic treatment of lignocellulosic material. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 17, pp. 749-762. (Pubitemid 18630167)
152. Suurnäkki A, Tenkanen M, Niku-Paavola M-L, Viikari L, Siika-aho M, and Buchert J. 2000. Trichoderma reesei cellulases and their core domains in hydrolysis and modification of chemical pulp. Cellulose, 7, pp. 189-209.
153. Szengyel Z, Zacchi G, Varga A, and Reczey K. 2000. Cellulase production of Trichoderma reesei Rut C 30 using steam-pretreated spruce. Appl. Biochem. Biotehnol. 84.86, pp. 679-691.
154. 2 impregnation for ethanol production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 98-100, pp. 5-21.
155. Takashima S, Nakamura A, Hidaka M, Masaki H, and Uozumi T. 1999. Molecular cloning and expression of the novel fungal beta-glucosidase genes from Humicola grisea and Trichoderma reesei. J. Biochem. 125, pp. 728-736. (Pubitemid 29192494)
156. Tanahashi M, Takada S, Aoki T, Goto T, Higuchi T, and Hanai S. 1983. Characterization of explosion wood. 1. Structure and physical properties, Wood Research. 69, pp. 36-51.
157. Tanaka M, Ikesaka M, Matsuno R, and Converse AO. 1988. Effect of pore size in substrate and diffusion of enzyme on hydrolysis of cellulosic materials with cellulases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 32, pp. 698-706. (Pubitemid 18654403)
158. Tatsumoto K, Baker JO, Tucker MP, Oh KK, Mohagneghi A, Grohmann K, and Himmel ME. 1988. Digestion of pretreated aspen substrates. Hydrolysis rates and adsorptive loss of cellulase enzymes. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 18, pp. 159-174.
159. Taylor JE, and Weygandt JC. 1974. A kinetic study of high pressure aqueous oxidations of organic compounds using elemental oxygen. Can. J. Chem. 52, pp. 1925-1933.
160. Teeri T. 1997. Crystalline cellulose degradation: new insight into the function of cellobiohydrolases. Tibtech 15, pp. 160-167. (Pubitemid 27219573)
161. 4 impregnation of softwood prior to steam pretreatment on ethanol production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70-72, pp. 3-15.
162. Tengborg C, Galbe M, and Zacchi G. 2001. Influence of enzyme loading and physical parameters on the enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated softwood. Biotechnol. Prog. 17, pp. 110-117. (Pubitemid 32148550)
163. Thompson DN, and Chen H-C. 1992. Comparison of pretreatment methods on the basis of available surface area. Biores. Technol. 39, pp. 155-163.
164. Thurston CF. 1994. The structure and function of fungal laccases. Microbiology 140, pp. 19-26. (Pubitemid 24067305)
165. Timell TE. 1967. Recent progress in the chemistry of wood hemicelluloses. Wood Sci. Technol. 1, pp. 45-70.
166. Tolan JS. 2002. Iogen's process for producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Clean Techn. Environ. Policy 3, pp. 339-345.
167. Tomme P, Warren RAJ, and Gilkes NR. 1995. Cellulose hydrolysis by bacteria and fungi. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 37, pp. 1-81.
168. Viikari L, Oksanen T, Buchert J, Amann M, and Candussio A. 1999. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Wood and Pulp Chem, Yokohama, Japan, Vol I. Pp. 504-507.
169. Viikari L, Tenkanen M, and Suurnäkki A. 2001. Biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry. In: Rehm H-J, and Reed G (Eds.). Biotechnology. Vol. 10 Special processes. Weinheim-New York, Wiley-VCH. Pp. 523-546.
170. Vinzant TB, Ehrman CI, and Himmel ME. 1997. SSF of Pretreated Hardwoods: Effect of Native Lignin Content, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 62, pp. 97-102.
171. Väljamäe P, Sild V, Pettersson G, and Johansson G. 1998. The initial kinetics of hydrolysis by cellobiohydrolases I and II is consistent with a surface-erosion model. Eur. J. Biochem. 253, pp. 469-475. (Pubitemid 28191849)
172. Väljamäe P. 2002. The kinetics of cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis: implications of the synergism between enzymes. Acta Universitas Upsaliensis. Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 781. 54 p.
173. Wald S, Wilke CR, and Blanch HW. 1984. Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26, pp. 221-230.
174. Walton DW. 2000. Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of secondary metabolite gene clusters in fungi: an hypothesis. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30, pp. 167-171.
175. Ward M, Wu S, Dauberman J, Weiss G, and Larenas E. 1993. Cloning, sequence and preliminary analysis of small, high pI endoglucanase (EG III) from Trichoderma reesei, In: Suominen P, and Reinikainen T (Eds.). Trichoderma reesei cellulases and other hydrolases. Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research 8, pp. 153-158.
176. Wheals AE, Basso LC, Alves DMG, and Amorim HV. 1999. Fuel ethanol after 25 years. Trends Biotechnol. 17, pp. 482-487. (Pubitemid 29525595)
177. Wingren A, Galbe M, and Zacchi G. 2003. Techno-economic evaluation of producing ethanol from softwood: comparison of SSF and SHF and identification of bottlenecks. Biotechnol. Prog. 19, pp. 1109-1117. (Pubitemid 37014665)
178. Wiselogel A, Tyson S, and Johnson D. 1996. Biomass feedstock resources and composition. In: Wyman CE (Ed.). Handbook on bioethanol: Production and utilization. Taylor & Framcis, Bristol, PA. Pp. 105-118.
179. Wong KKY, Deverell KF, Mackie KL, Clark T, and Donaldson LA. 1988. The relationship between fibre porosity and cellulose digestibility in steam-exploded Pinus radiata. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31, pp. 447-456. (Pubitemid 18591193)
180. Wooley R, Ruth M, Sheehan J, and Ibsen K. 1999. Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis current and futuristic scenarios. NREL technical report NREL/TP-580-26157.
181. Wright JD. 1988. Ethanol from lignocellulosics: an overview. Energy Prog. 8, pp. 71.
182. Wyman CE. 1996. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: Overview. In: Wyman CE (Ed.). Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and utilization. Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Pp. 1-18.
183. Wyman CE. 2001. Twenty years of trials, tribulations, and research progress in bioethanol technology: selected key events along the way. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 91-93, pp. 5-21.
184. Wyman CE. 2002. Potential synergies and challenges in refining cellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and power. Biotechnol. Progress. ASAP Article. Web release date Nov 20, 2002. 9 p.
185. Yaropolov AI, Skorobogat'ko OV, Vartanov SS, and Varfolomeyev SD. 1994. Laccase. properties, catalytic mechanism, and applicability. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 49, pp. 257-280.
186. Ylitalo E. 2002. Puun käyttö. In: Peltola A (Ed.). Finnish Statistical yearbook of forestry. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Vammala. 376 p.
187. Zaldivar J, Nielsen J, and Olsson L. 2001. Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose: a challenge for metabolic engineering and process integration. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56, pp. 17-34. (Pubitemid 32663881)
188. Zanin GM, Santana CC, Bon EPS, Giordano RCL, de Moraes FF, Andrietta SR, de Carvalho Neto CC, Macedo IS, Fo DL, Ramos LP, and Fontana JD. 2000. Brazilian bioethanol program. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84-86, pp. 1147-1161. (Pubitemid 30349541)