Atomic polarization visualized

American Journal of Physics

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 450-454

  Rochester, S M ^a   Budker, D ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23044527915     PISSN: 00029505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. E. B. Alexandrov, M. P. Chaika, and G. I. Kvostenko, Interference of Atomic States (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993).
2. K. Blum, Density Matrix Theory and Applications (Plenum, New York, 1996).
3. R. N. Zare, Angular Momentum (Wiley, New York, 1988).
4. M. Auzinsh and R. Ferber, Optical Polarization of Molecules (Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, 1995).
5. V. Milner and Y. Prior, "Biaxial spatial orientation of atomic angular momentum," Phys. Rev. A 59 (3), R1738-R1741 (1999);
6. V. Milner, B. M. Chernobrod, and Y. Prior, "Arbitrary orientation of atoms and molecules via coherent population trapping by ellipticaly polarized light," Phys. Rev. A ibid. 60 (2), 1293-1304 (1999).
7. A. R. Edmonds, Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics (Princeton U.P., Princeton, 1985).
8. There are different definitions of the terms "alignment" and "orientation" in the literature. For example, in Ref. 3, alignment designates even moments in atomic polarization (quadrupole, hexadecapole, etc.), while orientation designates the odd moments (dipole, octupole, etc.). We use the convention of Ref. 1, in which alignment designates the second (quadrupole) polarization moment, and orientation designates the first (dipole) polarization moment.
9. In R. C. Hilborn, L. R. Hunter, K. Johnson, S. K. Peck, A. Spenser, and J. Watson, "Atomic barium and cesium alignment-to-orientation conversion in external electric and magnetic fields," Phys. Rev. A 50 (3), 2467-2474 (1994), it was stated that an axial vector interaction that is odd with respect to time-reversal (such as interaction with a magnetic field) is required for alignment-to-orientation conversion. This statement is apparently incorrect.
10. D. A. Varshalovich, A. N. Moskalev, and V. K. Khersonskii, Quantum Theory of Angular Momentum: Irreducible Tensors, Spherical Harmonics, Vector Coupling Coefficients, 3-j Symbols (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998).
11. E. D. Commins, S. B. Ross, D. DeMille, and B. C. Regan, "Improved experimental limit on the electric dipole moment of the electron," Phys. Rev. A 50 (4), 2960-2977 (1994).
12. E. D. Commins, "Status and Future Prospects of Searches for Electric Dipole Moments of the Neutron, Atoms and Molecules," in Physics Beyond the Standard Model, Proceedings of the Fifth International WEIN Symposium, edited by P. Herczeg, C. M. Hoffman, and H. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999), pp. 525-544.
13. In practice, the entire apparatus is in a dc magnetic field applied along ẑ, so strictly speaking, the present discussion should refer to a frame rotating at the Larmor frequency in this field. In this case, the transverse magnetic fields employed in the state rotation regions are oscillated at this Larmor frequency. Instead of changing the orientation of the field in the second state rotation region, the relative phases between the oscillating regions are adjusted.
14. E. D. Commins, "Berry's geometric phase and motional field," Am. J. Phys. 59 (12), 1077-1080 (1991).
15. D. Budker, V. Yashchuk, and M. Zolotorev, "Nonlinear magneto-optic effects with ultra-narrow widths," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (26), 5788-5791 (1998).
16. V. Yashchuk, D. Budker, and M. Zolotorev, "Application of nonlinear magneto-optic effects with ultra-narrow widths," in Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics, edited by D. H. E. Dubin and D. Schneider, AIP Conf. Proc. 457, 177-181 (1999).
17. D. Budker, D. J. Orlando, and V. Yashchuk, "Nonlinear laser spectroscopy and magneto-optics," Am. J. Phys. 67 (7), 584-592 (1999).
18. D. Budker, D. F. Kimball, S. M. Rochester, and V. V. Yashchuk, "Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Rotation via Alignment-to-Orientation Conversion," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (10), 2088-2091 (2000).
19. R. C. Hilborn, "Atoms in orthogonal electric and magnetic fields: A comparison of quantum and classical models," Am. J. Phys. 63 (4), 330-338 (1995).
20. http://phylabs.berkeley.edu/budker/.