메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 70, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 903-910

Entangled photons, nonlocality, and Bell inequalities in the undergraduate laboratory

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 23044534175     PISSN: 00029505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1119/1.1498860     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (130)

References (40)
  • 1
    • 33947385649 scopus 로고
    • Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?
    • A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?" Phys. Rev. 47, 777- 780 (1935).
    • (1935) Phys. Rev , vol.47 , pp. 777-780
    • Einstein, A.1    Podolsky, B.2    Rosen, N.3
  • 2
    • 0000486090 scopus 로고
    • On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox
    • This article is reprinted in Ref. 31
    • J. S. Bell, "On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, " Physics (Long Island City, N.Y.) 1, 195-200 (1964). This article is reprinted in Ref. 31.
    • (1964) Physics (Long Island City, N.Y.) , vol.1 , pp. 195-200
    • Bell, J.S.1
  • 4
    • 85005801433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home page of Nichia Corporation, manufacturer of InGaN laser diodes
    • http://www.nichia.co.jp. Home page of Nichia Corporation, manufacturer of InGaN laser diodes.
  • 5
    • 0000860046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. G. Kwiat, E. Waks, A. G. White, I. Applebaum, and P. H. Eberhard, Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons, Phys. Rev. A 60 (2), R773-R776 (1999)
    • P. G. Kwiat, E. Waks, A. G. White, I. Applebaum, and P. H. Eberhard, "Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons, " Phys. Rev. A 60 (2), R773-R776 (1999).
  • 6
    • 1642610104 scopus 로고
    • Niels Bohr in the thirties: Consolidation and extension of the conception of complementarity
    • edited by S. Rozental NorthHolland, Amsterdam
    • L. Rosenfeld, "Niels Bohr in the thirties: consolidation and extension of the conception of complementarity, " in Niels Bohr: His Life and Work as Seen by his Friends and Colleagues, edited by S. Rozental (NorthHolland, Amsterdam, 1967).
    • (1967) Niels Bohr: His Life and Work as Seen by his Friends and Colleagues
    • Rosenfeld, L.1
  • 7
    • 0039075727 scopus 로고
    • Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?
    • N. Bohr, "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?" Phys. Rev. 48, 696-702 (1935).
    • (1935) Phys. Rev , vol.48 , pp. 696-702
    • Bohr, N.1
  • 8
    • 35949035923 scopus 로고
    • Experimental consequences of objective local theories
    • J. F. Clauser and M. A. Home, "Experimental consequences of objective local theories, " Phys. Rev. D 10, 526-535 (1974).
    • (1974) Phys. Rev. D , vol.10 , pp. 526-535
    • Clauser, J.F.1    Home, M.A.2
  • 9
    • 84927388618 scopus 로고
    • Unperformed experiments have no results
    • A. Peres, "Unperformed experiments have no results, " Am. J. Phys. 46, 745-747 (1978).
    • (1978) Am. J. Phys , vol.46 , pp. 745-747
    • Peres, A.1
  • 10
    • 84910015885 scopus 로고
    • Is the moon there when nobody looks? Reality and the quantum theory
    • N. D. Mermin, "Is the moon there when nobody looks? Reality and the quantum theory, " Phys. Today 38 (4), 38-47 (1985).
    • (1985) Phys. Today , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 38-47
    • Mermin, N.D.1
  • 11
    • 0001142221 scopus 로고
    • Experimental investigation of a polarization correlation anomaly
    • J. F. Clauser, "Experimental investigation of a polarization correlation anomaly, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 36 (5), 1223-1226 (1976).
    • (1976) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 1223-1226
    • Clauser, J.F.1
  • 12
    • 70349364584 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of the circular-polarization correlation in photons from an atomic cascade
    • J. F. Clauser, "Measurement of the circular-polarization correlation in photons from an atomic cascade, " Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis., B 338 (2), 740-746 (1976).
    • (1976) Nuovo Cimento Soc. Ital. Fis., B , vol.338 , Issue.2 , pp. 740-746
    • Clauser, J.F.1
  • 13
    • 36149041234 scopus 로고
    • Bell's theorem-experimental tests and implications
    • J. F. Clauser and A. Shimony, "Bell's theorem-experimental tests and implications, " Rep. Prog. Phys. 41, 1881-1927 (1978).
    • (1978) Rep. Prog. Phys , vol.41 , pp. 1881-1927
    • Clauser, J.F.1    Shimony, A.2
  • 14
    • 0010815757 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on Einstein-Podolsky- Rosentype correlations with pairs of visible photons
    • edited by R. Penrose and C. J. Isham, Oxford U.P
    • A. Aspect and P. Grangier, "Experiments on Einstein-Podolsky- Rosentype correlations with pairs of visible photons, " edited by R. Penrose and C. J. Isham, Quantum Concepts in Space and Time (Oxford U.P., 1986), pp. 1-44.
