메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 779-794

Safety review of kava (Piper methysticum) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

Author keywords

Anxiolytic; Dihydrokawain; Dihydromethysticin; Hepatotoxicity; Herb; Kava; Kawain; Methystici; Piper methysticum; Safety; Yangona

Indexed keywords

5 HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN; ACETAZOLAMIDE; ALCOHOL; ALKALOID; ALPRAZOLAM; AMILORIDE; AMIODARONE; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENAZEPRIL; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUSPIRONE; CALAMUS EXTRACT; CALENDULA EXTRACT; CAPSICUM EXTRACT; CAPTOPRIL; CARROT EXTRACT; CATNIP; CATNIP EXTRACT; CELERY EXTRACT; CENTRAL DEPRESSANT AGENT; CHROMIUM; CIMETIDINE; CLOBAZAM; CORNUS EXTRACT; COUCH GRASS EXTRACT; CYTOCHROME P450; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DIAZEPAM; DIHYDROKAWAIN; DIHYDROMETHYSTICIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DROPERIDOL; ECHINACEA EXTRACT; ELECAMPANE EXTRACT; EPHEDRA EXTRACT; ESCHSCHOLTZIA EXTRACT; FENUGREEK EXTRACT; FLAVANOID; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; FUROSEMIDE; GARLIC EXTRACT; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; GOTU KOLA EXTRACT; GUARANA EXTRACT; HALOPERIDOL; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; KAVA EXTRACT; KAVALACTONE; KAWAIN; KETOCONAZOLE; LACTONE DERIVATIVE; LEITAN; LEMON BALM EXTRACT; LETTUCE EXTRACT; LI 150; LISINOPRIL; MATRICARIA EXTRACT; MELATONIN; METHOTREXATE; METHYSTICIN; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIPRAMOL; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PHENYLALANINE; PIPERMETHYSTINE; PLANT EXTRACT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; PRASTERONE; PRIMROSE OIL; PYRIDOXINE; PYRONE DERIVATIVE; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; RESIN; RISPERIDONE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SAGE EXTRACT; SASSAFRAS EXTRACT; SCULLCAP EXTRACT; SEDATIVE AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; SHEPHERD PURSE EXTRACT; TERAZOSIN; TRANYLCYPROMINE; TYRAMINE; TYROSINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URTICA DIOICA EXTRACT; VALERIAN; WITHANIA EXTRACT; YANGONIN; YERBA MANSA EXTRACT; YOHIMBINE;

EID: 21744457082     PISSN: 14740338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14740338.4.4.779     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (50)

References (139)
  • 1
    • 21744451715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germany may ban kava kava herbal supplement
    • (November 19,)
    • STAFFORD N: Germany may ban kava kava herbal supplement, Reuter's News Service Germany (November 19, 2001).
    • (2001) Reuter's News Service Germany
    • Stafford, N.1
  • 2
    • 0344676403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sale of kava extract in some health food stores
    • MILLS E, SINGH R, ROSS C et al.: Sale of kava extract in some health food stores. CMAJ (2003) 169(11):1158-1159.
    • (2003) CMAJ , vol.169 , Issue.11 , pp. 1158-1159
    • Mills, E.1    Singh, R.2    Ross, C.3
  • 3
    • 0038243245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-kava: A lesson for the phytomedicine community
    • MILLS SY, STEINHOFF B: Kava-kava: a lesson for the phytomedicine community. Phytomedicine (2003) 10(2-3):261-262.
    • (2003) Phytomedicine , vol.10 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 261-262
    • Mills, S.Y.1    Steinhoff, B.2
  • 4
    • 0038249051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions-a case study
    • SCHULZE J, RAASCH W, SIEGERS CP: Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions-a case study. Phytomedicine (2003) 10(Suppl. 4):68-73.
    • (2003) Phytomedicine , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 68-73
    • Schulze, J.1    Raasch, W.2    Siegers, C.P.3
  • 5
    • 0037771097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava: First suspended, now prohibited
    • ANONYMOUS
    • ANONYMOUS: Kava: first suspended, now prohibited. Prescrire Int. (2003) 12(66):142.
