The roles and function of cellulose-binding domains

Journal of Biotechnology

Volumn 57, Issue 1-3, 1997, Pages 15-28

  Linder, Markus ^b   Teeri, Tuula T ^a  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Cellulase; Cellulomonas fimi; Clostridium thermocellum; Protein carbohydrate interaction; Trichoderma reesei

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CARBOHYDRATES; CATALYST ACTIVITY; CELLULOSE; ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; MUTAGENESIS;

CELLULOSE BINDING DOMAINS;

ENZYMES;

CELLULASE; CELLULOSE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BINDING SITE; BIODEGRADATION; CELLULOMONAS; CLOSTRIDIUM; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; TRICHODERMA REESEI;

CELLULOMONAS; CELLULOMONAS FIMI; CLOSTRIDIUM; CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM; HYPOCREA JECORINA; TRICHODERMA;

EID: 0343247806     PISSN: 01681656     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1656(97)00087-4     Document Type: Short Survey

References (119)

1. Abuja, P.M., Pilz, I., Claeyssens, M., Tomme, P., 1988a. Domain structure of cellobiohydrolase II as studied by small angle X-ray scattering, close resemblance to cellobiohydrolase I. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 156, 180-185.
2. Abuja, P.M., Schmuck, M., Pilz, I., Tomme, P., Claeyssens, M., Esterbauer, H., 1988b. Structural and functional domains of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. Eur. Biophys. J. 15, 339-342.
3. Atalla, R.H., 1993. The structures of native cellulose. In: Suominen, P., Reinikainen, T. (Eds.), Trichoderma reesei Cellulases and Other Hydrolases, Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research, Vol. 8, Helsinki, pp. 25-39.
4. Bayer, E., Morag, E., Lamed, R., 1994. The cellulosome: a treasure trove for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 12, 379-386.
5. Bayer, E., Morag, E., Wilchek, M., Lamed, R., Yaron, S., Shoham, Y., 1995. Cellulosome domains for novel biotechnological application. In: Petersen, S.B., Svensson, B., Pedersen, S. (Eds.), Carbohydrate Bioengineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 251-259.
6. Bayer, E.A., Morag, E., Shoham, Y., Tormo, J., Lamed, R., 1996. The cellulosome: A cell surface organelle for the adhesion to and degradation of cellulose. In: Bacterial Adhesion: Molecular and Ecological Diversity, Wiley-Liss, New york, pp. 155-192.
7. Béguin, P., Aubert, J.P., 1994. The biological degradation of cellulose. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13, 25-58.
8. Beintema, J.J., 1994. Structural features of plant chitinases and chain-binding proteins. FEBS Lett. 350, 159-163.
9. Beldman, G., Voragen, A.G.J., Rombouts, F.M., Searle-van Leeuwen, M.F., Pilnik, W., 1987. Adsorption and kinetic behavior of purified endoglucanases and exoglucanases from Trichoderma viride. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 30, 251-257.
10. Birch, P., Sims, P., Broda, P., 1995. Substrate-dependant differential splicing of introns in the regions encoding the cellulose binding domains of two exocellobiohydrolase I-like genes in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 3741-3744.
11. Blaak, H., Schrempf, H., 1995. Binding and substrate specificities of a Streptomyces olivaceoviridis chitinase in comparison with its proteolytically processed form. Eur. J. Biochem. 229, 132-139.
12. Black, G., Hazlewood, G., Millward-Sadler, S., Laurie, J., Gilbert, H., 1995. A modular xylanase containing a novel non-catalytic xylan-specific binding domain. Biochem. J. 307, 191-195.
13. Bothwell, M.K., Wilson, D.B., Irwin, D.C., Walker, L.P., (1997). Binding reversibility and surface exchange of Thermomonospora fusca E3 and E5 and Trichoderma reesei CBHI. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 20, 411-417.