    • (1986) Quantum Concepts in Space and Time , pp. 1-44
    • Aspect, A.1    Grangier, P.2
  • 15
    • 0000748436 scopus 로고
    • Quantum fluctuations and noise in parametric processes I
    • W. H. Louisell, A. Yariv, and A. E. Siegman, "Quantum fluctuations and noise in parametric processes I, " Phys. Rev. 124 (6), 1646-1654 (1961).
    • (1961) Phys. Rev , vol.124 , Issue.6 , pp. 1646-1654
    • Louisell, W.H.1    Yariv, A.2    Siegman, A.E.3
  • 16
    • 0000070740 scopus 로고
    • Quantum statistics of coupled oscillator systems
    • B. R. Mollow, "Quantum statistics of coupled oscillator systems, " Phys. Rev. 162 (5), 1256-1273 (1967).
    • (1967) Phys. Rev , vol.162 , Issue.5 , pp. 1256-1273
    • Mollow, B.R.1
  • 17
    • 36049058580 scopus 로고
    • Quantum theory of spontaneous parametric scattering of intense light
    • T. G. Giallorenzi and C. L. Tang, "Quantum theory of spontaneous parametric scattering of intense light, " Phys. Rev. 166 (2), 225-233 (1968).
    • (1968) Phys. Rev , vol.166 , Issue.2 , pp. 225-233
    • Giallorenzi, T.G.1    Tang, C.L.2
  • 18
    • 0014664187 scopus 로고
    • Field statistics in parametric luminescence
    • B. Ya. Zel'dovich and D. N. Klyshko, "Field statistics in parametric luminescence, " JETP Lett. 9 (1), 40-43 (1969).
    • (1969) JETP Lett , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-43
    • Zel'dovich, B.Y.1    Klyshko, D.N.2
  • 19
    • 0000873609 scopus 로고
    • Theory of parametric frequency down conversion of light
    • C. K. Hong and L. Mandel, "Theory of parametric frequency down conversion of light, " Phys. Rev. A 31 (4), 2409-2418 (1985).
    • (1985) Phys. Rev. A , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 2409-2418
    • Hong, C.K.1    Mandel, L.2
  • 20
    • 77956946118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantum phenomena in optical interferometry
    • P. Hariharan and B. Sanders, "Quantum phenomena in optical interferometry, " Prog. Opt. 36, 49-128 (1996).
    • (1996) Prog. Opt , vol.36 , pp. 49-128
    • Hariharan, P.1    Sanders, B.2
  • 22
    • 34250850665 scopus 로고
    • Violation of Bell's inequality and classical probability in a two-photon correlation experiment
    • Z. Y. Ou and L. Mandel, "Violation of Bell's inequality and classical probability in a two-photon correlation experiment, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1), 50-53 (1988).
    • (1988) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-53
    • Ou, Z.Y.1    Mandel, L.2
  • 23
    • 15044361457 scopus 로고
    • New type of Einstein-Podolsky-RosenBohm experiment using pairs of light quanta produced by optical parametric down conversion
    • Y. H. Shih and C. O. Alley, "New type of Einstein-Podolsky-RosenBohm experiment using pairs of light quanta produced by optical parametric down conversion, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (26), 2921-2924 (1988).
    • (1988) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.61 , Issue.26 , pp. 2921-2924
    • Shih, Y.H.1    Alley, C.O.2
  • 24
    • 23044532084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entangled photon apparatus for the undergraduate laboratory
    • D. Dehlinger and M. W. Mitchell, "Entangled photon apparatus for the undergraduate laboratory, " Am. J. Phys. 70, 898 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Phys , vol.70 , pp. 898
    • Dehlinger, D.1    Mitchell, M.W.2
  • 25
    • 85005873698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This state is an entangled state and is already quite adjustable. Further modifications can be made with ordinary optical components. For example, if θl=πlA and ø=π, then a half-wave plate in the signal beam could be used to switch the signal polarization |>s↔|V>s to produce |ψ′ DC>, V>s|H>i, H>s|V>i)√2. This polarization state is analogous to the singlet state for two spin-1/2 particles |ψ single>et>, ↑>|↓>-|↓>|>/√2
    • single>et>=(|↑>|↓>-|↓>|>)/√2.
  • 27
    • 36049056258 scopus 로고
    • Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories
    • J. F. Clauser, M. A. Home, A. Shimony, and R. A. Holt, "Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 23 (15), 880-884 (1969).
