The early development of pastoralism in the Central Zagros Mountains

Journal of World Prehistory

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 395-448

  Abdi, Kamyar ^a  

^a Dartmouth College ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Human ecology; Nomadism; Pastoralism; Zagros Mountains

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; COPING STRATEGY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; PASTORALISM;

ASIA; EURASIA; MIDDLE EAST; ZAGROS;

EID: 2342426719     PISSN: 08927537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:JOWO.0000020195.39133.4c     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Abdi, K. (1999a). Archaeological research in Iran's Islamabad Plain. The Journal of the International Institute of the University of Michigan 7: 8-11.
2. Abdi, K. (1999b). Archaeological research in the Islamabad Plain, Central Western Zagros Mountains: Preliminary results of the first season, 1998. Iran 37: 33-43.
3. Abdi, K. (2000). Islamabad, 1999. Iran 38: 162-163.
4. Abdi, K. (2001a). Archaeological research in the Islamabad Plain: Report on the first and second seasons. Iranian Journal of Archaeology and History 26-27: 47-61.
5. Abdi, K. (2001b). Islamabad, 2000. Iran39: 299-300.
6. Abdi, K. (2002). Strategies of Herding: Pastoralism in the Middle Chalcolithic Period of the West Central Zagros Mountains, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan.
7. Abdi, K. (ed.) (in press). Excavations at Operation W263 at Chogha Gavaneh. Report on the First and Second Seasons, 1998-1999, Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, Tehran, Iran.
8. Abdi, K., Biglari, F., and Heydari, S. (2002a). Islamabad Project, 2001: Test excavations at Wezmeh Cave. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 34: 171-194.
9. Abdi, K., Nokandeh, G., Azadi, A., Biglari, F., Heydari, S., Farmani, D., Rezaii, A., and Mashkour, M. (2002b). Tuwah Khoshkeh: A Middle Chalcolithic pastoralist camp-site in the Islamabad Plain, West Central Zagros Mountains, Iran, Iran 40: 43-74.
10. Adams, R. McC. (1974). The Mesopotamian social landscape: A view from the Frontier. In Moore, C. (ed.), Reconstructing Complex Societies, Supplement to the Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research 20, pp. 1-12.
11. Algaze, G. (1993). The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
12. Amanollahi-Baharvand, S. (1975). The Baharvand, Former Pastoralists of Iran, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Rice University.
13. Amanollahi-Baharvand, S. (1989). Pastoral Nomadism in Iran, Agah Publishers, Tehran, Iran.
14. Amanollahi-Baharvand, S. (1992). The Lurs: A Research on the Ethnic Continuity and Geographical Distribution of Lurs in Iran, Agah Publishers, Tehran, Iran.
15. Badler, V. R. (2002). A chronology of Uruk artifacts from Godin Tepe in Central Western Iran and implications for the interrelations between the local and foreign cultures. In Postgate, J. N. (ed.), Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, London, pp. 79-109.
16. Barfield, T. J. (1993). The Nomadic Alternative, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
17. Barth, F. (1956). Indus and Swan Kohistan: An Ethnographic Survey, Forenede Trykerrier, Oslo, Norway.
18. Barth, F. (1961). Nomads of South Persia: The Basseri Tribe of the Khamseh Confederacy, Allen and Unwin, London.
19. Barth, F. (1962). Nomadism in the mountain and plateau areas of southwestern Asia. In The Problems of the Arid Zone: Proceedings of the Paris Symposium of Arid Zone Research XVIII, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 341-355.
20. Barth, F. (1964). Capital, investment and the social structure of a pastoral nomad group in south Persia. In Firth, R., and Yamey, B. S. (eds.), Capital, Saving and Credit in Peasant Societies, Aldine, Chicago, pp. 69-81.
21. Bar-Yosef, O., and Belfer-Cohen, A. (1989). The origins of sedentism and farming communities in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 3: 447-498.
22. Bar-Yosef, O., and Khazanov, A. (eds.) (1992). Pastoralism in the Levant: Archaeological Materials in Anthropological Perspectives, Monographs in World Archaeology 10, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.
