Nonlinear laser spectroscopy and magneto-optics

American Journal of Physics

Volumn 67, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 584-592

  Budker, Dmitry ^a   Orlando, Donald J ^a   Yashchuk, Valeriy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033430735     PISSN: 00029505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1119/1.19328     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. This point is clearly illustrated, for example, by the discovery and subsequent precision work on parity violation in atoms [for a recent review, see M. A. Bouchiat and C. Bouchiat, "Parity violation in atoms," Rep. Prog. Phys. 60 (11), 1351-1394 (1997)], and by several Nobel prizes awarded for the work in this field, including the ones in 1997 for the development of laser trapping and cooling. [See the Nobel lectures by S. Chu, "The manipulation of neutral particles," Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (3), 685-706 (1998); C. N. Cohen-Tannoudji, "Manipulating atoms with photons," ibid. 70 (3), 707-719 (1998); W. Phillips, "Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms," ibid. 70 (3), 721-741 (1998).]
2. This point is clearly illustrated, for example, by the discovery and subsequent precision work on parity violation in atoms [for a recent review, see M. A. Bouchiat and C. Bouchiat, "Parity violation in atoms," Rep. Prog. Phys. 60 (11), 1351-1394 (1997)], and by several Nobel prizes awarded for the work in this field, including the ones in 1997 for the development of laser trapping and cooling. [See the Nobel lectures by S. Chu, "The manipulation of neutral particles," Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (3), 685-706 (1998); C. N. Cohen-Tannoudji, "Manipulating atoms with photons," ibid. 70 (3), 707-719 (1998); W. Phillips, "Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms," ibid. 70 (3), 721-741 (1998).]
3. This point is clearly illustrated, for example, by the discovery and subsequent precision work on parity violation in atoms [for a recent review, see M. A. Bouchiat and C. Bouchiat, "Parity violation in atoms," Rep. Prog. Phys. 60 (11), 1351-1394 (1997)], and by several Nobel prizes awarded for the work in this field, including the ones in 1997 for the development of laser trapping and cooling. [See the Nobel lectures by S. Chu, "The manipulation of neutral particles," Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (3), 685-706 (1998); C. N. Cohen-Tannoudji, "Manipulating atoms with photons," ibid. 70 (3), 707-719 (1998); W. Phillips, "Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms," ibid. 70 (3), 721-741 (1998).]
4. This point is clearly illustrated, for example, by the discovery and subsequent precision work on parity violation in atoms [for a recent review, see M. A. Bouchiat and C. Bouchiat, "Parity violation in atoms," Rep. Prog. Phys. 60 (11), 1351-1394 (1997)], and by several Nobel prizes awarded for the work in this field, including the ones in 1997 for the development of laser trapping and cooling. [See the Nobel lectures by S. Chu, "The manipulation of neutral particles," Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (3), 685-706 (1998); C. N. Cohen-Tannoudji, "Manipulating atoms with photons," ibid. 70 (3), 707-719 (1998); W. Phillips, "Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms," ibid. 70 (3), 721-741 (1998).]
5. S. Svanberg, Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. Basic Aspects and Applications (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992).
6. W. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996).
7. K. B. MacAdam, A. Steinbach, and C. Wieman, "A narrow-band tunable diode laser system with grating feedback, and a saturated absorption spectrometer for Cs and Rb," Am. J. Phys. 60, 1098-1111 (1992);
8. D. W. Preston and C. E. Wieman, "Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy: laser spectroscopy," advanced laboratory write-up (09/1994; unpublished), available from D. W. Preston, e-mail: dpreston@csuhayward.edu; D. W. Preston, "Doppler-free saturated absorption: laser spectroscopy," Am. J. Phys. 64, 1432-1436 (1996).
9. K. G. Libbrecht, R. A. Boyd, P. A. Willems, T. L. Gustavson, and D. K. Kim, "Teaching physics with 670 nm diode lasers - construction of stabilized lasers and lithium cells," Am. J. Phys. 63, 729-737 (1995); R. A. Boyd, J. L. Bliss, and K. G. Libbrecht, "Teaching physics with 670 nm diode lasers - experiments with Fabry-Perot cavities," Am. J. Phys. 64 (9), 1109-1116 (1996).
10. K. G. Libbrecht, R. A. Boyd, P. A. Willems, T. L. Gustavson, and D. K. Kim, "Teaching physics with 670 nm diode lasers - construction of stabilized lasers and lithium cells," Am. J. Phys. 63, 729-737 (1995); R. A. Boyd, J. L. Bliss, and K. G. Libbrecht, "Teaching physics with 670 nm diode lasers - experiments with Fabry-Perot cavities," Am. J. Phys. 64 (9), 1109-1116 (1996).