14. Bray, M.R., Johnson, P.E., Gilkes, N.R., McIntosh, L.P., Kilburn, D.G., Warren, R.A.J., 1996. Probing the role of tryptophan residues in a cellulose-binding domain by chemical modification. Protein Sci. 5, 2311-2318.
15. Brun, E., Gnas, P., Marion, D., Barras, F., 1995. Overproduction, purification and characterisation of the cellulose-binding domain of the Erwinia chrysamthemi secreted endoglucanase EGZ. Eur. J. Biochem. 231, 142-148.
16. Chanzy, H., Henrissat, B., Vuong, R., 1984. Colloidal gold labelling of 1,4-β-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase adsorbed to celulose. FEBS Lett. 172, 193-197.
17. Chanzy, H., (1991), Aspects of cellulose structure. In: Kennedy, J.F., Phillips, G.O., Williams, P.A. (Eds.), Cellulose Sources and Exploitation, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 3-12.
18. Coutinho, J.B., Gilkes, N.R., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, J.C., 1992. The binding of Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanase C (CenC) to cellulose and Sephadex is mediated by the N-terminal repeats. Mol. Microbiol. 6, 1243-1252.
19. Coutinho, J.B., Gilkes, N.R., Kilburn, D.G., Warren, R.A.J., Miller, J.C., 1993. The nature of the cellulose-binding domain affects the activities of a bacterial endoglucanase on different forms of cellulose. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113, 211-218.
20. Coutinho, J.B., Reilly, P., 1994. Structure-function relationships in the catalytic and starch binding domains of glucoamylase. Protein. Eng. 7, 393-400.
21. Creagh, A.L., Ong, E., Jervis, E., Kilburn, D.G., Haynes, C.A., 1996. Binding of the cellulose-binding domain of exoglucanase Cex from Cellulomonas fimi to insoluble microcrystalline cellulose is entropically driven. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12229-12234.
22. Daniels, M.J., 1992. Using biological enzymes for papermaking. Paper Technol. 33, 14-17.
23. Davies, G., Henrissat, B., 1995. Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases. Structure 3, 853-859.
24. Denman, S., Xue, G.P., Patel, B., 1996. Characterisation of a Neocallimastix patriciarum cellulase cDNA (CelA) homologous to Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1889-1896.
25. Dijkerman, R., Vervurem, M., Camp, H., van der Drift, C., 1996. Adsorption characteristics of cellulolytic enzymes from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp. strain E2 on microcrystalline cellulose. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 20-25.
26. Din, N., Forsythe, I., Burtnick, L., Gilkes, N.R., Miller, J.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1994a. The cellulose-binding domain of endoglucanase A (CenA) from Cellulomonas fimi: evidence for the involvement of tryptophan residues in binding. Mol. Microbiol. 11, 747-755.
27. Din, N., Damude, H., Gilkes, N.R., Miller, J.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1994b. C1-Cx revisited: intramolecular synergism in a cellulase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11383-11387.
28. Din, N., Coutinho, J.B., Gilkes, N.R., Jervis, E., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.C., Ong, E., Tomme, P., Warren, R.A.J., 1995. Interaction with cellulases from Cellulomonas fimi with cellulose. In: Petersen, S.B., Svensson, B., Pedersen, S. (Eds.), Carbohydrate Bioengineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 261-270.
29. Divne, C., Ståhlberg, J., Reinikainen, T., Ruohonen, L., Pettersson, G., Knowles, J.K.C., Teeri, T.T., Jones, T.A., 1994. The three-dimensional crystal structure of the catalytic core of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. Science 265, 524-528.
30. Doi, R., Goldstein, M., Hashida, S., Park, J.S., Takagi, M., 1994. The Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosome. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 87-93.
31. Fanutti, C., Ponyi, T., Black, G., Hazlewood, G., Gilbert, H., 1995. The conserved noncatalytic 40-residue sequence in cellulases and hemicellulases from anaerobic fungi functions as a protein docking domain. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29314-29322.