23. Bates, D. G. (1972). Differential access to pasture in a Nomadic society: The Yörük of south eastern Turkey. In Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Nomadism, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 48-59.
24. Beck, L. (1980). Herd owners and their hired shepherds: The Qashqa'i of Iran. Ethnology 19: 327-352.
25. Beck, L. (1990). Nomad: A Year at the Life of a Qashqa'i Tribesman in Iran, University of California Press, Berkeley.
26. Beck, L. (1998). Use of land by nomadic pastoralists in Iran, 1970-1988. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin Series 103: 58-80.
27. Beck, L. (2003). Qashqa'i nomadic pastoralists and their use of land. In Miller, N. F., and Abdi, K. (eds.), Yeki Bud, Yeki Nabud: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology of the UCLA Monograph 48, Los Angeles, pp. 289-304.
28. Bernbeck, R. (1993). Steppe als Kulturlandschaft, D. Reimer Verlag, Berlin.
29. Biglari, F. and Abdi, K. (1999). Paleolithic artifacts from Cham-e Souran, the Islamabad Plain, Central Western Zagros Mountains, Iran. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 31: 1-8.
30. Black-Michaud, J. (1974). An ethnographic and ecological survey of Luristan, western Persia. Middle Eastern Studies 10: 210-228.
31. Black-Michaud, J. (1986). Sheep and land: The economies of power in a tribal society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
32. Blumler, M. A., and Byrne, R. (1991). The ecological genetics of domestication and the origins of agriculture. Current Anthropology 32: 23-54.
33. Bocherens, H., Mashkour, M., Billiou, D., Pellé, E., and Mariotti, A. (2001). A new approach for studying prehistoric herd management in and areas: Intra-tooth isotopic analyses of archaeological caprines from Iran. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 332: 67-74.
34. Bradburd, D. A. (1996). Toward an understanding of the economics of pastoralism: The balance of exchange between pastoralists and nonpastoralists in Western Iran, 1815-1975. Human Ecology 24: 1-38.
35. Braidwood, R. J. (1952). The Near East and the Foundations for Civilization, Condon Lectures, Oregon State System of Higher Education, Eugene.
36. Brookes, I. (1989). The Physical Geography, Geomorphology and Late Quaternary History of the Mahidasht Project Area, Qara Su Basin, Central Western Iran, ROM Mahidasht Project Report 1, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.
37. Castillo, J. S. (ed.) (1981). Nomads and Sedentary Peoples, El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico City,
38. Chang, C., and Koster, H. A. (1986). Beyond bones: Toward an archaeology of pastoralism. In Schiffer, M. J. (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 9, Academic Press, New York, pp. 97-148.
39. Clutton-Brock, J. (ed.) (1989). The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation, Unwin Hyman, London.
40. Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (eds.) (1994). Animals and Archaeology 3: Early Herders and Their Flocks, BAR International Series, 202, Oxford.
41. Cowan, C. W., and Watson, P. J. (eds.) (1992). The Origins of Agriculture: An International Perspective, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
42. Craig, O. E., Mulville, J., Parker Pearson, M., Sokol, R., Gelsthorpe, K., Stacey, R., and Collins, M. J. (2000). Detecting milk proteins in ancient pots. Nature 408: 312.
43. Cribb, R. L. D. (1984). Computer simulation of herding systems as an interpretative and heuristic device in the study of kill-off strategies. In Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (eds.), Animal and Archaeology 3: Early Herders and their Flocks, BAR International Series, 202, Oxford, pp. 161-170.
44. Cribb, R. L. D. (1987). The logic of the herd: A computer simulation of archaeological herd structure. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6: 376-415.
45. Cribb, R. L. D. (1991a). Nomads and Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
46. Cribb, R. L. D. (1991b). Mobile villagers: The structure and organisation of nomadic campsites in the Near East. In Gamble, C. S., and Boismier, W. (eds.), Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites: Hunter Gatherer and Pastoralist Case Studies. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series 1, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 371-393.
