From discretion to disagreement: Explaining disparities in judges' pretrial decisions

Behavioral Sciences and the Law

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 367-386

  Dhami, Mandeep K ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAIL DECISION; CRIME; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; CUSTODY; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; JURISPRUDENCE; JUSTICE; LAW; LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; PUNISHMENT; REVIEW; RISK; SIMULATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DECISION MAKING; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDICIAL ROLE; MALE; RISK ASSESSMENT; WALES;

EID: 22144438953     PISSN: 07353936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bsl.619     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Albonetti, C. A. (1989). Bail and judicial discretion in the District of Columbia. Sociology and Social Research, 74, 40-47.
2. Anderson, J. M., Kling, J. R., & Stith, K. (1999). Measuring interjudge sentencing disparity: Before and after the federal sentencing guidelines. Journal of Law and Economics, 42, 271-307.
3. Bottomley, A. K. (1970). Prison before trial. London: Bell.
4. Brantingham, P. L. (1985). Sentencing disparity: An analysis of judicial consistency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 1, 281-305.
5. Brehmer, A., & Brehmer, B. (1988). What have we learned about human judgment from thirty years of policy capturing. In B. Brehmer, & C. R. B. Joyce (Eds.), Human judgment: The SJT view (pp. 75-114). Amsterdam: North-Holland-Elsevier.
6. Brehmer, B. (1976). Social judgment theory and the analysis of interpersonal conflict. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 985-1003.
7. Brown, D. (1998). Offending on bail and the police use of conditional bail. Research Findings No. 72. London: Home Office.
8. Bushway, S. D., & Piehl, A. M. (2001). Judging judicial discretion: Legal factors and racial discrimination in sentencing. Law and Society Review, 35, 733-764.
9. Carroll, J. S., Wiener, R. L., Coates, D., Galegher, J., & Alibrio, J. J. (1982). Evaluation, diagnosis, and prediction in parole decision making. Law and Society Review, 17, 199-228.
10. Casey, S. N., & Wilson, J. C. (1998). Discretion, disparity or discrepancy? A review of sentencing consistency. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 5, 237-247.
11. Clark, J., & Henry, D. A. (1996). The pretrial release decision making process: Goals, current practices, and challenges. Retrieved 1 March, 2004, from http://www.pretrial.org/ptrdecision1996.doc
12. Clarke, S. H., Freeman, J. L., & Koch, G. G. (1976). Bail risk: A multivariate analysis. The Journal of Legal Studies, 5, 341-385.
13. Clarke, S. H., & Kurtz, S. T. (1983). The importance of interim decisions to felony trial court dispositions. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 74, 475-518.
14. Davies, C. (1971). Pre-trial imprisonment: A Liverpool study. British Journal of Criminology, 11, 32-48.
15. Devine, F. E. (1989). Bail in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
16. Dhami, M. K. (2002). Do bail information schemes really affect bail decisions? The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 245-262.
17. Dhami, M. K. (2003). Psychological models of professional decision-making. Psychological Science, 14, 175-180.
18. Dhami, M. K. (2004). Conditional bail decision making in the magistrates' court. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 27-46.
19. Dhami, M. K., & Ayton, P. (2001). Bailing and jailing the fast and frugal way. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14, 141-168.
20. Doherty, M. J., & East, R. (1985). Bail decisions in magistrates' courts. British Journal of Criminology, 25, 251-266.
21. Doob, A. N., & Beaulieu, L. A. (1992). Variation in the exercise of judicial discretion with young offenders. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 34, 35-50.
22. Federal Judicial Center. (1993). The Bail Reform Act of 1984 (2nd ed.). Retrieved 12 April, 2004, from http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/bailref. pdf/$File/bailref.pdf
23. Frazier, C. E., Bock, E. W., & Henretta, J. C. (1980). Pretrial release and bail decisions: The effects of legal, community, and personal variables. Criminology, 18, 162-181.
24. Galligan, D. J. (1987). Regulating pre-trial decisions. In I. H. Dennis (Ed.), Criminal law and justice (pp. 177-202). New York: Sweet and Maxwell.
25. Goldkamp, J. S. (1993). Judicial responsibility for pretrial release decisionmaking and the information role of pretrial services. Federal Probation, 57, 28-35.
26. Goldkamp, J. S., & Gottfredson, M. R. (1985). Policy guidelines for bail: An experiment in court reform. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
27. Goldkamp, J. S., Gottfredson, M. R., Jones, P. R., & Weiland, D. (1995). Personal liberty and community safely: Pretrial release in the criminal court. New York: Plenum.
28. Gottfredson, D. M. (1987). Prediction and classification in criminal justice decision making. In D. M. Gottfredson, & M. Tonry (Eds.), Prediction and classification: Criminal justice decision making (pp. 1-20). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