    • (1969) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.23 , Issue.15 , pp. 880-884
    • Clauser, J.F.1    Home, M.A.2    Shimony, A.3    Holt, R.A.4
  • 28
    • 85005885953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A full discussion of loopholes in experimental tests of nonlocality is beyond the scope of this paper. Several other loopholes have been identified, for example the timing loophole: Given sufficient time, something could travel at at subluminal velocity from one polarizer to another and influence the measurement outcome at that other polarizer. This could explain any observed correlations, and in a purely local way. Experiments with rapidly changing polarizers have been performed to close this loophole (Refs. 32-34, Another important loophole that has been tested is the detection loophole Refs. 25 and 36, To date, no single experiment has closed all loopholes. Thus HVTs have not been disproven, but the hypotheses required to save them have become highly implausible. See also Refs. 37-40
    • A full discussion of loopholes in experimental tests of nonlocality is beyond the scope of this paper. Several other loopholes have been identified, for example the "timing loophole:" Given sufficient time, something could travel at at subluminal velocity from one polarizer to another and influence the measurement outcome at that other polarizer. This could explain any observed correlations, and in a purely local way. Experiments with rapidly changing polarizers have been performed to close this loophole (Refs. 32-34). Another important loophole that has been tested is the "detection loophole" (Refs. 25 and 36). To date, no single experiment has closed all loopholes. Thus HVTs have not been disproven, but the hypotheses required to save them have become highly implausible. See also Refs. 37-40.
  • 32
    • 33845258121 scopus 로고
    • Experimental realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment-a new violation of Bell inequalities
    • A. Aspect, P. Grangier, and G. Roger, "Experimental realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment-a new violation of Bell inequalities, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 (2), 91-94 (1982).
    • (1982) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 91-94
    • Aspect, A.1    Grangier, P.2    Roger, G.3
  • 33
    • 4244172402 scopus 로고
    • Experimental test of Bell inequalities using time-varying analyzers
    • A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Roger, "Experimental test of Bell inequalities using time-varying analyzers, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 (25), 1804-1807 (1982).
    • (1982) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.49 , Issue.25 , pp. 1804-1807
    • Aspect, A.1    Dalibard, J.2    Roger, G.3
  • 34
    • 11544318439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violation of Bell's inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions
    • G. Weihs, T. Jennewein, C. Simon, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, "Violation of Bell's inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions, " Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (23), 5039-43 (1998).
    • (1998) Phys. Rev. Lett , vol.81 , Issue.23 , pp. 5039-5043
    • Weihs, G.1    Jennewein, T.2    Simon, C.3    Weinfurter, H.4    Zeilinger, A.5
  • 35
    • 0001817392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A local hidden variable model of quantum correlation exploiting the detection loophole
    • N. Gisin and B. Gisin, "A local hidden variable model of quantum correlation exploiting the detection loophole, " Phys. Lett. A 260 (5), 323-327 (1999).
    • (1999) Phys. Lett. A , vol.260 , Issue.5 , pp. 323-327
    • Gisin, N.1    Gisin, B.2
  • 37
    • 25544476823 scopus 로고
    • Critical analysis of the empirical tests of local hidden-variable theories
    • E. Santos, "Critical analysis of the empirical tests of local hidden-variable theories, " Phys. Rev. A 46 (7), 3646-3656 (1992).
    • (1992) Phys. Rev. A , vol.46 , Issue.7 , pp. 3646-3656
    • Santos, E.1
  • 38
    • 0000874295 scopus 로고
    • Proposal for a loophole-free Bell inequality experiment
    • P. G. Kwiat, P. H. Eberhard, A. M. Steinberg, and R. Y. Chiao, "Proposal for a loophole-free Bell inequality experiment, " Phys. Rev. A 49 (5), 3209-3220 (1994).
    • (1994) Phys. Rev. A , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 3209-3220
    • Kwiat, P.G.1    Eberhard, P.H.2    Steinberg, A.M.3    Chiao, R.Y.4
  • 39
    • 0000708469 scopus 로고
    • Proposal for a loophole-free test of the Bell inequalities
    • E. S. Fry, T. Walther, and S. F. Li, "Proposal for a loophole-free test of the Bell inequalities, " Phys. Rev. A 52 (6), 4381-4395 (1995).
    • (1995) Phys. Rev. A , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 4381-4395
    • Fry, E.S.1    Walther, T.2    Li, S.F.3
  • 40
    • 5344257764 scopus 로고
    • Loophole-free test of the Bell inequality
    • S. F. Huelga, M. Ferrero, and E. Santos, "Loophole-free test of the Bell inequality, " Phys. Rev. A 51 (6), 5008-5011 (1995).
    • (1995) Phys. Rev. A , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 5008-5011
    • Huelga, S.F.1    Ferrero, M.2    Santos, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.