47. Dahl, G., and Hjort, A. (1976). Having Herds: Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy, Stockholm Studies in Anthropology 2, University of Stockholm Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm, Sweden.
48. Delougaz, P. P., and Kantor, H. J. (1996). Chogha Mish, Vol. 1: The First Five Seasons of Excavations, 1961-1971. Alizadeh, A. (ed.). 2 Vols., Oriental Institute Publications 101, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago.
49. Digard, J.-P. (1981). Techniques des nomades Bakhtiari, Cambridge University Press and Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge, UK and Paris.
50. Digard, J.-P. (1987). Jeux de structure: segmentarité et pouvoir chez les nomades Baxtyari d'Iran. L'Homme 27: 12-53.
51. Dollfus, G. (1983a). Tépé Djowi: contrôle stratigraphique. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 13: 17-131.
52. Dollfus, G. (1983b). Tépé Bendebal, travaux, 1977, 1978. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 13: 133-275.
53. Dudd, S., and Evershed, R. (1999). Evidence for varying patterns of exploitation of animal products in different prehistoric pottery traditions based on lipids in surface and absorbed residues. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1473-1482.
54. Dyson-Hudson, N. (1972). The study of nomads. In Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Nomadism, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 2-29.
55. Dyson-Hudson, R. (1972). Pastoralism: Self image and behavioral reality. In Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Nomadism, E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 30-47.
56. Dyson-Hudson, R., and Dyson-Hudson N. (1980). Nomadic pastoralism. Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 15-61.
57. Edelberg, L. (1966-67). Seasonal dwellings of farmers in north-western Luristan. Folk 8-9: 373-401.
58. Edzard, D. O. (1981). Mesopotamian nomads in the third millennium B.C. In Castillo, J. S. (ed.), Nomads and Sedentary Peoples, El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico City, pp. 37-45.
59. Ehlers, E. (1974). Beiträge zur physischen Geographie Irans, Im Selbstverlag des Geographischen Instituts der Universität Marburg, Marburg/Lahn, Germany.
60. Ekvall, R. B. (1968). Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
61. Faegre, T. (1979). Tents: Architecture of the Nomads, John Murray, London.
62. Feilberg, C. G. (1944). La tente noire, Ethnografisk Rakke II, Nationalmusteets Skrifter, Copenhagen, Denmark.
63. Flannery, K. V. (1969). Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In Ucko, P. J., and Dimbleby, P. W. (eds.), The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Duckworth, London, pp. 73-100.
64. Forest-Foucault, Ch. (1980). Rapport sur les fouilles de Kheit Qasim 1, Hamrin. Paléorient 6: 221-224.
65. Fujii, H. (ed.) (1981). Preliminary report of excavations at Gubba and Songor. Al-Rafidan 2: 131-242.
66. Gamble, C. (1991). An introduction to the living spaces of mobile peoples. In Gamble, C. S., and Boismier, W. (eds.), Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites: Hunter Gatherer and Pastoralist Case Studies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series 1, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 1-23.
67. Gamble, C. S., and Boismier, W. (eds.) (1991). Ethnoarchaeological Approaches to Mobile Campsites: Hunter-Gatherer and Pastoralist Case Studies, International Monographs in Prehistory, Ethnoarchaeological Series 1, Ann Arbor, MI.
68. Garrard, A. N. (1984). The selection of south-west Asian animal domesticates. In Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (eds.), Animal and Archaeology 3: Early Herders and Their Flocks, BAR International Series, 202, Oxford, pp. 117-132.
69. Gibson, M. (ed.) (1981-1990). Uch Tepe, 2 Vols. The Oriental Institute and the Carsten Niebuhr Institute, Chicago and Copenhagen.
70. Gilbert, A. S. (1975). Modern nomads and prehistoric pastoralists: The limits of analogy. The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University 7: 53-71.
71. Gilbert, A. S. (1983). On the origins of specialized nomadic pastoralism in western Iran. World Archaeology 15: 105-119.
