Sleeping dreams, waking hallucinations, and the central nervous system

Dreaming

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 89-102

  Mahowald, Mark W ^a,b   Woods, Sharon R ^a   Schenck, Carlos H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b HENNEPIN COUNTY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Consciousness; Dreams; Hallucinations; NREM sleep; REM sleep

Indexed keywords

EID: 22044457990     PISSN: 10530797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:DREM.0000005899.59224.17     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Russell B. Religion and Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
2. Cavallero C, Cicogna P, Natale V, Occhionero M, Zito A. Slow wave sleep dreaming. Sleep 1992;15:562-566.
3. Bosinelli M. Mind and consciousness during sleep. Behavioral Brain Research 1995;69:195-201.
4. Cicogna P. Dreaming during sleep onset and awakening. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1994;78:1041-1042.
5. Benbadis SR, Wolgamuth BR, Perry MC, Dinner DS. Dreams and rapid eye movement sleep in the multiple sleep latency test. Sleep 1995;18:105-108.
6. Rosenlicht N, Maloney T, Feinberg I. Dream report length is more dependent on arousal level than prior REM duration. Brain Research Bulletin 1994;34:99-101.
7. Foulkes D. Dreaming and REM sleep. Journal of Sleep Research 1993;2:199-202.
8. Hobson JA, McCarley RW. The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry 1977;134:1335-1348.
9. Steriade M, McCormick DA, Sejnowski TJ. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 1993;262:679-685.
10. Llinas R, Ribary U. Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 1993;90:2078-2081.
11. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. REM sleep behavior disorder. In: Kryger MH, Dement W, Roth T, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1994:574-588.
12. Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Dreaming: a neurocognitive approach. Consciousness and Cognition 1994;3:1-15.
13. Stevenson I. Do we need a new word to supplement "hallucination"? American Journal of Psychiatry 1983;140:1609-1611.
14. West LJ. A clinical and theoretical overview of hallucinatory phenomena. In: Siegel RK, West LJ, eds. Hallucinations. Behavior, Experience, and Theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975:287-311.
15. Fischer R. A pharmacological and conceptual reevaluation of hallucinations. Confina Psychiat. 1974;17:143-151.
16. Marrazzi AS. A neuropharmacologically based concept of hallucinations and its clinical application. In: Keup W, ed. Origin and mechanisms of hallucinations. New York: Plenum Press, 1970.
17. Penfield W, Jasper H. Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Brain. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1954.
18. Hobson JA. The Chemistry of Conscious States. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1994.
19. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Status dissociatus - a perspective on states of being. Sleep 1991;14:69-79.
20. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology 1992;42:44-52.
21. Guilleminault C. Cataplexy. In: Guilleminault C, Dement WC, Passouant P, eds. Narcolepsy. New York: Spectrum, 1976:125-144.
22. Benson KL, Zarcone VPJ. Testing the REM sleep phasic event intrusion hypothesis. Psychiatry Research 1985;15:163-173.
23. Koresko RL, Snyder F, Feinberg I. 'Dream time' in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Nature 1963;199:1118-1119.
24. Rees WD. The hallucinations of widowhood. British Med. J. 1971;4:37-41.
25. Matchett WF. Repeated hallucinatory experiences as a part of the mourning process among Hopi Indian women. Psychiatry 1972;35:185-194.
26. Siegel RK. Hostage hallucinations. Visual imagery induced by isolation and life-threatening stress. J. Nervous Mental Dis. 1984;172:264-271.
27. Slade P. Hallucinations. Psychological Medicine 1976;6:7-13.
28. Asaad G, Shapiro B. Hallucinations: theoretical and clinical overview. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1088-1097.
29. Goodwin DW, Alderson P, Rosenthal R. Clinical significance of hallucinations in psychiatric disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1971;24:76-80.
30. Freedman SJ, Grunebaum HU, Stare FA, Greenblatt M. Imagery in sensory deprivation. In: West L, ed. Hallucinations. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1962:108-117.
31. Myers TI. Reported visual sensation during brief exposure to reduced sensory input. In: West L, ed. Hallucinations. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1962:118-125.
32. Solomon P, Mendelson J. Hallucinations in sensory deprivation. In: West L, ed. Hallucinations. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1962:125-134.
33. Vernon JA, McGill RE. Sensory deprivation and hallucinations. In: West L, ed. Hallucinations. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1962:146-152.
34. Mendelson J, Solomon P, Lindemann E. Hallucinations of poliomyelitis patients during treatment in a respirator. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1958;126:421-428.