11. I. M. Beterov, A. V. Dudnikov, V. G. Volkov, I. I. Ryabtsev, and V. M. Entin, "Some applications of tunable diode lasers in atomic physics," Siberian Journal of Physics 1, 41-56 (1997).
12. L. M. Barkov, D. Melik-Pashayev, and M. Zolotorev, "Nonlinear Faraday Rotation in Samarium Vapor," Opt. Commun. 70 (6), 467-472 (1989).
13. W. Gawlik, "Optical Nonlinearity and Atomic Coherences," in Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 3, edited by M. Evans and S. Kielich, Advances in Chemical Physics Series, Vol. LXXXV (Wiley, New York, 1994), pp. 733-773.
14. M. G. Kozlov, "Faraday effect in strong laser field," Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 67 (6), 789-792 (1989) [Russian original: Opt. Spektrosk. 67 (6), 1342-1345 (1989)]; K. P. Zetie, R. B. Warrington, M. J. D. Macpherson, D. N. Stacey, and F. Schuller, "Interpretation of nonlinear Faraday rotation in samarium vapor," Opt. Commun. 91 (3-4), 210-214 (1992) .
15. M. G. Kozlov, "Faraday effect in strong laser field," Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 67 (6), 789-792 (1989) [Russian original: Opt. Spektrosk. 67 (6), 1342-1345 (1989)]; K. P. Zetie, R. B. Warrington, M. J. D. Macpherson, D. N. Stacey, and F. Schuller, "Interpretation of nonlinear Faraday rotation in samarium vapor," Opt. Commun. 91 (3-4), 210-214 (1992) .
16. M. G. Kozlov, "Faraday effect in strong laser field," Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR) 67 (6), 789-792 (1989) [Russian original: Opt. Spektrosk. 67 (6), 1342-1345 (1989)]; K. P. Zetie, R. B. Warrington, M. J. D. Macpherson, D. N. Stacey, and F. Schuller, "Interpretation of nonlinear Faraday rotation in samarium vapor," Opt. Commun. 91 (3-4), 210-214 (1992) .
17. B. Schuh, S. I. Kanorsky, A. Weis, and T. W. Hänsch, "Observation of Ramsey fringes in nonlinear Faraday rotation," Opt. Commun. 100 (5-6), 451-455 (1993). This approach was also independently suggested in D. Budker, D. DeMille, E. D. Commins, and M. Zolotorev, quot;Nonlinear optical rotation in separated laser fields and its application to the search for P and T violation," 17 pp., 1992 (unpublished).
18. B. Schuh, S. I. Kanorsky, A. Weis, and T. W. Hänsch, "Observation of Ramsey fringes in nonlinear Faraday rotation," Opt. Commun. 100 (5-6), 451-455 (1993). This approach was also independently suggested in D. Budker, D. DeMille, E. D. Commins, and M. Zolotorev, quot;Nonlinear optical rotation in separated laser fields and its application to the search for P and T violation," 17 pp., 1992 (unpublished).
19. S. I. Kanorsky, A. Weis, and J. Skalla, "A wall-collision-induced Ramsey resonance," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 60 (2-3), S165-S168 (1995).
20. A. Weis, J. Wurster, and S. I. Kanorsky, "Quantitative interpretation of the nonlinear Faraday effect as a Hanle effect of a light-induced birefringence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10 (4), 716-724 (1993); S. I. Kanorsky, A. Weis, J. Wurster, and T. W. Hänsch, "Quantitative investigation of the resonant nonlinear Faraday effect under conditions of optical hyperfine pumping," Phys. Rev. A 47(2), 1220-1226 (1993).
21. A. Weis, J. Wurster, and S. I. Kanorsky, "Quantitative interpretation of the nonlinear Faraday effect as a Hanle effect of a light-induced birefringence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10 (4), 716-724 (1993); S. I. Kanorsky, A. Weis, J. Wurster, and T. W. Hänsch, "Quantitative investigation of the resonant nonlinear Faraday effect under conditions of optical hyperfine pumping," Phys. Rev. A 47(2), 1220-1226 (1993).
22. D. Budker, V. Yashchuk, and M. Zolotorev, "Nonlinear magneto-optic effects with ultra-narrow widths," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(26), 5788-5791 (1998).
23. L. M. Barkov, M. S. Zolotorev, and D. Melik-Pashayev, "Amplification of a (P+T)-odd optical activity," Sov. JETP Pis'ma 48 (3), 144-147 (1988) [Russian original: Pis'ma v Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 48 (3), 134-138 (1998)].
24. L. M. Barkov, M. S. Zolotorev, and D. Melik-Pashayev, "Amplification of a (P+T)-odd optical activity," Sov. JETP Pis'ma 48 (3), 144-147 (1988) [Russian original: Pis'ma v Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 48 (3), 134-138 (1998)].
25. I. B. Khriplovich and S. K. Lamoreaux, CP Violation without Strangeness. The Electric Dipole Moments of Particles, Atoms and Molecules (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997).