72. Grötzbach, E. (1982). Das Hochgebirge als menschlicher Lebensraum, Eichstätter Hochschulreden 33, Munich, Germany.
73. Grötzbach, E., and Stadl, C. (1997). Mountain peoples and cultures. In Messerli, B., and Ives, J. (eds.), Mountains of the World: A Global Priority, Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp. 17-38.
74. Haerinck, E., and Overlaet, B. (1996). The Chalcolithic Period Parchineh and Hakalan, Luristan Excavation Documents I, Royal Museum of Art and History, Brussels, Germany.
75. Helmer, D. (1989). Le développement de la domestication au Proche-Orient de 9500 à 7500 B.P: Les nouvelles données d'El Kown et de Ras Shamra. Paléorient 15: 111-121.
76. Henrickson, E. F. (1983). Ceramic Styles and Cultural Interaction in the Early and Middle Chalcolithic of the Central Zagros, Iran, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto.
77. Henrickson, E. F. (1985a). The early development of pastoralism in the Central Zagros Highlands (Luristan). Iranica Antiqua, 20: 1-42.
78. Henrickson, E. F. (1985b). An updated chronology of the Early and Middle Chalcolithic of the Central Zagros Highlands, western Iran. Iran 23: 63-108.
79. Henrickson, E. F. (1986). Ceramic evidence for cultural interaction between Chalcolithic Mesopotamia and western Iran. In Kingery, W. D. (ed.), Technology and Style. Ceramics and Civilization II, American Ceramic Society, Columbus, pp. 87-133.
80. Henrickson, E. F. (1989). Ceramic evidence for cultural interaction between the 'Ubaid tradition and the Central Zagros Highlands, Western Iran. In Henrickson, E. F., and Thuesen, I. (eds.), Upon This Foundation: The 'Ubaid Reconsidered, The Carsten Niebuhr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 369-404.
81. Henrickson, E. F. (1994). The outer limits: Settlement and economic strategies in the Central Zagros Highlands during the Uruk Era. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East:The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 85-102.
82. Henrickson, E. F., and Vidali, V. (1987). The Dalma Tradition: Prehistoric interregional cultural integration in the highland of western Iran. Paléorient 13: 37-46.
83. Hesse, B. (1982). Slaughter patterns and domestication: The beginning of pastoralism in western Iran. Man 17: 403-417.
84. Hesse, B. (1984). These are our goats: The origins of herding in west central Iran. In Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (eds.), Animal and Archaeology 3: Early Herders and Their Flocks, BAR International Series. 202, Oxford, pp. 243-264.
85. Heydari, S. (2001). Geology and geomorphology of the Islamabad survey area: Some preliminary observations. Iranian Journal of Archaeology and History 26-27: 61-65.
86. Hole, F. (1977). Studies in the Archaeological History of the Deh Luran Plain: Excavations at Chogha Sefid, Memoir 9, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
87. Hole, F. (1978). Pastoral nomadism in western Iran. In Gould, R. A. (ed.), Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology, University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, pp. 127-167.
88. Hole, F. (1979). Rediscovering the past in the present: Ethnoarchaeology in Luristan, Iran. In Kramer, C. (ed.), Ethnoarchaeology: Implications of Ethnography for Archaeology, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 192-218.
89. Hole, F. (1980). The prehistory of herding: Some suggestions from ethnography. In Barrelet, M. T. (ed.), L'Archéologie de l'Iraq du début de l'époque Néolitique à 333 avant notre ère, Éditions de la Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, pp. 119-130.
90. Hole, F. (1985). The organization of Susiana society. Periodization of site distributions. Paléorient 11: 21-24.
91. Hole, F. (1987a). Archaeology of the Village Period. In Hole, F. (ed.), The Archaeology, of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 29-78.
92. Hole, F. (1987b). Settlement and society in the Village Period. In Hole, F. (ed.), The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 79-106.
93. Hole, F. (ed.) (1987c). The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
94. Hole, F. (1989). A two-part, two stage model of domestication. In Clutton-Brock, J. (ed.), The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation, Unwin Hyman, London. pp. 97-104.
95. Hole, F. (1996). The context of caprine domestication in the Zagros region. In Harris, D. R. (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 263-281.