    • (2003) Prescrire Int. , vol.12 , Issue.66 , pp. 142
  • 7
    • 0344944841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava: A test case for Canada's new approach to natural health products
    • BOON HS, Wong AH: Kava: a test case for Canada's new approach to natural health products. CMAJ (2003) 169(11):1163-1164.
    • (2003) CMAJ , vol.169 , Issue.11 , pp. 1163-1164
    • Boon, H.S.1    Wong, A.H.2
  • 8
    • 0026728263 scopus 로고
    • Kava: An overview
    • SINGH YN: Kava: an overview. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1992) 37(1):13-45.
    • (1992) J. Ethnopharmacol. , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-45
    • Singh, Y.N.1
  • 9
    • 0024291822 scopus 로고
    • The effects of heavy usage of kava on physical health
    • DOUGLAS W: The effects of heavy usage of kava on physical health. Med. J. Aust. (1988) 149:341-342.
    • (1988) Med. J. Aust. , vol.149 , pp. 341-342
    • Douglas, W.1
  • 10
    • 0036139750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava
    • ERNST E: The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Ann. Intern. Med. (2002) 136(1):42-53.
    • (2002) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.136 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-53
    • Ernst, E.1
  • 11
    • 0036701598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second thoughts about kava
    • ERNST E: Second thoughts about kava. Am. J. Med. (2002) 113(4):347-348.
    • (2002) Am. J. Med. , vol.113 , Issue.4 , pp. 347-348
    • Ernst, E.1
  • 12
    • 0037057287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recall of the herbal anxiolytic kava. Underestimation of its value or overestimation of its risks?
    • ERNST E: Recall of the herbal anxiolytic kava. Underestimation of its value or overestimation of its risks? MMW Fortschr. Med. (2002) 144(41):40.
    • (2002) MMW Fortschr. Med. , vol.144 , Issue.41 , pp. 40
    • Ernst, E.1
  • 13
    • 0037172395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety concerns about kava
    • ERNST E: Safety concerns about kava. Lancet (2002) 359(9320):1865.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , Issue.9320 , pp. 1865
    • Ernst, E.1
  • 16
    • 2442461009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava treatment in patients with anxiety
    • GEIER FP, KONSTANTINOWICZ T: Kava treatment in patients with anxiety. Phytother. Res. (2004) 18(4):297-300.
    • (2004) Phytother. Res. , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-300
    • Geier, F.P.1    Konstantinowicz, T.2
  • 17
    • 0037911537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder - An 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 outpatients
    • BOERNER RJ, SOMMER H, BERGER W et al.: Kava-Kava extract LI 150 is as effective as Opipramol and Buspirone in Generalised Anxiety Disorder - an 8-week randomized, double-blind multi-centre clinical trial in 129 outpatients. Phytomedicine (2003) 10(Suppl. 4):38-49.
    • (2003) Phytomedicine , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 38-49
    • Boerner, R.J.1    Sommer, H.2    Berger, W.3
  • 18
    • 0037465268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women
    • CAGNACCI A, ARANGINO S, RENZI A et al.: Kava-Kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Maturitas (2003) 44(2):103-109.
    • (2003) Maturitas , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-109
    • Cagnacci, A.1    Arangino, S.2    Renzi, A.3
  • 20
    • 0036918721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava kava ruay cause irreversible liver damage
    • ANONYMOUS
    • ANONYMOUS: Kava kava ruay cause irreversible liver damage. S. Afr. Med. J. (2002) 92(12):961.
    • (2002) S. Afr. Med. J. , vol.92 , Issue.12 , pp. 961
  • 21
    • 84921622980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concerns over kava have the FDA's attention
    • ANONYMOUS
    • ANONYMOUS: Concerns over kava have the FDA's attention. Mayo Clin. Health Lett. (2002) 20(7):4.