29. Gottfredson, M. R., & Gottfredson, D. M. (1988). Decisionmaking in criminal justice: Toward the rational exercise of discretion. New York: Plenum.
30. Hammond, D. (1988). The effects of remand. Prison Service Journal. January.
31. Hayes, M. (1981). Where now the right to bail? Criminal Law Review, 20-24.
32. HM Inspectorate of Prisons. (1999). Annual report of HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales. London: Home Office.
33. Home Office. (1974). Bail procedures in magistrates' courts. London: HMSO.
34. Home Office. (2001). Cautions, court proceedings and sentencing, England and Wales 2000. Statistical Bulletin, 20/01. London: Home Office.
35. Hucklesby, A. (1996). Bail or jail? The practical operation of the Bail Act 1976. Journal of Law and Society, 23, 213-233.
36. Jones, P. (1985). Remand decisions at magistrates' courts. In D. Moxon (Ed.), Managing criminal justice: A collection of papers (pp. 106-117). London: HMSO.
37. Judicial Studies Board. (1996). Bail or custody? The structure of a decision. London: Central Office of Information.
38. Kagehiro, D. K. (1990). Defining the standard of proof in jury instructions. Psychological Science, 1, 194-200.
39. Katz, C. M., & Spohn, C. C. (1995). The effect of race and gender on bail outcomes: A test of an interactive model. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 19, 161-184.
40. Kellough, G., & Wortley, S. (2002). Remand for plea. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 182-210.
41. King, M. (1971). Bail or custody? Nottingham: Cobden Trust.
42. King, M. (1981). The framework of criminal justice. London: Groom Helm.
43. McFatter, R. M. (1986). Sentencing disparity: Perforce or perchance? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 150-164.
44. Meeker, J. W., Jesilow, P., & Aranda, J. (1992). Bias in sentencing - A preliminary analysis of community-service. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 197-206.
45. Miles, W., & Thomson, R. (1992). Bail risk exercise. London: Magistrates' Association.
46. Morgan, P. M., & Henderson, P. F. (1998). Remand decisions and offending on bail: Evaluation of the bail process project. HORS No. 184. London: Home Office.
47. Mumpower, J. L., & Stewart, T. R. (1996). Expert judgment and expert disagreement. Thinking and Reasoning, 2, 191-211.
48. Nagel, I. H. (1983). The legal/extra-legal controversy: Judicial decisions in pretrial release. Law & Society Review, 17, 481-515.
49. Nash, M. (1992). Dangerousness revisited. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 20, 337-349.
50. Nussbaum, D., Lang, M., Chan, B., & Riviere, R. (1994). Characterization of elopers during remand: Can they be predicted? The METFORS experience. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 12, 17-37.
51. Palys, T. S., & Divorski, S. (1986). Explaining sentencing disparity. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 28, 347-362.
52. Petee, T. A. (1994). Recommended for release on recognizance: Factors affecting pretrial release recommendations. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 375-382.
53. Raine, J. W., & Willson, M. J. (1994). Conditional bail or bail with conditions? The use and effectiveness of bail conditions. Birmingham: Birmingham University School of Public Policy.
54. Rankin, A. (1964). The effect of pretrial detention. New York University Law Review, 39, 641-655.
55. Simon, F., & Weatheritt, M. (1974). The use of bail and custody by London magistrates' courts before and after the Criminal Justice Act 1967. HORS No. 20. London: HMSO.
56. Stanfiel, J. D. (1983). Criminal justice decisionmaking: Discretion vs. equity. Federal Probation, 46, 36-41.
57. Stewart, T. S. (1991). Scientists' uncertainty and disagreement about global climate change: A psychological perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 565-573.
58. Thaler, J. (1978). Punishing the innocent: The need for due process and the presumption of innocence prior to trial. Wisconsin Law Review, 2, 441-484.
59. Thomson, R. J., & Zingraff, M. T. (1981). Detecting sentencing disparity: Some problems and evidence. American Journal of Sociology, 86, 869-880.
60. Trotter, G. T. (1999). The law of bail in Canada (2nd ed.). Scarborough, Ont.: Carswell.
61. Visher, C. A., & Linster, R. L. (1990). A survival model of pretrial failure. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 6, 153-184.
62. Weatherburn, D., Quinn, M., & Rich, G. (1987). Drug charges, bail decisions and absconding. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 20, 95-109.
63. White, P. (1999). The prison population in 1998: A statistical review. Research Findings No. 94. London: Home Office.
64. Williams, M. R. (2003). The effect of pretrial detention on imprisonment decisions. Criminal Justice Review, 28, 299-316.
65. Zakay, D. (1997). Post-decisional confidence - can it be trusted? In R. Ranyard, W. R. Crozier, & O. Svenson (Eds.), Decision making: Cognitive models and explanations (pp. 233-246). London: Routledge.
66. Zander, M. (1967). Bail: A re-appraisal. Criminal Law Review, 25-39, 100-110, 128-142.