96. Hole, F. Flannery, K. V., and Neely, J. A. (1969). Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Deh Luran Plain, Memoir 1, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
97. Horrowitz, M. M. (1972). Ethnic boundary maintenance among pastoralists and farmers in the western Sudan (Niger). In Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Nomadism, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 105-114.
98. Horwitz, L. K., Tchernov, E., Ducos, P, Becker, C., Von Den Driesch, A., Martin, L., and Garrard, A. (1999). Animal domestication in the southern Levant. Paléorient 25: 63-80.
99. Huntington, H. G. (1972). The rate of return from the Basseri's livestock investment. Man 7: 476-479.
100. Husain, M. (1998). Geography of Jammu and Kashmir: Some Aspects, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi, India.
101. Ingold, T. (1980). Hunters, Pastoralist and Ranchers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
102. Irons, W. (1975). The Yomut Turkmen: A Study of Social Organization Among a Central Asian Turkic Speaking Population, Anthropological Papers 58, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
103. Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.) (1972). Perspectives on Nomadism, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.
104. Jettmar, K. (1960). Soziale und wirtschaftliche Dynamik bei asiatischen Gebirgsbauren. Sociologus 10: 120-138.
105. Johnson, D. L. (1969). The Nature of Nomadism, University of Chicago Department of Geography Research Paper 118, Chicago.
106. Johnson, G. A. (1983). Decision-making organization and pastoral nomad campsite. Human Ecology 11: 175-99.
107. Khazanov, A. M. (1994). Nomads and the Outside World, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
108. Khoury, P. S., and Kostiner, J. (eds.) (1990). Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, University of California Press, Berkeley.
109. Korobkova, G. (1999). The blade with "Mirror-like" polishing: The myth or the reality. In Kozlowski, S. (ed.), The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries, BAR International Series 760, Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 18-20.
110. Krader, L. (1959). The ecology of nomadic pastoralism. International Social Science Journal 11: 499-510.
111. Lambton, A. K. S. (1953). Landlord and Peasant in Persia, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
112. Le Breton, L. (1957). The Early Periods at Susa, Mesopotamian Relations, Iraq 19: 79-124.
113. Lees, S. H., and Bates, D. G. (1974). The origins of specialized nomadic pastoralism: A systemic model. American Antiquity 39: 187-193.
114. Legge, T. (1996). The beginning of caprine domestication in southwest Asia. In Harris, D. R. (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 238-262.
115. Levine, L. D. (1974). Archaeological investigations in the Mahidasht, western Iran. Paléorient 2: 487-490.
116. Levine, L. D., and McDonald, M. A. (1977). The Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods in the Mahidasht. Iran 15: 39-50.
117. Levine, L. D., and Young, Jr., T. C. (1987). A summary of the ceramic assemblages of the Central Western Zagros from the Middle Neolithic to the late third millennium B.C. In Préhistoire de la Mésopotamie: La Mésopotamie préhistorique et l'exploration récente du Djebel Hamrin, Éditions de la Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, pp. 15-53.
118. Lloyd, S., and Safar, F. (1943). Tell 'Uqair: Excavations by the Iraq Government Directorate of Antiquities in 1940 and 1941. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2: 131-158.
119. Marsden, D. J. (1978). The Qashqa'i Tribe and Tribal Identity, Occasional Paper 6, Center for Development Studies, University of Swansea, Wales, UK.
120. Martin, F. R., and Sanz, A. G. (eds.) (1998). Mesta, transhumancia y lana en la España moderna, Grijalbo Mondodori, Barcelona, Spain.
121. Marx, E. (1977). The tribe as a unit of subsistence: Nomadic pastoralism in the Near East. American Anthropologist 79: 343-363.
122. Mashkour, M., and Abdi, K. (2002). Archaeozoology and the question of pastoralist campsites: The case of Tuwah Khoshkeh. In Buitenhuis. H., Choyke, A. M., Mashkour, M., and Sl-Shiyab, A. H. (eds.). Archaeozoology of the Near East V, ARC Publication, Groningen, The Netherlands, pp. 211-227.