    • (2002) Mayo Clin. Health Lett. , vol.20 , Issue.7 , pp. 4
  • 22
    • 0037180258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety concerns about kava not unique
    • DE SMET PA: Safety concerns about kava not unique. Lancet (2002) 360(9342):1336.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , Issue.9342 , pp. 1336
    • de Smet, P.A.1
  • 23
    • 0037270350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic toxicity possibly associated with kava-containing products-United States, Germany, and Switzerland, 1999-2002
    • ANONYMOUS: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • ANONYMOUS: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatic toxicity possibly associated with kava-containing products-United States, Germany, and Switzerland, 1999-2002. JAMA (2003) 289(1):36-37.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-37
  • 24
    • 0345564969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver function test abnormalities in users of aqueous kava extracts
    • CLOUGH AR, BAILIE RS, CURRIE B: Liver function test abnormalities in users of aqueous kava extracts. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. (2003) 41(6):821-829.
    • (2003) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 821-829
    • Clough, A.R.1    Bailie, R.S.2    Currie, B.3
  • 25
    • 0043263837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic injury due to traditional aqueous extracts of kava root in New Caledonia
    • RUSSMANN S, BARGUIL Y, CABALION P et al.: Hepatic injury due to traditional aqueous extracts of kava root in New Caledonia. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (2003) 15(9):1033-1036.
    • (2003) Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , vol.15 , Issue.9 , pp. 1033-1036
    • Russmann, S.1    Barguil, Y.2    Cabalion, P.3
  • 26
    • 0038895618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic toxicity possibly associated with kava-containing products-United States, Germany, and Switzerland, 1999-2002
    • ANONYMOUS
    • ANONYMOUS: Hepatic toxicity possibly associated with kava-containing products-United States, Germany, and Switzerland, 1999-2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. (2002) 51(47):1065-1067.
    • (2002) MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. , vol.51 , Issue.47 , pp. 1065-1067
  • 29
    • 0037973477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis induced by Kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma)
    • STICKEL F, BAUMULLER HM, SEITZ K et al.: Hepatitis induced by Kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma). J. Hepatol. (2003) 39(1):62-67.
    • (2003) J. Hepatol. , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 62-67
    • Stickel, F.1    Baumuller, H.M.2    Seitz, K.3
  • 30
    • 0035915733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis associated with Kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety
    • ESCHER M, DESMEULES J, GIOSTRA E et al.: Hepatitis associated with Kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety. Br. Med. J. (2001) 322(7279):139.
    • (2001) Br. Med. J. , vol.322 , Issue.7279 , pp. 139
    • Escher, M.1    Desmeules, J.2    Giostra, E.3
  • 31
    • 0035823136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant liver failure after administration of the herbal antidepressant Kava-Kava
    • KRAFT M, SPAHN TW, MENZEL J et al.: Fulminant liver failure after administration of the herbal antidepressant Kava-Kava. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (2001) 126(36):970-972.
    • (2001) Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. , vol.126 , Issue.36 , pp. 970-972
    • Kraft, M.1    Spahn, T.W.2    Menzel, J.3
  • 32
    • 1342347702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural cherapy containing kava
    • THOMSEN M, VITETTA L, SCHMIDT M et al.: Facal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural cherapy containing kava. Med. J. Aust. (2004) 180(4):198-199.
    • (2004) Med. J. Aust. , vol.180 , Issue.4 , pp. 198-199
    • Thomsen, M.1    Vitetta, L.2    Schmidt, M.3
  • 33
    • 0037650196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural therapy containing kava
    • GOW PJ, CONNELLY NJ, HILL RL et al.: Fatal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural therapy containing kava. Med. J. Aust. (2003) 178 (9):442-443.
    • (2003) Med. J. Aust. , vol.178 , Issue.9 , pp. 442-443
    • Gow, P.J.1    Connelly, N.J.2    Hill, R.L.3
  • 34
    • 0347950975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevant hepatotoxic effects of kava still need to be proven. A statement of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research
    • ANONYMOUS
    • ANONYMOUS: Relevant hepatotoxic effects of kava still need to be proven. A statement of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research. Planta Med. (2003) 69(11):971-972.
