Serum electrolytes in ironman triathletes with exercise-associated muscle cramping

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 37, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 1081-1085

  Sulzer, Nicole U ^a   Schwellnus, Martin P ^a,b   Noakes, Timothy D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Electromyography; Muscle cramps; Serum minerals; Triathlon

Indexed keywords

CHLORIDE; ELECTROLYTE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN; MAGNESIUM; POTASSIUM; SODIUM;

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BODY MASS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROLYTE BLOOD LEVEL; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EXERCISE; EXERCISE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CRAMP; HEMATOCRIT; HUMAN; LEG MUSCLE; MUSCLE CRAMP; NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL; SOUTH AFRICA; TRIATHLON;

ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; ELECTROLYTES; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EXERTION; HUMANS; MUSCLE CRAMP; SOUTH AFRICA; SPORTS;

EID: 22144478260     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000169723.79558.cf     Document Type: Article

References (17)

1. DRABKIN, D. L., and J. H. AUSTIN. Spectrophotometricstudies II: preparations from washed cells; nitric oxide, hemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 112:51, 1935.
2. EICHNER, E. R. Heat cramps: salt is simplest, most effective antidote. Sports Med. Dig. 21:88, 1999.
3. HILLER, W. D., M. L. O'TOOLE, E. E. FORTESS, R. H. LAIRD P. C. IMBERT, and T. D. SISK. Medical and physiological considerations in triathlons. Am. J. Sports Med. 15:164-167, 1987.
4. KANTOROWSKI, P. G., W. D. HILLER, W. E. GARRETT, P. S. DOUGLAS, R. SMITH, and M. L. O'TOOLE. Cramping studies in 2 600 endurance athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22:8104, 1990.
5. LAIRD, R. H. Medical care at ultra endurance triathlons. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21:8222-8225, 1989.
6. MAUGHAN, R. J. Exercise-induced muscle cramp: a prospective biochemical study in marathon runners. J. Sports Sci. 4:31-34, 1986.
7. McARDLE, W. D., F. I. KATCH, and V. L. KATCH. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1991, p. 58.
8. MICHELI, L. J., and M. JENKINS, The Sports Medicine Bible. New York: HarperCollins, 1995, p. 117.
9. NORRIS, F. H., E. L. GASTEIGER, and P. O. CHATFIELD. An electromyographic study of induced and spontaneous muscle cramps. EEC Clin. Neurophysiol. 9:139-147, 1957.
10. READ, M., and P. WADE. Sports Injuries: A Unique Guide to Self Diagnosis and Rehabilitation. Cape Town, South Africa: Vlaeberg Publishers, 1994, p. 32.
11. Ross, B. H., and C. K. THOMAS. Human motor unit activity during induced muscle cramp. Brain 118:983-993, 1995.
12. SCHWELLNUS, M. P. Skeletal muscle cramps during exercise. Physician Sportsmed. 27:109-115, 1999.
13. SCHWELLNUS, M. P., E. W. DERMAN, and T. D. NOAKES. Aetiology of skeletal muscle "cramps" during exercise: a novel hypothesis. J. Sports Sci. 15:277-285, 1997.
14. SCHWELLNUS, M. P., J. NICOL, and R. LAUBSCHER. Serum electrolyte concentrations and hydration status are not associated with Exercise Associated Muscle Cramping (EAMC) in distance runners. BJSM 38:488-492, 2004.
15. SHARWOOD, K., M. COLLINS, J. GOEDECKE, G. WILSON, and T. D. NOAKES. Weight changes, sodium levels, and performance in the South African Ironman Triathlon. Clin. J. Sports Med. 12:391-399, 2002.
16. SPEEDY, D. B., T. D. NOAKES, I. R. ROGERS, J. M. THOMPSON, R. G. CAMPBELL, and J. A. KUTTNER. Hyponatraemia in ultra distance triathletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31:809-815, 1999.
17. TORTORA, G. J., and S. R. GRABOWSKI. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. New York: HarperCollins, 1993, pp. 908-911.