123. McCorriston, J., and Hole, F. (1991). The ecology of seasonal stress and the origin of ariculture in the Near East. American Anthropologist 93: 46-69.
124. Miller, N. F. (1996). Seed eaters of the ancient Near East: Human or herbivore? Current Anthropology 37: 521-528.
125. Mortensen, P. (1972). Seasonal camps and early villages in the Zagros. In Ucko, P. Tringham, R., and Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.), Man, Settlement and Urbanism, Duckworth, London, pp. 293-297.
126. Mortensen, P. (1974). A survey of prehistoric settlements in northern Luristan, Acta Archaeologica 45: 1-47.
127. Mortensen, P. (1976). Chalcolithic settlements in the Holailan Valley. In Bagherzadeh, F. (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Tehran, pp. 42-62.
128. Mortensen, P. (1979). The Holeilan Survey: A note on the relationship aims and methods. In Akten des VII Internationalen Kongresses für Iranische Kunst und Archäologie, Munich, Sept. 7-10, 1976, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 6, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin.
129. Neely, J. A., and Wright, H. T. (1994). Early Settlement and Irrigation on the Deh Luran Plain: Village and Early State Societies in Southwestern Iran, Technical Report 26, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
130. Nelson, C. (ed.) (1973). The Desert and the Sown: Nomads at Wider Society, Research Series No. 21, University of California Institute of International Studies, Berkeley.
131. Nyerges, E. (1980). Traditional pastoralism in environmental perspective. Expedition 22: 36-41.
132. Oates, J. (1983). Ubaid Mesopotamia reconsidered. In Young, T. C., and Smith, P. E. L. (eds.), The Hilly Flanks: Essays on the Prehistory of Southwestern Asia Presented to Robert J. Braidwood, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 36, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 251-281.
133. Oberling, P. (1974). The Qashqa'i Nomads of Fars, Mouton, The Hague, The Netherlands.
134. Peters, J., Helmer, D., Von Den Driesch, A., and Sana Segui, M. (1999). Early animal husbandry in the northern Levant. Paléorient 25: 27-48
135. Ponz, H. (1988). The importance, status and structure of Almwirtschaft in the Alps. In Allan, N. J. R., Knapp, G. W., and Stadel, C. (eds.), Human Impact oil Mountains. Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, pp. 109-115.
136. Price, L. W. (1981). Mountains and Man: A Study of Process and Environment, University of California Press, Berkeley.
137. Redding, R. W. (1981). Decision Making in Subsistence Herding of Sheep and Goats in the Middle East, PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
138. Redding, R. W. (1984). Theoretical determinants of a herder's decisions: Modeling variation in the sheep/goat ratio. In Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (eds.), Animal and Archaeology 3: Early Herders and Their Flocks, BAR International Series, 202, Oxford, pp. 161-170.
139. Reed, C. A. (1961). Osteological evidences for prehistoric domestication in southwestern Asia. Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 75: 31-38.
140. Renfrew, C. (1975). Trade as action at a distance: Questions of integration and communication. In Sabloff, J., and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (eds.), Ancient Civilization and Trade, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, pp. 3-59.
141. Rinschede, G. (1979). Die Transhumance in den französischen Alpen und in den Pyrenäen, Westfälische Geographische Studien 32, Münster, Ireland.
142. Rinschede, G. (1984). Wanderviehwirtschaft im Vergleich: Alpen/Pyrenaen-Hochgebirge der westlichen USA. In Grötzbach, E., and Rinschede, G. (eds.), Beitrage zur vergleichenden Kullturgeographie der Hochgebirge, Eichastaetter Beitrage 12. Verlag Puslet, Regensburg, Germany, pp. 285-304.
143. Rinschede, G. (1988). Transhumance in European and American mountains. In Allan, N. J. R., Knapp, G. W., and Stadel, C. (eds.), Human Impact on Mountains, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, pp. 96-108.
144. Roaf, M. (ed.) (1984). Tell Madhhur: A summary report on the excavations. Sumer 43: 108-167.
145. Rothman, M.S. (ed.) (2001). Uruk Mesopotamia and Its Neighbors: Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation, School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Santa Fe, NM.