32. Ferreira, L., Durrant, A., Hall, J., Hazlewood, G., Gilbert, H., 1990. Spatial separation of protein domains is not necessary for catalytic activity or substrate binding in a xylanase. Biochem. J. 269, 261-264.
33. Francisco, J.A., Stathopoulos, C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., Georgiou, G., 1993. Specific adhesion and hydrolysis of cellulose by intact Escherichia coli expressing surface anchored cellulase or cellulose-binding domains. Biotechnology 11, 491-495.
34. Gilkes, N.R., Warren, R.A.J., Miller, R.C., Kilburn, D.G., 1988. Precise excision of the cellulose binding domains from two Cellulomonas fimi cellulases by a homologous protease and the effect on catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10401-10407.
35. Gilkes, N.R., Henrissat, B., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., 1991. Domains in microbial β-1,4-glycanases: Sequence conservation, function, and enzyme families. Microbiol. Rev. 55, 303-315.
36. Gilkes, N.R., Jervis, E., Henrissat, B., Tekant, B., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1992 The adsorption of a bacterial cellulase and its two isolated domains to crystalline cellulose. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6743-6749.
37. Gilkes, N.R., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Sugiyama, J., Chanzy, H., Henrissat, B., 1993. Visualisation of the adsorption of a endo-β-1,4-glucanase and its isolated cellulose-binding domain to crystalline cellulose. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 15, 347-351.
38. Goldstein, M., Takagi, M., Hashida, S., Shoseyov, O., Doi, R., Segel, I., 1993. Characterisation of the cellulose-binding domain of the Clostridium cellulovorans cellulose-binding protein A. J. Bacteriol. 175, 5762-5768.
39. Greenwood, J.M., Gilkes, N.R., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., 1989. Fusion to an endoglucanase allows alkaline phosphatase to bind to cellulose. FEBS Lett. 244, 127-131.
40. Hall, J., Black, G., Ferreira, L., Millward-Saddler, S., Ali, B., Hazlewood, G., Gilbert, G., 1995. The non-catalytic cellulose-binding domain of a novel cellulase from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa is important for the efficient hydrolysis of Avicel. Biochem. J. 309, 749-756.
41. Harjunpää, V., Teleman, A., Koivula, A., Ruohonen, L., Teeri, T.T., Teleman, O., Drakenberg, T., 1996. Cellooligosaccharide hydrolysis by cellobiohydrolase II from Trichoderma reesei. Association and rate constants derived from an analysis of progress curves. Eur. J. Biochem. 240, 584-591.
42. Henrissat, B., Vigny, B., Buleon, A., Perez, S., 1988. Possible adsorption sites of cellulases on crystallline cellulose. FEBS Lett. 321, 177-182.
43. Henrissat, B., 1994. Cellulases and their interaction with cellulose. Cellulose 1, 169-196.
44. Hoffrén, A.M., Teeri, T.T., Teleman, O., 1995. Molecular dynamics simulation of fungal cellulose-binding domains: differences in molecular rigidity but a preserved cellulose binding surface. Protein Eng. 5, 443-450.
45. Hon, D., 1994. Cellulose: a random walk along its historical path. Cellulose 1, 1-25.
46. Irwin, D., Jung, E., Wilson, D., 1994. Characterisation of a Thermonospora fusca xylanase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 763-770.
47. Iseli, B., Boller, T., Neuhaus, J.M., 1993. The N-terminal cysteine rich domain of tobacco class I chitinase is essential for chitin binding but not for catalytic or antifungal activity. Plant Physiol. 103, 221-226.
48. Jackson, L.S., Joyce, T.W., Heitmann, J.A., Giesbrecht, F.G., 1996. Enzyme recovery from secondary fiber treated with cellulase and xylanase. J. Biotechnol. 45, 33-44.
49. Jespersen, H.M., MacGegor, E.A., Sierks, M.R., Svenson, B., 1991. Comparison of domain-level organization of starch hydrolases and related enzymes. Biochem. J. 280, 51-55.
