Biotechnology under globalisation: The corporate expropriation of plant, animal and microbial species

Race and Class

Volumn 40, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 87-89

  King, Jonathan ^a   Stabinsky, Doreen ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22444456091     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. J. Davis, T. Hirschl and M. Stack, eds., Cutting Edge: technology, information capitalism and social revolution (London, Verso Press, 1997).
2. Sheldon Krimsky, Bioteclmics and Society: the rise of industrial genetics (New York, Praeger Publishers, 1991); Sheldon Krimsky and Roger Wrubel, Agricultural Biotechnology and the Environment (Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1996); Jeremy Rifkin, The Biotech Century (New York, Tarcher/Putnam, 1998).
3. Pat Roy Mooney, The parts of life: agricultural biodiversity, indigenous knowledge, and the role of the third system', Development Dialogue (Special Issue, 1998).
4. Krimsky, op. cit.
5. Vandana Shiva, Biopiracy: the plunder of nature and knowledge (Boston, South End Press, 1997); Krimsky, op.cit.; Krimsky and Wrubel, op.cit.; Ruth Hubbard and Elijah Wald, Exploding the Gene Afyth (Boston, Beacon Press, 1993) and Rifkin, op. cit.
6. Jonathan King, 'The biotechnology revolution: self-replicating factories and the ownership of life forms', in Biopiracy: the Plunder of Nature and Knowledge Cutting Edge, op. cit.
7. David Goodman and Michael Redclift, Refashioning Nature: food, ecology and culture (London and New York, Routledee, 1991), pp. 87-132.
8. Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and Culture Ibid.
9. Deborah Fitzgerald, The Business of Breeding, Hybrid Corn in Illinois, 1890-1940 (Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1990); Jack Kloppenburg, Jr., First the Seed: the political economy of plant biotechnology (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988).
10. Renée Vellvé, Saving the Seed: genetic diversity and European agriculture (London, Earthscan, 1992).
11. Donna H. Smith and Jonathan King, The legal and legislative background', Environment (Vo\.24,no.6, 1982).
12. Writings of Thomas Jefferson V (p.47, Ford ed.) and VI (pp. ISO-181, Washington ed.), cited in Graham \: John Deere Co. of Kansas City étal., 383 US 1 (1065).
13. Krimsky, op.cit, pp.43-57.
14. 'Sweeping patents put biotech companies on the warpath'. Science (Vol 208, 5 May 1985), p. 658; Tromega Taq patent, Science Magazine; 'Gene therapy patent challenge round one', Nature Biotechnology (Vol. 14, April 1996)p.428.
15. Gregg Hillyer, Progressive Farmer, http:/Avww.progressivefarmer.com/today/pffile/ savedseed.html (January 1998).
16. Rural Advancement Foundation International, 'US patent on new genetic technology will prevent farmers from saving seed', RAFI Genotypes (l l March 1998).
17. Ibid; Leora Broydo, 'A seedy business', Mother Jones Online, http://www.mojones. com/news_wire (7 April 1998).
18. Gary Fowler and Pat Mooney, Shattering: food, politics, and the loss of genetic diversity (Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1990).
19. Krimsky and Wrubel, Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity op. cit.
20. 'Betting the Transgenic farm'. Chemical ami Engineering News (28 April 1997), pp. 15-19.
21. Rural Advancement Foundation International, 'Seed industry consolidation: who owns whom?', RAFI Communique, (July/August 1998); 'Monsanto to buy Cargill foreign seed units', Reuters (30 Junel998).
22. RAFI Communique Ibid.
23. Steve Suppan, 'Biotechnology's takeover of the seed industry,' Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, IPR info sheet 23 (1998).
24. Rural Advancement Fund International, 'Basmati rice patent', RAFI Genotypes (1 April 1998),
25. Shiva, RAFI Genotypes op. cit.
26. Krimsky, RAFI Genotypes op. cit.
27. Jonathan King, 'Gene patents retard the protection of human health', Genewatch (Vol. 10, nos 2-3, October 1996) pp. 10-11.
28. Roman Saliwanchik, Legal Protection for Microbiological and Genetic Engineering Indentions (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1982).
29. Michael A. Heller and Rebecca Eisenberg, 'Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomédical research', Science (Vol. 280,1 May 1998), pp. 698-701.
30. Shiva, Science op.cit.
31. Via Campesina, statement presented to the World Trade Organisation, Second Ministerial Conference, Geneva (18 May 1998).
32. 'Declaration of Indigenous Peoples of the Western Hemisphere Regarding the Human Genome Diversity Project', Cultural Survival Quarterly (No. 63, Summer 1996).
33. Blue Mountain Declaration, 3 June 1995, in King, 'The biotechnology revolution... ', op. cit. Participants at the Blue Mountain Conference were Alternative Agricultural Projects (AS-PTA) Brazil; The Canadian Environmental Law Association; The Community Nutrition Institute; The Council for Responsible Genetics; The Cultural Conservancy; Cultural Survival Canada; The Edmonds Institute; The Feminist Alliance on New Reproductive and Genetic Technology (Canada); The Foundation on Economic Trends; The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy; The International Center for Technology Assessment; Debra Harry, a Northern Paiute activist; Brewster Kneen, The Rain's Horn; Rural Advancement Fund International; The General Board of Church and Society of the United Methodists.