146. Rowton, M. B. (1973a). Autonomy and nomadism in Western Asia. Orientalia 42: 247-258.
147. Rowton, M. B. (1973b). Urban autonomy in a nomadic environment. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32: 201-215.
148. Rowton, M. B. (1974). Enclosed nomadism. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17: 1-30.
149. Rowton, M. B. (1977). Dimorphic structure and typology. Oriens Antiquus 15: 17-31.
150. Safar, F. Mostafa, M. A., and Lloyd, S. (1981). Eridu, State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad, Iraq.
151. Salzman, P. C. (1971). Movement and resource extraction among pastoral nomads: The case of the Shah Nawazi Baluch. Anthropological Quarterly 44: 185-197.
152. Salzman, P. C., and Sadala. E. (eds.) (1980). When Nomads Settle: Processes of Sedentarization as Adaptation and Response, Praeger, New York.
153. Scholz, F. (1995). Nomadismus: Theorie und Wandel einer sozio-ökologischen Kulturweise, Erdkundliches Wissen 118, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgat, Germany.
154. Smith, A. B. (1992). Pastoralism in Africa: Origins and Development Ecology, Ohio University Press, Athens.
155. Smith, P. E. L., and Young, T. C., Jr. (1983). The force of numbers: Population pressure in the Central Western Zagros, 12,000-4500 B.C. In Young, T. C., and Smith, P. E. L. (eds.), The Hilly Flanks: Essays on the Prehistory of Southwestern Asia Presented to Robert J. Braidwood, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 36, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 141-161.
156. Spooner, B. (1971). Towards a generative model of nomadism. Anthropological Quarterly 44: 198-210.
157. Spooner, B. (1972). The status of nomadism as a cultural phenomenon in the Middle East. In Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Nomadism, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 122-132.
158. Spooner, B. (1973). The Cultural Ecology of Pastoral Nomads, Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology 45.
159. Stauffer, T. R. (1965). The economics of nomadism in Iran. The Middle East Journal 19: 284-302.
160. Straus, L. G. (1997). Convenient cavities: Some human uses of caves and rockshelters. In Bonsall, C., and Tolan-Smith, C. (eds.), The Human Use of Caves, BAR International Series 667, Oxford, pp. 1-8.
161. Sumner, W. M. (1988). Prelude to Proto-Elamite Anshan: The Lapui Phase. Iranica Antiqua 23: 23-43.
162. Sumner, W. M. (1994). The evolution of tribal society in the Southern Zagros Mountains, Iran. In Stein, G., and Rothman, M. (eds.). Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Prehistory Press, Madison, WI, pp. 47-65
163. Swidler, W. W. (1972). Some demographic factors regulating the formation of flocks and camps among the Brahui of Baluchistan. In Irons, W., and Dyson-Hudson, N. (eds.), Perspectives on Nomadism, E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 69-75.
164. Swidler, W. W. (1973). Adaptive processes regulating nomadic-sedentary interaction in the Middle East. In Nelson, C. (ed.), The Desert and the Sown: Nomads in Wider Society, Research Series 21, University of California Institute of International Studies, Berkeley, pp. 23-41.
165. Swiny, S. (1975). Survey in northwest Iran, 1971. East and West 25: 77-96.
166. Szarzynska, K. (2002). Sheep Husbandry and Production of Wool, Garments and Cloths in Archaic Sumer, Agade, Warsaw, Poland.
167. Tapper, R. L. (1979). Pasture and Politics: Economics, Conflict and Ritual among Shahsevan Nomads of N. W. Iran, Academic Press, London.
168. Tapper, R. L. (1998). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
169. Uerpmann, H. P. (1987). The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A27, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany.
170. Vainshtein, S. I. (1980). Nomads of South Siberia: The Pastoral Economics of Tuva, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
171. Vanden Berghe, L. (1973). La nécropole de Hakalan. Archeologia 57: 49-58.
172. Vanden Berghe, L. (1975a). La nécropole de Dum Gar Parchineh. Archeologia 79: 46-61.
173. Vanden Berghe, L. (1975b). Fouilles au Lorestan: La nécropole de Dum Gar Parchineh. In Bagherzadeh, F. (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Tehran, pp. 45-62.