    • (2003) Planta Med. , vol.69 , Issue.11 , pp. 971-972
  • 36
    • 0037396162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are kavalactones the hepatotoxic principle of kava extracts? The pitfalls of the glutathione theory
    • SCHMIDT M: Are kavalactones the hepatotoxic principle of kava extracts? The pitfalls of the glutathione theory. J. Altern. Complement Med. (2003) 9(2):183-187.
    • (2003) J. Altern. Complement Med. , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 183-187
    • Schmidt, M.1
  • 37
    • 0036632921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another FDA warning: Kava supplements
    • PARKMAN CA: Another FDA warning: Kava supplements. Case Manager (2002) 13(4):26-28.
    • (2002) Case Manager , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 26-28
    • Parkman, C.A.1
  • 38
    • 0011361597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-containing dietary supplements may be associated with severe liver injury
    • CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION (US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION): (document issued March 25)
    • CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION (US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION): Kava-containing dietary supplements may be associated with severe liver injury (document issued March 25, 2002).
    • (2002)
  • 39
    • 0003980007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter to health care professionals: FDA issues consumer advisory that kava products may be associated with severe liver injury
    • CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION (US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION): (document issued March 25) contact information for FDA Medwatch program: 1-800-332-1088
    • CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY AND APPLIED NUTRITION (US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION): Letter to health care professionals: FDA issues consumer advisory that kava products may be associated with severe liver injury (document issued March 25, 2002), contact information for FDA Medwatch program: 1-800-332-1088.
    • (2002)
  • 40
    • 0033783469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the association of Kava-Kava extract and hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopause anxiety
    • DE LEO V, LA MARCA A, LANZETTA D et al.: Assessment of the association of Kava-Kava extract and hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopause anxiety. Minerva Ginecol. (2000) 52(6):263-267.
    • (2000) Minerva Ginecol. , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 263-267
    • de Leo, V.1    la Marca, A.2    Lanzetta, D.3
  • 41
    • 0022482848 scopus 로고
    • Parameters of kava used as a challenge to alcohol
    • CAWTE J: Parameters of kava used as a challenge to alcohol. Aust. NZ. J. Psychiatry (1986) 20(1):70-76.
    • (1986) Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-76
    • Cawte, J.1
  • 42
    • 0030574112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsive action of (+/-)-kavain estimated from its properties on stimulated synaptosomes and Na+ channel receptor sires
    • GLEITZ J, FRIESE J, BEILE A et al.: Anticonvulsive action of (+/-)-kavain estimated from its properties on stimulated synaptosomes and Na+ channel receptor sires. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1996) 315(1):89-97.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.315 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-97
    • Gleitz, J.1    Friese, J.2    Beile, A.3
  • 43
    • 0028923183 scopus 로고
    • Effects of methysticin on three different models of seizure like events studied in rat hippocampal and entorhinal cortex slices
    • SCHMITZ D, ZHANG CL, CHATTERJEE SS et al.: Effects of methysticin on three different models of seizure like events studied in rat hippocampal and entorhinal cortex slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (1995) 351(4):348-355.
    • (1995) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.351 , Issue.4 , pp. 348-355
    • Schmitz, D.1    Zhang, C.L.2    Chatterjee, S.S.3
  • 44
    • 0032190843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats
    • BAUM SS, HILL R, ROMMELSPACHER H: Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (1998) 22(7):1105-1120.
    • (1998) Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 1105-1120
    • Baum, S.S.1    Hill, R.2    Rommelspacher, H.3
  • 45
    • 0034327338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The correlation between cancer incidence and kava consumption
    • STEINER GG: The correlation between cancer incidence and kava consumption. Hawaii Med. J. (2000) 59(11):420-422.
    • (2000) Hawaii Med. J. , vol.59 , Issue.11 , pp. 420-422
    • Steiner, G.G.1
  • 46
    • 0038396148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrative medicine approach to premenstrual syndrome
    • GIRMAN A, LEE R, KLIGLER B: An integrative medicine approach to premenstrual syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. (2003) 188(Suppl. 5):S56-S65.