50. Johnson, P.E., Joshi, M.D., Tomme, P., Kilburn, D.G., McIntosh, L.P., 1996. Structure of the N-terminal cellulose-binding domain of Cellulomonas fimi CenC determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 35, 14381-14394.
51. Kirk, T.K., Jeffries, T.W., 1996. Roles for microbial enzymes in pulp and paper processing. ACS Symp. Ser. 655, 2-14.
52. Kleman-Leyer, K.M., Gilkes, N.R., Miller Jr, R.C., Kirk, T.K., 1994. Changes in the molecular size distribution of insoluble celluloses by the action of recombinant Cellulomonas fimi cellulases. Biochem. J. 302, 463-469.
53. Kleman-Leyer, K.M., Siika-aho, M., Teeri, T.T., Kirk, T.K., 1996. The cellulases Endoglucanase I and Cellobiohydrolase II act synergistically to solubilize native cotton cellulose but not to decrease its molecular size. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 2883-2887.
54. Klyosov, A., 1990. Trends in biochemistry and enzymology of cellulose degradation. Biochemistry 29, 10577-10585.
55. Knowles, J., Lehtovaara, P., Teeri, T.T., 1987. Cellulase families and their genes. Trends Biotechnol. 5, 255-261.
56. Kraulis, P., Clore, M., Nilges, M., Jones, T.A., Pettersson, G., Knowles, J., Gronenborn, A., 1989. Determination of the three-dimensional solution structure of the C-terminal domain of cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. Biochemistry 28, 7241-7257.
57. Kraulis, P., 1991. MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structure. J. Appl. Cryst. 24, 946-950.
58. Kruus, K., Lua, A., Demain, A., Wu, J.H.D., 1995. The anchorage function of CipA (CelL), a scaffolding protein of the Clostridium thermocellum cellulosome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92, 9254-9258.
59. Lamed, R., Setter, E., Bayer, E.A., 1983. Characterisation of a cellulose-binding, cellulase-containing complex in Clostridium thermocellum. J. Bacteriol. 156, 828-836.
60. Langsford, M.L., Gilkes, N.R., Singh, B., Moser, B., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1987. Glycosylation of bacterial cellulases prevents proteolytic cleavage between functional domains. FEBS Lett. 225, 163-167.
61. Linder, M., Lindeberg, G., Reinikainen, T., Teeri, T., Pettersson, G., 1995a. The difference in affinity between two fungal cellulose-binding domains is dominated by a single amino acid substitution. FEBS Lett. 372, 96-98.
62. Linder, M., Mattinen, M.L., Kontteli, M., Lindeberg, G., Ståhlberg, J., Drakenberg, T., Reinikainen, T., Pettersson, G., Annila, A., 1995b. Identification of functionally important amino acids in the cellulose-binding domain of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I. Protein Sci. 4, 1056-1064.
63. Linder, M., Salovuori, I., Ruohonen, L., Teeri, T.T., 1996. Characterisation of a double cellulose-binding domain: synergistic high-affinity binding to cellulose. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 21268-21272.
64. Linder, M., Teeri, T.T., 1996. The cellulose-binding domain of the major cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma reesei exhibits true reversibility and a high exchange rate on crystalline cellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93, 12251-12255.
65. McGinnis, K., Wilson, D.B., 1993. Disulfide arrangement and functional domains of β-1,4-endogluganase E5 from Thermomonospora fusca. Biochemistry 32, 8157-8161.
66. Margolles-Clark, E., Tenkanen, M., Soderlund, H., Penttila, M., 1996. Acetyl xylan esterase from Trichoderma reesei contains an active-site serine residue and a cellulose-binding domain. Eur. J. Biochem. 237, 553-560.
67. Meinke, A., Gilkes, N., Kilburn, D.G., Miller Jr, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., 1991. Bacterial cellulose-binding domain-like sequences in eukaryotic polypeptides. Protein Seq. Data Anal. 4, 349-353.