35. Heron W. The pathology of boredom. Scientific American 1957;196:52-56.
36. Mullaney DJ, Kripke DF, Fleck PA. Effects of sustained continuous performance on subjects working alone and in pairs. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1983;57:819-832.
37. Ziskind E, Augsburg T. Hallucinations in sensory deprivation. Dis. Nerv. System 1967;28:721-726.
38. Hayashi M, Morikawa T, Hori T. EEG alpha activity and hallucinatory experiences during sensory deprivation. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1992;75:403-412.
39. Schultz DP. Sensory restriction. Effects on Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1965:93-95.
40. Siegel RK. LSD hallucinations: from ergot to electric kool-aid. J. of Psychoactive Drugs 1985;17:247-256.
41. Newberg AB. Changes in the central nervous system and their clinical correlates during long-term space flight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1994;65:562-572.
42. Cove-Smith JR, Kirk CA. CNS-related side-effects with metoprolol and atenolol. European Journal Clinical Pharmacology 1985;28 (supplement):69-72.
43. Kumar KL, Hodges M. Disturbing dreams with long-acting verapamil. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;318:929-930.
44. Rotmensch HH, Belhassen B, Swanson BN, et al. Steady-state serum amiodarone concentrations: relationships with antiarrhythmic efficacy and toxicity. Annals Internal Medicine 1984;101:462-469.
45. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Comparison of prazocin with hydralazine in patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide. Circulation 1981;64:772-779.
46. Volpe BT, Soave R. Formed visual hallucinations as digitalis toxicity. Annals Internal Medicine 1979;91:865-866.
47. Lees AJ, Bannister R. The use of lisuride in the treatment of multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure (Shy-Drager syndrome). Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychiatry 1981;44:347-351.
48. Paykel ES, Fleminger R, Watson JP. Psychiatric side effects of antihypertensive drugs other than reserpine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1982;2:14-39.
49. Sharf B, Moskovitz C, Lupton MC, Klawans HL. Dream phenomena induced by chronic levodopa therapy. Journal Neural Transmission 1978;43:143-151.
50. Moskovitz C, Moses-III H, Klawans HL. Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon. American Journal Psychiatry 1978;135:669-675.
51. Becker RE, Dufresne RL. Perceptual changes with buproprion, a novel antidepressant. American Journal Psychiatry 1982;139:1200-1201.
52. Hemmingsen R, Rafaelsen OJ. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during amitriptyline treatment. Acta Psychiat Scand 1980;62:364-368.
53. Solomon K. Thiothixene and bizarre nightmares: an association? Journal Clinical Psychiatry 1983;44:77-78.
54. Albala AA, Weinberg N, Allen SM. Maprotiline-induced hypnopompic hallucinations. Journal Clinical Psychiatry 1983;44:149-150.
55. Mort JR. Nightmare cessation following alteration of ophthalmic administration of a cholinergic and beta-blocking agent. Annals Pharmacotherapy 1992;26:914-916.
56. Cantu TG, Korek JS. Central nervous system reaction to histamine-2 receptor blockers. Annals Internal Medicine 1991;114:1027-1034.
57. Massey JM, Massey WW. Ergot, the "jerks," and revivals. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1984;7:99-105.
58. Granek M, Shalev A, Weingarten AM. Khat-induced hypnagogic hallucinations. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988;78:458-461.
59. Strassman RJ. Hallucinogenic drugs in psychiatric research and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995;183:127-138.
60. Phillips RW. Religious revelations and bovine ketosis (a nonsacred cow). Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1978;21:398-405.
61. Babkoff H, Sing HC, Thorne DR, Genser SG, Hegge FW. Perceptual distortions and hallucinations reported during the course of sleep deprivation. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1989;68:787-798.
62. Belenky GL. Unusual visual experiences reported by subjects in the British army study of sustained operations, exercise early call. Military Medicine 1979;144:695-696.
63. Weber RJ, Oszko MA, Bolender BJ, Grysiak DL. Intensive care unit syndrome: causes, treatment, and prevention. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 1985;19:13-20.
64. Bennett BM. Vision and audition in biblical prophecy. Parapsychology Review 1978;9:1-12.
65. Kroll J, Bachrach B. Visions and psychopathology in the middle ages. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1982;170:41-49.
66. Seligman MEP, Yellen A. What is a dream? Behav. Res. Ther. 1987;25:1-24.
67. Delacour J. An introduction to the biology of consciousness. Neuropsychologia 1995;33:1061-1074.
68. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesensten NJ, Gawdy F, Carson RR, Varga M, Baldwin P, Belenky G, Herscovitch P. Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep. Science 1998;279: 91-85.
69. Llinas RR, Pare D. Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience 1991;44:521-535.
70. Tononi G. Reentry and the problem of cortical integration. International Review of Neurobiology 1994;37:127-207.
71. Abeles M, Prut Y, Bergman H, Vaadia E. Synchronization in neuronal transmission and its importance for information processing. Progress in Brain Research 1994;102:395-404.
72. Eckhorn R. Oscillatory and non-oscillatory synchronizations in the visual cortex and their possible roles in associations of visual features. Progress in Brain Research 1994;102:405-426.
73. Andreasen NC. Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illness: a project for a scientific psychopathology. Science 1997;275:1586-1593.
74. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Swayze II V, et al. Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science 1994;266:294-298.
75. Timmons BA. Physiological factors related to delayed auditory feedback and stuttering: a review. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1982;55:119-189.
76. Carter JL. Visual, somatosensory, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1992;15:347-359.
77. Benson DF, Gorman DG. The neural basis of hallucinations. Current Neurology 1993;13:265-288.
78. Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Hoefnagels WH, Verbeek AL, Zitman FG. Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet's syndrome. Lancet 1996;347:794-797.
79. Gold K, Rabins PV. Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1989;30:90-98.
80. Cole MG. Charles Bonnet hallucinations: a case series. Can. J. Psychiatry 1992;37:267-270.
81. Bhatia MS, Khastgir U, Malik SC. Charles Bonnet syndrome. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992;161:409-410.
82. Holroyd S, Rabins PV, Finkelstein D, Nicholson MC, Chase GA, Wisniewski SC. Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. Am. J. Psychiatry 1992;149:1701-1706.
83. Berrios GE, Brook P. Visual hallucinations and sensory delusions in the elderly. British Journal Psychiatry 1984;144:662-664.
84. Kolmel HW. Complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field. J. Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1985;48:29-38.
85. Chattha AS, Lombroso CT. Electroencephalographic changes in childhood optic neuritis. Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology 1972;33:81-88.
86. Murata S, Naritomi H, Sawada T. Musical auditory hallucinations caused by a brainstem lesion. Neurology 1994;44:156-158.
87. Fenton GW, McRae DA. Musical hallucinations in a deaf elderly woman. British Journal Psychiatry 1989;155:401-403.
88. Melzak R. Phantom limbs. Scientific American 1992:120-126.
89. Bors E. Phantom limbs of patients with spinal cord injury. Archives Neurology Psychiatry 1951;66:610-631.
90. Heusner AP. Phantom genitalia. Transactions American Neurological Association 1950:128-131.
91. Jarvis JH. Post-mastectomy breast phantoms. In: Keup W, ed. Origin and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. New York: Plenum Press, 1970:457-459.
92. Frank B, Lorenzoni E. Experiences of phantom limbs in dreams. Psychopathology 1989;22:182-187.
93. Kolb LC. Phantom sensations, hallucinations and the body image. In: West L, ed. Hallucinations. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1962:239-249.
94. Smith R, Jankovic J. The alien hand and related signs. Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1992;55:806-810.
95. Rijntjes M, Tegenthoff M, Liepert J, et al. Cortical reorganization in patients with facial palsy. Annals of Neurology 1997;41:621-630.
96. Sadato N, Zeffiro TA, Campbell G, Konishi J, Shibasaki H, Hallett M. Regional cerebral blood flow changes in motor cortical areas after transient anesthesia of the forearm. Annals Neurology 1995;37:74-81.
97. Ross ED, Jossman PB, Bell B, Sabin T, Geschwind N. Musical hallucinations in deafness. J. Am. Med. Assn. 1975;231:620-621.
98. Matthews-Jr MK, Alter M, Sirken DH. MRI and electrophysiological findings in a case of peduncular hallucinosis associated with a thalamic-midbrain infarction. Neurology 1992;42(suppl 3):165.
99. Feinberg WM. 'Peduncular hallucinosis' following paramedian thalamic infarction. Neurology 1989;39:1535-1536.
100. McKee AC. Peduncular hallucinosis associated with isolated infarction of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Ann. Neurol 1990;27:500-504.
101. Aldrich MS, Naylor MW. Narcolepsy associated with lesions of the diencephalon. Neurology 1989;39:1505-1508.
102. Schneider JA, Watts RL, Gearing M, Brewer RP, Mirra SS. Corticobasal degeneration: neuropathologic and clinical heterogeneity. Neurology 1997;48:959-969.
103. Lerner AJ, Koss E, Patterson MB, et al. Concomitants of visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1994;44:523-527.
104. Klatka LA, Louis ED, Schiffer RB. Psychiatric features in diffuse Lewy body disease: a clinico-pathologic study using Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease comparison groups. Neurology 1996;47:1148-1152.
105. Sanchez-Ramos JR, Ortoll R, Paulson GW. Visual hallucinations associated with parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology 1996;53:1265-1268.
106. Reder AT, Mednick AS, Brown P, et al. Clinical and genetic studies of fatal familial insomnia. Neurology 1995;45:1068-1075.
107. Bliwise D. What is sundowning? JAGS 1994;42:1009-1011.
108. Panayiotopoulos CP. Elementary visual hallucinations in migraine and epilepsy. Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1994;57:1371-1374.
109. Kaufman MD, Lassiter KRL, Shenoy BV. Paroxysmal unilateral dysosmia: a cured patient. Annals Neurology 1988;24:450-451.
110. Whitty CWM, Lewin W. Vivid day-dreaming. An unusual form of confusion following anterior cingulectomy. Brain 1957;80:72-76.
111. Peroutka SJ, Sohmer BH, Kumar AJ, Folstein M, Robinson RG. Hallucinations and delusions following a right temporoparietooccipital infarction. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 1982;151:181-185.
112. Chamorro A, Sacco RL, Ciecierski K, Binder JR, Tatemichi TK, Mohr JP. Visual hemineglect and hemihallucinations in a patient with a subcortical infarction. Neurology 1990;40:1463-1464.
113. Rousseaux M, Cebrock D, Cabaret M, Steinling M. Visual hallucinations with written words in a case of left parietotemporal lesion. Journal Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1994;57:1268-1271.
114. Caplan LR. "Top of the basilar" syndrome. Neurology 1980;30:72-79.
115. Schmidley JW, Messing RO. Agitated confusional states in patients with right hemisphere infarctions. Stroke 1984;15:883-885.
116. Devinsky O, Bear D, Volpe BT. Confusional states following posterior cerebral artery infarction. Archives of Neurology 1988;45:160-163.
117. Mori E, Yamadori A. Acute confusional state and acute delirium. Occurrence after infraction in the right middle cerebral artery territory. Archives of Neurology 1987;44:1139-1143.
118. LaBerge S. Lucid dreaming: psychophysiological studies on consciousness during REM sleep. In: Bootizin RR, Kihlstrom JF, Schacter DL, eds. Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 1990:109-126.
119. Olson M. The out-of-body experience and other states of consciousness. Archives Psychiatric Nursing 1987;1:201-207.
120. Greyson B. Varieties of near-death experience. Psychiatry 1993;56:390-399.
121. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M, Guilleminault C. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena? British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:459-467.
122. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. A disorder of epic dreaming with daytime fatigue, usually without polysomnographic abnormalities, that predominately affects women. Sleep Research 1995;24:137.
123. Zadra AL, Nielsen TA. Epic dreaming: a case report. Sleep Research 1996;25:148.
124. Salin-Pascual RJ, Roehrs TA, Merlotti LA, Zorick F, Roth T. Long-term study of the sleep of insomnia patients with sleep state misperception and other insomnia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992;149:904-908.
125. Arkin AM, Antrobus JS. The effects of external stimuli applied prior to and during sleep on sleep experience. In: Ellman SJ, Antrobus JS, eds. The Mind in Sleep: Psychology and Psychophysiology. New York: Wiley, 1991:265-307.
126. Leslie K, Ogilvie R. Vestibular dreams: the effect of rocking on dream mentation. Dreaming 1996;6:1-16.
127. Nielsen TA. Changes in the kinesthetic content of dreams following somatosensory stimulation of leg muscles during REM sleep. Dreaming 1993;3:99-113.
128. Gross M, Lavie P. Dreams in sleep apnea patients. Dreaming 1994;4:195-204.
129. Nielsen TA, McGregor DL, Zadra A, Ilnicki D, Ouellet L. Pain in dreams. Sleep 1993;16:490-498.
130. Dement W, Wolpert EA. The relation of eye movements, body motility, and external stimuli to dream content. Journal Experimental Psychology 1958;55:543-553.