Confidence- and security-building measures for India and Pakistan

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Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 191-222

  Hilali, A Z ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR   (Pakistan)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 23344435777     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540503000204     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Commander Pedro Luis de la Fuente, "Confidence-Building Measures in the Southern Cone," Naval War College Review 50, no. 1 (1997): 36-48.
2. See Barcelona Declaration (November 1995);
3. and Working Group on Arms Control, "Confidence-building and Conflict Prevention - Joint Report," Mediterranean Politics 1, no. 1 (1996): 25-42.
4. Claire Spencer, "Building Confidence in the Mediterranean," Mediterranean Politics 2, no. 2 (1997): 23-28.
5. See Malcolm Chalmers, Confidence-building in Southeast Asia (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), pp. 19-28.
6. Geoffrey Kemp, The Control of the Middle East Arms Race (Washington, D.C:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1991), pp. 124-128.
7. Ariel E. Levite and Emily B. Landau, "Confidence and Security-building Measures in the Middle East," Strategic Studies 20, no. 1 (1997): 144.
8. See India Today, June 8, 1998, p. 11;
9. also, India Today ibid., May 10, 1999, p. 25.
10. See Dawn (Karachi), June 12, 1999.
11. UNDP, Human Development Report, 2002 (Islamabad: Vanguard, 2002), pp. 123-128.
12. Christopher Thomas, "South Asia Poorer than Black Africa," Times (London), May 2, 1997, p. 19.
13. I b i d.
14. Samina Yasmeen and Abha Dixit, "Confidence-building in South Asia," Occasional Paper, p. 1.
15. G. W. Choudhury, Pakistan's Relations with India, 1947-66 (London: Pall Mall Press, 1968), p. 3.
16. M. H. Askari, "For a Culture of Peace," Dawn, January 13, 1999.
17. Sarvepalli Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru's Speeches, 1948-53 (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1983), p. 133.
18. Askari, note 14.
19. K. K. Pathak, "Nuclear Policy of India: Restated," in S. Chopra, ed., Studies in India's Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Monahar, 1983), pp. 382-394.
20. Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi, South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 119.
21. Guardian (London), May 29, 1998.
22. Economist (London), June 7, 1998.
23. Peter D. Feaver, "South Asian Nuclear Stand-off," New York Times, June 10, 1998.
24. Edward M. Luttwak, "Nuclear Deterrence Is a Western Illusion," Los Angeles Times, June 17, 1998.
25. Ronald J. Bee, Nuclear Proliferation: The Post Cold War Challenge (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1995), pp. 46-47.
26. Ibid., pp. 46-49.
27. New York Times, September 13, 1995.
28. Akmal Hussain, "Poverty and Governance in South Asia," Dawn, October 5, 1998.
29. Mutahir Ahmad, "IMF and Pakistan," Third World, p. 55.
30. Perviaz Hoodbhoy, "Nuclear Issue Between India and Pakistan: Myth and Realities," Occasional Paper 18 (New York: Henry L. Stimson Centre, 1994), p. 7.
31. See full text of the Simla Accord, July 2, 1972, in C. Smith, India's ad hoc Arsenal: Direction or Drift in Defence Policy (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 229-230.
32. This crisis ensued from a large-scale military exercise, code named Brasstacks, that was held by India near the Pakistani border. It was followed by military countermeasures being taken by Pakistan and "defensive" movements by India, leading to a confrontation between the two armies. A major conflict by accident or design, which seemed imminent at that stage, was averted by good sense and coordination between the two leaders, President Zia ul-Haq and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. See Kanti P. Bajpai, P. R. Chari, Perviaz Iqbal Cheema, Stephen P. Cohen, and Sumit Ganguly, Brasstacks and Beyond: Perception and Management of Crisis in South Asia (New Delhi: Manohar, 1995).
33. Pakistan offered a proposal to establish a nuclear-weapons-free zone in South Asia in 1974; entered into a binding declaration by the states of South Asia renouncing the acquisition or manufactures of nuclear weapons (1977); agreed to mutual inspection of each other's nuclear facilities (1979); jointly signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (1979); jointly entered into nuclear-test-ban arrangements in the region (1987); convened a regional nuclear-nonproliferation conference (1987); and participated in a five-party meeting of China, India, Pakistan, Russia, and the United States to establish a nuclear-nonproliferation regime in the region (1991). For more details, see Masood Husain, "Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in South Asia," Disarmament (1991): 210-214.