68. Meinke, A., Damude, H.G., Tomme, P., Kwan, E., Kilburn, D.G., Miller Jr, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Gilkes, N.R., 1995. Enhancement of the endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity of an exocellobiohydrolase by deletion of a surface loop. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 4383-4386.
69. Millward-Sadler, S.J., Poole, D., Henrissat, B., Hazlewood, G., Clarke, J.H., Gilbert, H.J., 1994. Evidence for a general role for high-affinity non-catalytic domains in microbial plant cell wall hydrolases. Mol. Microbiol. 11, 375-382.
70. Morag, E., Lapidot, A., Govorko, D., Lamed, R., Wilchek, M., Bayer, E., Shoham, Y., 1995. Expression, purification, and characterisation of the cellulose-binding domain of the scaffoldin subunit from the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 1980-1986.
71. Nidetzky, B., Hayn, M., Macarron, R., Steiner, W., 1993. Synergism of Trichoderma reesei cellulases while degrading different celluloses. Biotechnology Lett. 15, 71-76.
72. Nidetzky, B., Steiner, W., Hayn, M., Claeyssens, M., 1994. Cellulose hydrolysis by the cellulases from Trichoderma reesei: a new model for synergistic interaction. Biochem. J. 298, 705-710.
73. Ong, E., Greenwood, J., Gilkes. N., Kilburn, D.G., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., 1989. The cellulose-binding domains of cellulases: tools for biotechnology. Trends. Biotechnol. 7, 239-243.
74. Ong, E., Gilkes, N., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1991. Enzyme immobilisation using a cellulose-binding domain: properties of a β-glucosidase fusion protein. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 13, 59-65.
75. Ong, E., Gilkes, N., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1993. The cellulose-binding domain (CBDCex) of an exoglucanase from Cellulomonas fimi: production in Escherichia coli and characterisation of the polypeptide. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 42, 401-409.
76. Ong, E., Alimonti, J.B., Greenwood, J.M., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1995. Purification of human interleukin-2 using the cellulose-binding domain of a prokaryotic cellulase. Bioseparation 5, 95-104.
77. Pere, J., Siika-aho, M., Buchert, J., Viikari, L., 1995. Effects of purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases on the fiber properties of kraft pulp. Tappi J. 78, 71-78.
78. Phelps, M.R., Hobbs, J.B., Kilburn, D.G., Turner, R.F.B., 1994. Technology for regenerable biosensor probes based on enzyme-cellulose binding domain conjugates. Biotechnol. Prog. 10, 433-440.
79. Poole, D., Hazlewood, G., Huskisson, N., Virden, R., Gilbert, H., 1993. The role of conserved tryptophane residues in the interaction of a bacterial cellulose binding domain with its ligand. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 106, 77-84.
80. Quiocho, F., 1993. Probing the interactions between proteins and carbohydrates. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21, 442-448.
81. Reese, E.T., 1982. Elution of cellulase from cellulose. Proc. Biochem. 17, 2-6.
82. Rahkamo, L., Siika-aho, M., Vehviläinen, M., Dolk, M., Viikari, L., Nousiainen, P., Buchert, J., 1996. Modification of hardwood dissolving pulp with purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases. Cellulose 3, 1-11.
83. Ramirez, C., Fung, J., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1993. A bifunctional affinity linker to couple antibodies to cellulose. Biotechnology 11, 1570-1573.
84. Reinikainen, T., Ruohonen, L., Nevanen, T., Laaksonen, L., Kraulis, P., Jones, T.A., Knowles, J.K.C., Teeri, T.T., 1992. Investigation of the function of mutated cellulose-binding domains of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I. Proteins 14, 475-482.
85. Reinikainen, T., Teleman, O., Teeri, T.T., 1995. Effects of pH and high ionic strength on the adsorption and activity of native and mutated cellobiohydrolase 1 from Trichoderma reesei. Proteins 22, 392-403.
