Serum electrolyte concentrations and hydration status are not associated with exercise associated muscle cramping (EAMC) in distance runners

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 488-492

  Schwellnus, M P ^a   Nicol, J ^a   Laubscher, R ^b   Noakes, T D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b Epidemiology Research Unit   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; ELECTROLYTE; GLUCOSE; MAGNESIUM; POTASSIUM; PROTEIN; SODIUM;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; BLOOD VOLUME; BODY WEIGHT; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROLYTE BLOOD LEVEL; ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYDRATION; MAGNESIUM BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MUSCLE CRAMP; PLASMA VOLUME; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RUNNING; SERUM OSMOLALITY; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL;

ADULT; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY; COHORT STUDIES; ELECTROLYTES; EXERCISE; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; MUSCLE CRAMP; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RUNNING; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 3843123274     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.007021     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Schwellnus MP, Derman EW, Noakes TD. Aetiology of skeletal muscle "cramps" during exercise: a novel hypothesis. J Sports Sci 1997;15:277-85.
2. Hiller WD, O'Toole M, Massimino AF, et al. Plasma electrolyte and glucose changes during the Hawaiian Ironman triathlon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985;17(suppl):S219.
3. Hiller WD, O'Toole ML, Laird RH, et al. Electrolyte and glucose changes in endurance and ultra-endurance exercise: results and medical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986;18(suppl):S62-3.
4. Hiller WD, O'Toole M, Laird RH. Hyponatraemia and ultra marathons [letter]. JAMA 1986;11:213-14.
5. Hiller WD, O'Toole M, Laird RH, et al. Hyponatraemia in triathletes: a prospective study of 270 athletes in events from 2 hours to 34 hours duration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987;10(suppl):S71.
6. Noakes TD, Norman RJ, Buck RH, et al. The incidence of hyponatraemia during prolonged ultra endurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:165-70.
7. Eaton JM. Is this really a muscle cramp? Postgrad Med 1989;86:227-32.
8. Knochel JP. Environmental heat illness: an eclectic review. Arch Intern Med 1974;133:841-04.
9. Knochel JP. Neuromuscular manifestations of electrolyte disorders. Am J Med 1982;72:521-35.
10. Layzer RB, Rowland LP. Cramps. Physiol Med 1971;285:31-40.
11. McGee SR. Muscle cramps. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:511-18.
12. Neal CR, Resnikoff E. Treatment of dialysis-related muscle cramps with hypertonic dextrose. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:171-3.
13. Shearer S. Dehydration and serum electrolyte changes in South African gold miners with heat disorders. Am J Indust Med 1990;17:225-39.
14. Eichner ER. Heat cramps: salt is simplest, most effective antidote. Sports Med Dig 1999;21:88.
15. Horswill CA. Muscle cramps: causes and cures. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 2000: http://www.gssiweb.com/reflib/refs/212/musclecramps.cfm.
16. Eichner ER. Muscle cramps: the right ways for the dog days. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 2000: http://www.gssiweb.com/reflib/refs/588/ musclecramps.cfm.
17. Peterson L, Renstrom P. Sports injuries: their prevalence and treatment, 3rd ed. London: Martin Dunitz, 2001:416.
18. Eichner ER. Should I run tomorrow? In: Tunstall-Pedoe DS, ed. Marathon medicine. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 2000:323-5.
19. Bergeron MF. Sodium: the forgotten nutrient. Gotorade Sports Science Institute, 2000: http://www.gssiweb.corn/reflib/refs/247/SSE78.cfm.
20. Coleman E, Murray B, Prentice B. Common runners' maladies and what to do about them during marathon season. Gavorade Sports Science Institute, 2002. http://www.gssiweb.com/reflib/refs/262/runnerswoes.cfm.
21. Maughan RJ. Exercise-induced muscle cramp: a prospective biochemical study in marathon runners. J Sports Sci 1986;4:31-4.
22. Casoni I, Guglielmini C, Graziano L, et al. Changes of magnesium concentrations in endurance athletes. Int J Sports Med 1990;11:234-7.
23. Willmore JH, Costill DL. Nutrition and nutritional ergogenics. Physiology of sport and exercise. Lower Mitcham, South Australia: Human Kinetics, 1994:361.
24. Brouns F, Beckers E, Wagenmakers AJ, et al. Ammonia accumulation during highly intensive long-lasting cycling. Int J Sports Med 1990;11:S78-84.
25. Kantorowski PG, Hiller WD, Garrett WE, et al. Cramping studies in 2600 endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22(suppl 4):S104.
26. Maughan RJ. Thermoregulation in marathon competition at low ambient temperature. Int J Sports Med 1985;6:15-19.
27. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol 1974;37:247-8.
28. Milutinovich J, Graefe U, Follette WC, et al. Effect of hypertonic glucose on the muscular cramps of haemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 1979;90:926-8.
29. Speedy DB, Noakes TD, Rogers IR, et al. Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:809-15.