34. Dawn, July 15, 1998.
35. The Foreign Relations Authorization Act for 2002/2003, passed by the U.S. House and Senate on September 30, 2002, included section 1601, "Nuclear and Missile Nonproliferation in South Asia."
36. Bruce Anderson, "India and Pakistan Must Learn About Cold War: They Can No Longer Risk a Hot One," Independent (London), June 3, 2002.
37. The Pakistani Atlantic was a French twin-engine turboprop aircraft capable of long-range electronic spying and antiship and antisubmarine warfare.
38. See Time, August 23, 1999, p. 24. Pakistan demanded compensation of $60.2 million from India for the downing of the naval patrol aircraft over the Rann of Kutch in western India, resulting in the deaths of sixteen naval officers and soldiers. India refused to pay compensation and claimed that the plane was on a military mission that was a violation of India's airspace, a violation of the 1991 agreement on prevention of air-space violation, and a violation of the international rules of engagement.
39. Nation (Lahore), August 13, 1999.
40. Michael Krepon and Amit Sevak, eds., Crisis Prevention, Confidence-Building, and Reconciliation in South Asia (New Delhi: Manohar, 1996), pp. 255-257.
41. See the full text of the 1991 Agreement on the Advance Notice on Military Exercises, Manoeuvres, and Troops Movements. See also Nation (Lahore), August 13, 1999.
42. Ronald J. Bee, Nuclear Proliferation: The Post Cold War Challenge, pp. 46-49.
43. For more details about European CSBM experience and its potential adaptability to other regions, see UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, "Confidence and Security Building Measures: From Europe to Other Regions," Disarmament: Topical Papers 7 (New York: UN Publications Dept., 1991), pp. 17-45.
44. Sheen Rajmaira, "Indo-Pakistani Relations: Reciprocity in Long-Term Perspective," International Studies Quarterly 41, no. 4 (1997): 558.
45. See Krepon and Sevak, note 38, pp. 48-56.
46. Agha Shahi, "Confidence-building in South Asia," The News, London edition, December 3, 1998.
47. Adam Daniel Rotfeld, "Confidence and Security-building Measures," in Robert D. Blackwill and F. Stephen Larrabee, eds., Conventional Arms Control and East-West Security (London: Duke University Press, 1989), p. 360.
48. See Victor-Yves Ghebali and Fred Tanner, "Confidence-building Measures in Arms Control: The Mouse That Roared?" International Defence Review 10 (October 1988): 1269-1272.
49. For CSBMs between Brazil and Argentina, see Pedro Luis de la Fuente, "Confidence Building Measures in the Southern Cone: A Model for Regional Stability," Naval War College Review 1 (Winter 1997): 36-65.
50. For a detailed analysis of CSBMs, see the Vienna Documents of 1992 in Keesing's Contemporary Archives 26 (1992).
51. Sergey Rogov, "The Elements of a North-South Security System," in James E. Goodby, Regional Conflicts: The Challenge to US-Russian Cooperation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 38.
52. Abbot Brayton, "Confidence Building Measures in European Security," The World Today, October 1980, p. 382.
53. Michael Krepon, "The Decade for Confidence-building Measures," in Krepon et al., A Handbook of Confidence Building Measures for Regional Security (Washington, D.C.: Henry L. Stimson Centre, 1983), pp. 5-34.
54. Rotfeld, note 45, p. 360.
55. The full text of the Helsinki Accord can be found in Keesing's Contemporary A rchives 21 (1975).
56. Michael Krepon, "A Time of Trouble: A Time of Need," in Krepon and Sevak, note 38, p. 3.
57. Ross Masood Husain, "Threat Perception and Military Planning in Pakistan," in Eric Arnett, ed., Military Capability and the Risk of War: China, India, Pakistan, and Iran (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 137.
58. Dawn, July 23, 1996.
59. James E. Goodby, Regional Conflict: The Challenge to U.S.-Russia Cooperation (London: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 36.
60. See Prakas Nanda, "It's Trade That Will Normalise Indo-Pakistan Relations," Times of India, June 19, 1997.
61. See Dawn, January 14, 1999.
62. M. B. Naqvi, "Breaking the Barrier," Newsline (Karachi), July 1996.
63. Jaswant Singh, India's foreign minister, statement about Pakistan's MFN status;
64. see Dawn, August 21, 1999.
65. Quoted in Charles H. Kennedy, "South Asian Security into 21st Century: Issues and Options," Security Studies 3, no. 1 (1992): 172-185.
66. Luttwak, note 22.