86. Reinikainen, T., Takkinen, K., Teeri, T.T., 1997. Comparison of the adsorption properties of a single-chain antibody fragment fused to a fungal or a bacterial cellulose-binding domain. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 22, 143-149.
87. Rouvinen, J., Bergfors, T., Teeri, T.T., Knowles, J.K.C., Jones, T.A., 1990. Three-dimensional structure of cellobiohydrolase II from Trichoderma reesei. Science 249, 380-386.
88. Sakka, K., Kojioma, Y., Kondo, T., Karita, S., Ohmiya, K., Shimada (1993). Nucleotide sequence of the Clostridium stercoriarium xynA gene encoding xylanase A: identification of catalytic and cellulose binding domains. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57, 273-277.
89. Saloheimo, M., Lehtovaara, P., Penttila, M., Teeri, T.T., Ståhlberg, J., Johansson, G., Pettersson, G., Claeyssens, M., Tomme, P., Knowles, J.K.C., 1988. EGIII, a new endoglucanase from Trichoderma reesei: characterisation of both the gene and enzyme. Gene 63, 11-21.
90. Sharon, N., Lis, H., 1995. Lectins - proteins with a sweet tooth. Essays Biochem. 30, 59-75.
91. Shen, H., Schmuck, M., Pilz, I., Gilkes, N., Kilburn, D., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., 1991. Deletion of the linker connecting the catalytic and cellulose-binding domains of endoglucanase A (CenA) of Cellulomonas fimi alters its conformation and catalytic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 17, 11335-11340.
92. Sild, V., Ståhlberg, J., Pettersson, G., Johansson, G., 1996. Effect of potential binding site overlap to binding of cellulase to cellulose: a two-dimensional simulation. FEBS Lett. 378, 51-56.
93. Sogaard, M., Kadziola, A., Haser, R., Svensson, B., 1993. Site-directed mutagenesis of histidine 93, aspartic acid 180, glutamic acid 205, and aspartic acid 291 at the active site and tryptophan 279 at the raw starch binding site in barley α-amylasel. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22480-22484.
94. Spezio, M., Wilson, D.B., Karplus, P.A., 1993. Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a thermophilic endocellulase. Biochemistry 32, 9906-9916.
95. Srisodsuk, M., Reinikainen, T., Penttila, M., Teeri, T.T., 1993. Role of the interdomain linker peptide of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I in its interaction with crystalline cellulose. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 20756-20761.
96. Srisodsuk, M., Lehtiö, J., Linder, M., Margolles-Clark, E., Reinikainen, T., Teeri, T.T., (1997). Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydroiase I with an endoglucanase cellulose-binding domain: action on macrocrystalline cellulose. J. Biotechnol, this issue.
97. Ståhlberg, J., Johansson, G., Pettersson, G., 1988. A binding-site deficient, catalytically active, core protein of endoglucanase III from the culture filtrate of Trichoderma reesei. Eur. J. Biochem. 173, 179-183.
98. Ståhlberg, J., Johansson, G., Pettersson, G., 1991. A new model for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose based on the two-domain structure of cellobiohydrolase I. Biotechnology 9, 286-290.
99. Ståhlberg, J., Johansson, G., Pettersson, G., 1993. Trichoderma reesei has no true exo-cellulase: all intact and truncated cellulases produce new reducing end groups on cellulose. Biochim. Biopys. Acta 1157, 107-113.
100. Stålbrand, H., Saloheimo, A., Vehmaanperä, J., Henrissat, B., Penttilä, M., 1995. Cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a β-mannanase gene containing a cellulose binding domain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 1090-1097.
101. Teeri, T.T., Lehtovaara, P., Kauppinen, S., Salovuori, I., Knowles, J.K.C., 1987. Homologous domains in Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzymes: gene sequence and expression of cellobiohydrolase II. Gene 51, 42-52.
102. Teeri, T.T., Reinikainen, T., Ruohonen, L., Jones, T.A., Knowles, J.K.C., 1992. Domain function in Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases. J. Biotechnol. 24, 169-176.