    • (2003) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , vol.188 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Girman, A.1    Lee, R.2    Kligler, B.3
  • 47
    • 0020964099 scopus 로고
    • Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility
    • SINGH YN: Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and muscle contractility. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1983) 7(3):267-276.
    • (1983) J. Ethnopharmacol. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 267-276
    • Singh, Y.N.1
  • 48
    • 0025753234 scopus 로고
    • Effect of a special kava extract in patients with anxiety-, tension-, and excitation states of non-psychotic genesis. Double blind study with placebos over 4 weeks
    • KINZLER E, KROMER J, LEHMANN E: Effect of a special kava extract in patients with anxiety-, tension-, and excitation states of non-psychotic genesis. Double blind study with placebos over 4 weeks. Arzneimittelforschung (1991) 41(6):584-588.
    • (1991) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 584-588
    • Kinzler, E.1    Kromer, J.2    Lehmann, E.3
  • 49
    • 0009105869 scopus 로고
    • Psychosomatic dysfunctions in the female climacteric. Clinical effectiveness and tolerance of Kava Extract WS 1490
    • WARNECKE G: Psychosomatic dysfunctions in the female climacteric. Clinical effectiveness and tolerance of Kava Extract WS 1490. Fortschr. Med. (1991) 109(4):119-122.
    • (1991) Fortschr. Med. , vol.109 , Issue.4 , pp. 119-122
    • Warnecke, G.1
  • 50
    • 0031057602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders-a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial
    • VOLZ HP, KIESER M: Kava-kava extract WS 1490 versus placebo in anxiety disorders-a randomized placebo-controlled 25-week outpatient trial. Pharmacopsychiatry (1997) 30(1):1-5.
    • (1997) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-5
    • Volz, H.P.1    Kieser, M.2
  • 51
    • 0031041520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-kava und Kavain
    • VOLZ HP: Kava-kava und Kavain. Münch Med. Wschr. (1997) 139:42-46.
    • (1997) Münch Med. Wschr. , vol.139 , pp. 42-46
    • Volz, H.P.1
  • 52
    • 0033971030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • PITTLER MH, ERNST E: Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2000) 20(1):84-89.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-89
    • Pittler, M.H.1    Ernst, E.2
  • 53
    • 0346422376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial
    • LEHRL S: Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. J. Affect. Disord. (2004) 78(2):101-110.
    • (2004) J. Affect. Disord. , vol.78 , Issue.2 , pp. 101-110
    • Lehrl, S.1
  • 54
    • 0344629271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of anxiety, tension and restlessness states with Kava special extract WS 1490 in general practice: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial
    • GASTPAR M, KLIMM HD: Treatment of anxiety, tension and restlessness states with Kava special extract WS 1490 in general practice: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial. Phytomedicine (2003) 10(8):631-639.
    • (2003) Phytomedicine , vol.10 , Issue.8 , pp. 631-639
    • Gastpar, M.1    Klimm, H.D.2
  • 55
    • 0031910634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sebotropic drug reaction resulting from kava-kava extract therapy: A new entity?
    • JAPPE U, FrAnke I, REINHOLD D et al.: Sebotropic drug reaction resulting from kava-kava extract therapy: a new entity? J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1998) 38(1):104-106.
    • (1998) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 104-106
    • Jappe, U.1    Franke, I.2    Reinhold, D.3
  • 56
    • 0034111058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to kava-kava extract
    • SCHMIDT P, BOEHNCKE WH: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to kava-kava extract. Contact Dermatitis (2000) 42(6):363-364.
    • (2000) Contact Dermatitis , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 363-364
    • Schmidt, P.1    Boehncke, W.H.2
  • 57
    • 0030014719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hematogenous contact eczema caused by phytogenic drugs exemplified by kava root extract
    • SUSS R, LEHMANN P: Hematogenous contact eczema caused by phytogenic drugs exemplified by kava root extract. Hautarzr (1996) 47(6):459-461.
    • (1996) Hautarzr , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 459-461
    • Suss, R.1    Lehmann, P.2
  • 58
    • 0002577405 scopus 로고
    • Results of the drug monitoring L 1090 with Laitan capsules
    • SIEGERS CP, HONOLD E, KRALL B et al.: Results of the drug monitoring L 1090 with Laitan capsules. Arztl Forsch (1992) 39:7-11.
    • (1992) Arztl. Forsch. , vol.39 , pp. 7-11
    • Siegers, C.P.1    Honold, E.2    Krall, B.3
  • 59
    • 0142042886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication
    • CAIRNEY S, MARUFF P, CLOUGH AR et al.: Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication. Hum. Psychopharmacol. (2003) 18(7):525-533.
    • (2003) Hum. Psychopharmacol. , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 525-533
    • Cairney, S.1    Maruff, P.2    Clough, A.R.3
  • 60
    • 0037311608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccade and cognitive function in chronic kava users
    • CAIRNEY S, CLOUGH AR, MARUFF P et al.: Saccade and cognitive function in chronic kava users. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28(2):389-396.
    • (2003) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 389-396
    • Cairney, S.1    Clough, A.R.2    Maruff, P.3
  • 61
    • 10744226996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health effects of kava use in an eastern Arnhem Land Aboriginal community
    • CLOUGH AR, JACUPS SP, WANG Z et al.: Health effects of kava use in an eastern Arnhem Land Aboriginal community. Intern. Med. J. (2003) 33(8):336-340.
    • (2003) Intern. Med. J. , vol.33 , Issue.8 , pp. 336-340
    • Clough, A.R.1    Jacups, S.P.2    Wang, Z.3
  • 62
    • 0001494342 scopus 로고
    • Pharmakologie der wirksamen prinzipien de kawarhizoms (Piper methysticum Forst.)
    • MEYER HG: Pharmakologie der wirksamen prinzipien de kawarhizoms (Piper methysticum Forst.). Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1962) 138:505-536.
    • (1962) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , vol.138 , pp. 505-536
    • Meyer, H.G.1
  • 63
    • 0023748561 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the heavy usage of kava on physical health: Summary of a pilot survey in an aboriginal community
    • MATHEWS JD, RILEY MD, FEJO L et al.: Effects of the heavy usage of kava on physical health: summary of a pilot survey in an aboriginal community. Med. J. Aust. (1988) 148(11):548-555.
    • (1988) Med. J. Aust. , vol.148 , Issue.11 , pp. 548-555
    • Mathews, J.D.1    Riley, M.D.2    Fejo, L.3
  • 64
    • 1642618208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy approaches to support local community control over the supply and distribution of kava in the Northern Territory (Australia)
    • CLOUG H A, JONES P: Policy approaches to support local community control over the supply and distribution of kava in the Northern Territory (Australia). Drug Alcohol Rev. (2004) 23(1):117-126.
    • (2004) Drug Alcohol Rev. , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 117-126
    • Cloug, H.A.1    Jones, P.2
  • 65
    • 1642521010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of the association between kava rise and ischaemic heart disease in Aboriginal communities in eastern Arnhem Land (Northern Territory) Australia
    • CLOUGH AR, WANG Z, BAILIE RS et al.: Case-control study of the association between kava rise and ischaemic heart disease in Aboriginal communities in eastern Arnhem Land (Northern Territory) Australia. J. Epidemiol. Community Health (2004) 58(2):140-141.
    • (2004) J. Epidemiol. Community Health , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 140-141
    • Clough, A.R.1    Wang, Z.2    Bailie, R.S.3
  • 66
    • 0036034312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders
    • SINGH YN, SINGH NN: Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs (2002) 16(11):731-743.
    • (2002) CNS Drugs , vol.16 , Issue.11 , pp. 731-743
    • Singh, Y.N.1    Singh, N.N.2
  • 67
    • 0025277174 scopus 로고
    • Kava-induced dermopathy: A niacia deficiency?
    • RUZE P: Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacia deficiency? Lancet (1990) 335(8703):1442-1445.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , Issue.8703 , pp. 1442-1445
    • Ruze, P.1
  • 68
    • 0003344969 scopus 로고
    • A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the constituents of Piper methysticum
    • KELLER F, KLOHS M: A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the constituents of Piper methysticum. Lloydia (1963) 26:1-15.
    • (1963) Lloydia , vol.26 , pp. 1-15
    • Keller, F.1    Klohs, M.2
  • 69
    • 0038175043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review 'Kava, kavapyrones and toxic liver injury by R Teschke, Hanau Z
    • STICKEL F, SEITZ HK, SCHUPPAN D: Review 'Kava, kavapyrones and toxic liver injury by R Teschke, Hanau Z. Gastroenterol. 2003, 41:395-404. Z.
    • (2003) Gastroenterol. , vol.41 , pp. 395-404
    • Stickel, F.1    Seitz, H.K.2    Schuppan, D.3
  • 71
    • 0032553342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Necrotizing hepatitis after taking herbal remedies
    • STRAHL S, EHRET V, DAHM HH et al.: Necrotizing hepatitis after taking herbal remedies. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1998) 123(47):1410-1414.
    • (1998) Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. , vol.123 , Issue.47 , pp. 1410-1414
    • Strahl, S.1    Ehret, V.2    Dahm, H.H.3
  • 72
    • 2442710270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro Toxicity of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, in HepG2 Cells as Compared to Kavalactones
    • NERURKAR PV, DRAGULL K, TANG CS: In vitro Toxicity of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, in HepG2 Cells as Compared to Kavalactones. Toxicol. Sci. (2004).
    • (2004) Toxicol. Sci.
    • Nerurkar, P.V.1    Dragull, K.2    Tang, C.S.3
  • 73
    • 0031664810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava-kava extract in anxiety disorders: An outpatient observational study
    • SCHERER J: Kava-kava extract in anxiety disorders: an outpatient observational study. Adv. Ther. (1998) 15(4):261-269.
    • (1998) Adv. Ther. , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 261-269
    • Scherer, J.1
  • 74
    • 0031041191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic action of the kava pyrone (+)-kavain prepared from Piper methysticum on human platelets
    • GLEITZ J, BEILE A, WILKENS P et al.: Antithrombotic action of the kava pyrone (+)-kavain prepared from Piper methysticum on human platelets. Planta Med. (1997) 63(1):27-30.
    • (1997) Planta Med. , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-30
    • Gleitz, J.1    Beile, A.2    Wilkens, P.3
  • 75
    • 0033947905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myoglobinuria after ingestion of extracts of guarana, Ginkgo biloba and kava
    • DONADIO V, BONSI P, ZELE I et al.: Myoglobinuria after ingestion of extracts of guarana, Ginkgo biloba and kava. Neurol. Sci. (2000) 21(2):124.
    • (2000) Neurol. Sci. , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 124
    • Donadio, V.1    Bonsi, P.2    Zele, I.3
  • 76
    • 0025772573 scopus 로고
    • The action profile of D,L-kavain. Cerebral sites and sleep-wakefulness- rhythm in animals
    • HOLM E, STAEDT U, HEEP J et al.: The action profile of D,L-kavain. Cerebral sites and sleep-wakefulness- rhythm in animals. Arzneimittelforschung (1991) 41(7):673-683.
    • (1991) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.41 , Issue.7 , pp. 673-683
    • Holm, E.1    Staedt, U.2    Heep, J.3
  • 77
    • 0027155136 scopus 로고
    • Effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task
    • MUNTE TF HEINZE HJ, MATZKE M et al.: Effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Neuropsychobiology (1993) 27(1):46-53.
    • (1993) Neuropsychobiology , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-53
    • Munte, T.F.1    Heinze, H.J.2    Matzke, M.3
  • 78
    • 0028226921 scopus 로고
    • Extract of the kava-kava rhizome in comparison with diazepam and placebo
    • GESSNER B, CNOTA P: Extract of the kava-kava rhizome in comparison with diazepam and placebo. Z. Phytother. (1994) 15(1):30-37.