26. S. E. Harris, "Electromagnetically induced transparency," Phys. Today 50 (7), 36-42 (1997).
27. E. Arimondo, "Coherent Population Trapping in Laser Spectroscopy," in Progress in Optics XXXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier Science B.V., New York, 1996), pp. 259-354.
28. S. Brandt, A. Nagel, R. Wynands, and D. Meschede, "Buffer-gas-induced linewidth reduction of coherent dark resonances to below 50 Hz," Phys. Rev. A 56 (2), R1063-R1066 (1997).
29. M. Fleishhauer and M. O. Scully, "Quantum sensitivity limits of an optical magnetometer based on atomic phase coherence," Phys. Rev. A 49 (3), 1973-1986 (1994).
30. M. Faraday, Experimental Research in Electricity (Richard Taylor and William Francis, London, 1855), Vol. III, entries 2152, 2164.
31. D. Macaluso and O. M. Corbino, "Sopra Una Nuova Azione Che La Luce Subisce Attraversando Alcuni Vapori Metallici In Un Campo Magnetico," Nuovo Cimento 8, 257-258 (1898); "Sulla Relazione Tra II Fenomeno Di Zeemann E La Rotazione Magnetica Anomala Del Piano Di Polarizzazione Della Luce," ibid. 9, 384-389 (1899).
32. D. Macaluso and O. M. Corbino, "Sopra Una Nuova Azione Che La Luce Subisce Attraversando Alcuni Vapori Metallici In Un Campo Magnetico," Nuovo Cimento 8, 257-258 (1898); "Sulla Relazione Tra II Fenomeno Di Zeemann E La Rotazione Magnetica Anomala Del Piano Di Polarizzazione Della Luce," ibid. 9, 384-389 (1899).
33. There are different definitions of the terms "alignment" and "orientation" in the literature. For example, in R. N. Zare, Angular momentum: understanding spatial aspects in chemistry and physics (Wiley, New York, 1988), alignment designates even moments in atomic polarization (quadrupole, hexadecapole, etc.), while orientation designates the odd moments (dipole, octupole, etc.). We use the convention of E. B. Alexandrov, M. P. Chaika, and G. I. Khvostenko, Interference of Atomic States (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993), in which alignment designates the second (quadrupole) polarization moment, and orientation designates the first (dipole) polarization moment.
34. There are different definitions of the terms "alignment" and "orientation" in the literature. For example, in R. N. Zare, Angular momentum: understanding spatial aspects in chemistry and physics (Wiley, New York, 1988), alignment designates even moments in atomic polarization (quadrupole, hexadecapole, etc.), while orientation designates the odd moments (dipole, octupole, etc.). We use the convention of E. B. Alexandrov, M. P. Chaika, and G. I. Khvostenko, Interference of Atomic States (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993), in which alignment designates the second (quadrupole) polarization moment, and orientation designates the first (dipole) polarization moment.
35. A. P. Kazantsev, V. S. Smirnov, A. M. Tumaikin, and I. A. Yagofarov, "Effect of atomic ground state self-polarization in the optical-pumping cycle on the increase of linear light absorption for j to j+1 transitions," Opt. Spectrosc. 57 (2), 116-117 (1984) [Russian original: Opt. Spektrosk. 57 (2), 189-191 (1984)].
36. A. P. Kazantsev, V. S. Smirnov, A. M. Tumaikin, and I. A. Yagofarov, "Effect of atomic ground state self-polarization in the optical-pumping cycle on the increase of linear light absorption for j to j+1 transitions," Opt. Spectrosc. 57 (2), 116-117 (1984) [Russian original: Opt. Spektrosk. 57 (2), 189-191 (1984)].
37. A. Corney, Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy (Clarendon, Oxford, 1988), Chap. 15.
38. The separation of the nonlinear Faraday effect into the hole-burning and the coherence contribution appears very useful in understanding the underlying physical mechanisms of the phenomenon, and in determining the widths of the magneto-optical resonances (Ref. 7). The two contributions are closely related, however, since they both originate from optical pumping. Thus, unified theoretical treatments of these effects are possible (Ref. 9), which are in good agreement with experiment (Ref. 7).
39. Environmental Optical Sensors, Inc., Boulder, CO 80301-3376, phone: (303) 530-7785, http://www.eosi.com. The EOSI 2010 system has a built-in wavemeter. After initial calibration, it can display absolute wave-length with uncertainty of ±0.1 nm, which is more than adequate to place the laser frequency within a smooth electronic tuning range from an atomic resonance.
40. Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, phone: (408) 744-8040, http://www.srsys.com.