103. Teeri, T.T., (1997). Crystalline cellulose degradation: new insight into the function of cellobiohydrolases. Trends Biotechnol. 15, 160-167.
104. Tomme, P., van Tilbeurgh, H., Pettersson, G., Van Damme, J., Vandekerckhove, J., Knowles, J., Teeri, T.T., Claeyssens, M., 1988. Studies on the cellulolytic system of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Eur. J. Biochem. 170, 575-581.
105. Tomme, P., Warren, R.A.J., Miller, R.C., Kilburn, D.G., Gilkes, N.R., 1995a. Cellulose-binding domains: Classification and properties. ACS Symp. Ser. 618, 143-163.
106. Tomme, P., Driver, D., Amandoron, E., Miller, R.C., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1995b. Comparison of a fungal (family I) and bacterial (family II) cellulose-binding domain. J. Bacteriol. 177, 4356-4363.
107. Tomme, P., Creagh, L.A., Kilburn, D.G., Haynes, C.A., 1996a. Interaction of polysaccharides with the N-terminal cellulose-binding domain of Cellulomonas fimi CenC. 1. Binding specificity and calorimetric analysis. Biochemistry 35, 13885-13894.
108. Tomme, P., Gilkes, N.R., Guarna, M.M., Haynes, C.A., Hasenwinkle, D., Jervis, E., Johnson, P., McIntosh, L., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1996b. Cellulose-binding domains. Versatile affinity tags for inexpensive large-scale purification, concentration, and immobilisation of fusion proteins. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 799, 418-424.
109. Tormo, J., Lamed, R., Chirino, A.J., Morag, E., Bayer, E.A., Shoham, Y., Steitz, T.A., 1996. Crystal structure of a bacterial family III cellulose-binding domain: a general mechanism for attachment to cellulose. EMBO J. 15, 5739-5751.
110. van Tilbeurgh, H., Tomme, P., Claeyssens, M., Bhikhabhai, R., Pettersson, G., 1986. Limited proteolysis of the cellobiohydrolase I from Trichoderma reesei. FEBS Lett. 204, 223-227.
111. Vyas, N., 1991. Atomic features of protein-carbohydrate interactions. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1, 737-740.
112. Warren, R.A.J., 1996. Microbial hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 183-212.
113. Watanabe, T., Oyanagi, W., Suzuki, K., Ohnishi, K., Tanaka, H., 1992. Structure of the gene encoding chitinase D of Bacillus circulans WL-12 and possible homology of the enzyme to other prokaryotic chitinases and classIII plant chitinases. J. Bacteriol. 174, 408-414.
114. Wilson, D., Spezio, M., Irwin, D., Karplus, A., Taylor, J., 1995. Comparison of enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of insoluble polysaccharides.. ACS Symp. Ser. 618, 1-12.
115. Winterhalter, C., Heinrich, P., Candussio, A., Wich, G., Liebl, W., 1995. Identification of a novel cellulose-binding domain within the multidomain 120 kDa xylanase XynA of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. Mol. Microbiol. 15, 431-444.
116. Wierzba, A., Reichl, U., Turner, R.F.B., Warren, R.A.J., Kilburn, D.G., 1995. Production and properties of a bifunctional fusion protein that mediates attachment of Vero cells to cellulosic materials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 47, 147-154.
117. Wood, T.M., Bhat, K.M., 1988. Methods for measuring cellulase activities. Methods Enzymol. 160, 87-112.
118. Woodward, J., Stephan, L., Koran, L., Wong, K., Saddler, J., 1994. Enzymatic separation of high-quality uninked pulp fibers from recycled newspaper. Biotechnology 12, 905-908.
119. Xu, G.Y., Ong, E., Gilkes, N., Kilburn, D., Muhandiram, D.R., Harris-Brandts, M., Carver, J., Kay, L., Harvey, T., 1995. Solution structure of a cellulose-binding domain from Cellulomonas fimi by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 34, 6993-7009.