174. Vanden Berghe, L. (1984). Prospections et Fouilles au Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan. Archiv für Orientforschung 31: 200-209.
175. Vanden Berghe, L. (1987). Luristan, Pusht-i Kuh au Chalcolithique Moyen (Les necropolis de Parchinah et de Hakalan). In Préhistoire de la Mésopotamie: La Mésopotamie préhistorique et l'exploration récente du Djebel Hamrin, Éditions de la Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, pp. 91-126.
176. van Zeist, W. (1967). Late quaternary vegetation history of western Iran. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 2: 301-311.
177. van Zeist, W., and Bottema, S. (1977). Palynological investigations in western Iran. Paleohistoria 19: 19-95.
178. van Zeist, W., and Bottema, S. (1982). Vegetational history of the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East during the last 20,000 years. In Bintliff J. L., and van Zeist, W. (eds.), Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, BAR International 133, Oxford, pp. 277-321.
179. van Zeist, W., and Bottema, S. (1991). Late Quaternary Vegetation of the Near East, Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe A, Nr. 18, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany.
180. Vardiman, E. E. (1977). Nomaden: Schöpfer einer neuen Kultur im Vorderen Orient, Economische Verlag, Düsseldorf.
181. Vidal de la Blache, P. (1922). Principes de géographie humaine, A. Colin, Paris.
182. Vincze, L. (1980). Peasant animal husbandry: A dialectical model of techno-environmental integration in agro-pastoral societies. Ethnology 19: 387-403.
183. Weiss, H., and Young, T. C., Jr. (1975). The merchants of Susa: Godin V and plateau-lowland relations in the fourth millennium B.C. Iran 13: 1-17.
184. Wright, H. T. (1981). An Early Town in the Deh Luran Plain: Excavations at Tepe Farukhabad, Memoir 13, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
185. Wright, H. T. (1987). The Susiana Hinterland during the era of primary state formation. In Hole, F. (ed.), The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 141-155.
186. Wright, H. T. (1998). Look States in Southwestern Iran. In Feinman, G., and Marcus, J. (eds.), Archaic States, School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 173-192.
187. Wright, H. T. (in press). Chipped stone. In Abdi, K. (ed.), Excavations at Operation W263 at Chogha Gavaneh. Report on the First and Second Seasons, 1998-1999, Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, Tehran, Iran.
188. Young, T. C., Jr. (1975). Kangavar Valley Survey. Iran 13: 191-193.
189. Young, T. C., Jr. (1986). Godin Tepe Period VI/V and central western Iran at the end of the fourth millennium. In Finkbeiner, U., and Röllig, W. (eds.), Gamdat Nasr: Period or Regional Style?, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany, pp. 212-228.
190. Zagarell, A. (1975). Archaeological survey in the North West Bakhtiari Mountains. In Bagherzadeh, F. (ed.). Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran. Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Tehran, pp. 145-148.
191. Zagarell, A. (1982). The Prehistory of the Northeast
192. Zagarell, A. (1989). Pastoralism and the early state in Greater Mesopotamia. In Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (ed.), Archaeological Thought in America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 280-301.
193. Zeder, M. A. (1994). After the revolution: Post-neolithic subsistence in northern Mesopotamia. American Anthropologist 96: 97-126.
194. Zeder, M. A. (1999) Animal domestication in the Zagros. A review of past and current research. Paléorient 25: 11-26.
195. Zeder, M. A. (2001). A metrical analysis of a collection of modern goats (Capra hircus aegagrus and C. h. hircus) from Iran and Iraq: Implications for the study of caprine domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 61-79.
196. Zeder, M. A., and Hesse, B. (2000). The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 years ago. Science 287: 2254-2257.
197. Ziegler, C. (1953). Die Keramik von der Qala des Haggi Mohämmed, Gebr, Mann, Berlin.
198. Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East, G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany.