Patterns of governance: The rise of transnational coalitions of NGOs

Global Society

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 247-266

  Yanacopulos, Helen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION;

EID: 22244451380     PISSN: 13600826     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600820500135379     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. This article has benefited from the helpful comments and suggestions of Jim Whitman, the editor of this journal, and the anonymous referees. This research was made possible through a fellowship from the Cambridge Political Economy Trust. I am also grateful for the time given by all those interviewed for this research.
2. There are numerous distinctions made between alliances, coalitions and networks, such as: A. Himmelman, "On the Theory and Practice of Transformational Collaboration: From Social Service to Social Justice", in C. Huxham (ed.), Creating Collaborative Advantage (London: Sage Publications, 1996);
3. A. Fowler, Striking a Balance (London: Earthscan Publications, 1997);
4. C. Egan, Creating Organizational Advantage (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995);
5. and D. Young, " Strategy and Structure in Managing Global Associations", Paper presented at the Conference for the Association for Research on Non-profit organisations and Voluntary Action, Indianopolis, 4-6 December 1997. Here, we refer to coalitions as we have selected case studies that are more than information disseminators, but where members show a greater degree of commitment to the group as a whole.
6. A great deal has been written on issue-based coalitions, originating with the work done by M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), who wrote about environmental networks, women's networks, human rights networks.
7. Other work in this area can be found in J. Clark (ed.), Globalizing Civic Engagement. Civil Society and Transnational Action (London: Earthscan, 2004), who examines consumers networks, HIV/AIDS networks and trade unions.
8. M. Simai, The Future of Global Governance - Managing Risk and Change in the International System (Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994), p. 356.
9. World Bank, Governance and Development (Washington: World Bank Publications).
10. G. Hyden, Governance and Politics in Africa (London: Lynne Riener, 1992), p. 5, believes that the use of the term governance in this case stems from the Bank's perceptions of the sub-Saharan African development crisis as being one of the deficiencies of indigenous public service organs. Arguably, the World Bank used the term because the Bank's mandate is not explicitly political, and thus 'good governance' was a safer term than 'good government'.
11. Writers on governance include J. Rosenau and E. Czempiel (eds.), Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
12. J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier. Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997);
13. O. Young, " The Effectiveness of International Institutions: Hard Cases and Critical Variables", in J. Rosenau and E. Czempiel (eds.), op. cit.;
14. A. Paolini, A. Jarvis and C. Reus-Smith, Between Sovereignty and Global Governance: The United Nations, the State, and Civil Society (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998);
15. Simai, op. cit.;
16. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood - The Report of the Commission on Global Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995);
17. and J. Pierre, Debating Governance. Authority, Steering and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
18. A quarterly journal was started in 1995 called Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organisations.
19. Rosenau's term 'post internationalist' describes a world-view in which both states and non-state actors are acknowledged and examined. This field has also been called transnational politics, world politics or global politics.
20. J. Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-first Century", Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1995), p. 14.
21. Rosenau, Along the Domestic - Foreign Frontier. Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World, op. cit., p. 174.
22. L. S. Finkelstein, "What is Global Governance?", Global Governance, Vol. 1. No. 1 (1995), p. 368.
23. J. Kooiman, Modern Governance (London: Sage Publications, 1993). p. 2.
24. M. C. Smouts, "The Proper Use of Governance in International Relations", International Social Science Journal, Vol. 50, Issue 155 (1998), p. 84.
25. Pierre, op. cit., p. 3.
26. Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-first Century" op. cit., p. 14.
27. J. Rosenau, "Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics", in J. Rosenau and E. Czempiel (eds.), op. cit., p. 4.
28. Kooiman suggests that not only are the boundaries between state and society changing, but also the nature of the boundaries themselves is changing in character and they are becoming more permeable. He further suggests that the borderline between "where government begins and society ends, or the other way around, [is becoming] more diffuse" (Kooiman, op. cit. p. 4). The emphasis is no longer on unilateral, but on bilateral and multilateral aspects of models of governing. He concludes by suggesting that these new forms of governing can be put under headings such as management, control, steering and guiding.