41. National Instruments, Austin, TX 78730-5039, phone: (512) 794-0100.
42. S.-. Kim, S.-E. Park, H.-S. Lee, C.-H. Oh, J.-D. Park, and H. Cho, "High-resolution spectroscopy of rubidium atoms," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 32, 3291-3295 (1993); O. Schmidt, K.-M. Knaak, R. Wynands, and D. Meschede, "Cesium saturation spectroscopy revisited: How to reverse peaks and observe narrow resonances," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 59 (2), 167-178 (1994); I. M. Beterov, I. I. Ryabtsev, V. M. Entin, and V. B. Elman, "Alignment in Doppler free spectroscopy of 87Rb," ICAP 16 Abstracts, Windsor 1998, p. 345; W. K. Hensinger, A. G. Truscott, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and N. R. Heckenberg, "Variations of relative line intensity in saturation spectroscopy due to low magnetic fields," submitted to Opt. Quantum Electron.
43. S.-. Kim, S.-E. Park, H.-S. Lee, C.-H. Oh, J.-D. Park, and H. Cho, "High-resolution spectroscopy of rubidium atoms," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 32, 3291-3295 (1993); O. Schmidt, K.-M. Knaak, R. Wynands, and D. Meschede, "Cesium saturation spectroscopy revisited: How to reverse peaks and observe narrow resonances," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 59 (2), 167-178 (1994); I. M. Beterov, I. I. Ryabtsev, V. M. Entin, and V. B. Elman, "Alignment in Doppler free spectroscopy of 87Rb," ICAP 16 Abstracts, Windsor 1998, p. 345; W. K. Hensinger, A. G. Truscott, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and N. R. Heckenberg, "Variations of relative line intensity in saturation spectroscopy due to low magnetic fields," submitted to Opt. Quantum Electron.
44. S.-. Kim, S.-E. Park, H.-S. Lee, C.-H. Oh, J.-D. Park, and H. Cho, "High-resolution spectroscopy of rubidium atoms," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 32, 3291-3295 (1993); O. Schmidt, K.-M. Knaak, R. Wynands, and D. Meschede, "Cesium saturation spectroscopy revisited: How to reverse peaks and observe narrow resonances," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 59 (2), 167-178 (1994); I. M. Beterov, I. I. Ryabtsev, V. M. Entin, and V. B. Elman, "Alignment in Doppler free spectroscopy of 87Rb," ICAP 16 Abstracts, Windsor 1998, p. 345; W. K. Hensinger, A. G. Truscott, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and N. R. Heckenberg, "Variations of relative line intensity in saturation spectroscopy due to low magnetic fields," submitted to Opt. Quantum Electron.
45. S.-. Kim, S.-E. Park, H.-S. Lee, C.-H. Oh, J.-D. Park, and H. Cho, "High-resolution spectroscopy of rubidium atoms," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 32, 3291-3295 (1993); O. Schmidt, K.-M. Knaak, R. Wynands, and D. Meschede, "Cesium saturation spectroscopy revisited: How to reverse peaks and observe narrow resonances," Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 59 (2), 167-178 (1994); I. M. Beterov, I. I. Ryabtsev, V. M. Entin, and V. B. Elman, "Alignment in Doppler free spectroscopy of 87Rb," ICAP 16 Abstracts, Windsor 1998, p. 345; W. K. Hensinger, A. G. Truscott, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and N. R. Heckenberg, "Variations of relative line intensity in saturation spectroscopy due to low magnetic fields," submitted to Opt. Quantum Electron.
46. This cell was manufactured in the early sixties and is a leftover from the intense investigations of optical pumping carried out at UC Berkeley at that time; see, e.g., J. Yellin, Ph.D. thesis, UC Berkeley, 1965; H. M. Gibbs, Ph.D. thesis, UC Berkeley, 1965. Coated (and uncoated) cells are also available commercially, e.g., from EOSI, Boulder, CO.
47. E. Pfleghaar, J. Wurster, S. I. Kanorsky, and A. Weis, "Time of flight effects in nonlinear magneto-optical spectroscopy," Opt. Commun. 99, 303-308 (1993).
48. M. A. Bouchiat and J. Brossel, "Relaxation of Optically Pumped Rb At-oms on Paraffin-Coated Walls," Phys. Rev. 147 (1), 41-54 (1966).
49. E. B. Alexandrov, M. V. Balabas, A. S. Pasgalev, A. K. Vershovskii, and N. N. Yakobson, "Double-Resonance Atomic Magnetometers: from Gas Discharge to Laser Pumping," Laser Phys. 6 (2), 244-251 (1996).
50. C. Wieman and T. W. Hänsch, "Doppler-free laser polarization spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 1170-1173 (1976).
51. Channel Industries, Inc., tel. (805) 967-0171, change in length type tube, wall thickness 20 mills, material type C-5600.
52. Magnetic Shield Corp. Perfection Mica Company, Bensenville, IL 6010 6, tel. (630) 766-7800.