29. Finkelstein, op. cit., p. 267.
30. Rosenau, "Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics". op. cit., p. 4.
31. J. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
32. G. Stoker, "Governance as Theory: Five Propositions", International Social Science Journal, Vol. 50, No. 155 (1998), p. 18.
33. P. Hirst, "Democracy and Governance" in J. Pierre (ed.), Debating Governance. Authority, Steering and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 22.
34. E. Czempiel, "Governance and Democratisation", in J. Rosenau and E. Czempiel (eds.), op. cit., p. 250.
35. Rosenau, Along the Domestic - Foreign Frontier. Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World, op. cit., p. 10.
36. See J. Whitman, "Global Governance as the Friendly Face of Unaccountable Power", Security Dialogue, Vol. 33, No. 1 (2002) for an exploration of this point.
37. For a examination of how norm cycles have been an influencing force in campaigns, see: Keck and Sikkink, op. cit.;
38. A. M. Clark, Diplomacy of Conscience. Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999);
39. H. Yanacopulos, "The Public Face of Debt", Journal of International Development, Vol. 16, Issue 5 (2004), pp. 717-727);
40. S. Khagram, J. Riker and K. Sikkink (eds.), Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
41. The seminal work on transnational relations theory is R. Koehane and J. Nye, Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
42. It has been revived in: T. Risse-Kappen, Bringing Transnational Relations Back In. Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);
43. Keck and Sikkink, op. cit., amongst others.
44. For a descriptive history of transnational relations, see Risse-Kappen, op. cit., p. 7.
45. Risse-Kappen, op. cit., p. 3.
46. Quoted in Rosenau, Along the Domestic - Foreign Frontier. Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World, op. cit., p. 101.
47. Ibid., p. 72.
48. Risse-Kapan, op. cit., p. 4.
49. See Keck and Sikkink, op. cit.;
50. S. Burgerman, Moral Victories: How Activists Provoke Multilateral Action (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001);
51. and A. Florini (ed.), The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Tokyo: Japan Center for International Change and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).
52. R. O'Brien, A. M. Goetz, J. A. Scholte and M. Williams, Contesting Global Governance. Multilateral Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
53. Available: , accessed 14 June 2004.
54. Available: , accessed 14 June 2004.
55. Available: , accessed 14 June 2004.
56. J. Hanlon, An Independent Evaluation of the Bretton Woods Project" (London: The Bretton Woods Project, 1998), summary.
57. M. Hatch, Organisation Theory. Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 101.
58. OXF-1 personal interview, Washington, DC, 8 July 1998.
59. OXF-1 personal interview, Washington, DC, 8 July 1998.
60. TWN-2 personal interview, Penang, Malaysia, 5 May 1998.
61. D. Kahneman, P. Slovic and A.Tversky (eds.), Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), developed Prospect theory, which is where the idea of framing originates.
62. Kooiman, op. cit., p. 44.
63. Keck and Sikkink, op. cit., p. 17.
64. IFI-4 personal interview, Washington, DC, 10 February 1999.
65. BWP-1 personal interview, London, UK, 24 September 1998.
66. I have had various informal conversations with IFI officials, where some have argued that NGOs do not have any influence in setting the development agenda. These officials have held the perspective that IFIs work with member governments, and NGOs are not part of this process. This perspective was more evident in the IMF rather than in the World Bank.
67. OXF-1 personal interview, Washington, DC, 8 July 1998.
68. IFI-3 personal interview, Washington, DC, 12 February 1999.
69. OXF-1 personal interview, Washington, DC, 8 July 1998.
70. Kooiman, op. cit., p. 35.
71. Rosenau, quoted in M. Sewell and J. Salter, "Panarchy and Other Norms for Global Governance: Boutros-Ghali, Rosenau and Beyond", Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1995), p. 376.
72. Rosenau, Along the Domestic- Foreign Frontier. Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World, op. cit., p. 146.
73. OXF-4 personal interview, Oxford, UK, 30 September 1998.
74. NGO-1 personal interview, Addis Ababa, Ethopia, 18 September 1999.
75. J. Pfeffer and G. R. Salancik, The External Control of Organisation - A Resource Dependency Perspective (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), p. 149.
76. Ibid., p. 149.
77. An interesting addition to the above description of a norm, comes from Frost, where he observes that norms are not always identified in terms of adherence, but perhaps more usefully in terms of the perceived need to justify abrogations: M. Frost, Ethics in International Relations. A Constitutive Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
78. For example, it is recognised not only under codified, but also under customary international law, as examined in Frost, op. cit.
79. Pierre, op. cit., p. 241.
80. IFI-4 personal interview, Washington, DC, 10 February 1999.
81. IFI-4 personal interview, Washington, DC, 10 February 1999.
82. OXF-4 personal interview, Oxford, UK, 30 September 1998.
83. OXF-3 personal interview, Washington, DC, 16 February 1999.
84. OXF-1 personal interview, Washington, DC, 8 July 1998.