    • (1994) Z. Phytother. , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-37
    • Gessner, B.1    Cnota, P.2
  • 79
    • 0025829080 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiological active profile and tolerance of kava extract WS 1490, A pilot study with randomized evaluation
    • JOHNSON D, FRAUENDORF A, STECKER K et al.: Neurophysiological active profile and tolerance of kava extract WS 1490, A pilot study with randomized evaluation. TW Neurolgie Psychiatrie (1991) 5(6):349-354.
    • (1991) TW Neurolgie Psychiatrie , vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp. 349-354
    • Johnson, D.1    Frauendorf, A.2    Stecker, K.3
  • 80
    • 0025794223 scopus 로고
    • Driving ability after intake of kava special extract WS 1490, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with volunteers
    • HERBERG KW: Driving ability after intake of kava special extract WS 1490, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with volunteers. Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin (1991) 13:842-846.
    • (1991) Zeitschrift Für Allgemeinmedizin , vol.13 , pp. 842-846
    • Herberg, K.W.1
  • 81
    • 0027232266 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Kava-Special Extract WS 1490 combined wich ethyl alcohol on safecy-relevant performance parameters
    • HERBERG KW: Effect of Kava-Special Extract WS 1490 combined wich ethyl alcohol on safecy-relevant performance parameters. Blutalkohol (1993) 30(2):96-105.
    • (1993) Blutalkohol , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 96-105
    • Herberg, K.W.1
  • 82
    • 0030317954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coma from the health food score: Interaction between kava and alprazolam
    • ALMEIDA JC, GRIMSLEY EW. Coma from the health food score: interaction between kava and alprazolam. Ann. Intern. Med. (1996) 125(11):940-941.
    • (1996) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.125 , Issue.11 , pp. 940-941
    • Almeida, J.C.1    Grimsley, E.W.2
  • 83
    • 84990622717 scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of kava on measures of cognitive performance, physiological function and mood
    • PRESCOTT J, JAMIESON D, EMDUR N et al.: Acute effects of kava on measures of cognitive performance, physiological function and mood. Drug Alc. Rev. (1993) 12:49-58.
    • (1993) Drug Alc. Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 49-58
    • Prescott, J.1    Jamieson, D.2    Emdur, N.3
  • 84
    • 0024385330 scopus 로고
    • EEG-brain mapping, psychometric and psychophysiological studies on central effects of kavain-a kava plant derivative
    • SALETU B, GRÜNBERGER J, LINZMAYER L et al.: EEG-brain mapping, psychometric and psychophysiological studies on central effects of kavain-a kava plant derivative. Hum. Psychopharm. (1989) 4:169-190.
    • (1989) Hum. Psychopharm. , vol.4 , pp. 169-190
    • Saletu, B.1    Grünberger, J.2    Linzmayer, L.3
  • 86
    • 4644372833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of herbal alternative medicine for electroconvulsive cherapy
    • PATRA KK, COFFEY CE: Implications of herbal alternative medicine for electroconvulsive cherapy. J. ECT (2004) 20(3):186-194.
    • (2004) J. ECT , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 186-194
    • Patra, K.K.1    Coffey, C.E.2
  • 88
    • 0036460858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-threatening parkinsonism induced by kava-kava
    • MESEGUER E, TABOADA R, SANCHEZ V et al.: Life-threatening parkinsonism induced by kava-kava. Mov. Disord. (2002) 17(1):195-196.
    • (2002) Mov. Disord. , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 195-196
    • Meseguer, E.1    Taboada, R.2    Sanchez, V.3
  • 89
    • 0030833863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological manifestations of kava intoxication
    • SPILLANE PK, FISHER DA, CURRIE BJ: Neurological manifestations of kava intoxication. Med. J. Aust. (1997) 167(3):172-173.
    • (1997) Med. J. Aust. , vol.167 , Issue.3 , pp. 172-173
    • Spillane, P.K.1    Fisher, D.A.2    Currie, B.J.3
  • 91
    • 0022388149 scopus 로고
    • Some visual effects caused by the beverage kava
    • GARNER LF, KLINGER JD: Some visual effects caused by the beverage kava. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1985) 13(3):307-311.
    • (1985) J. Ethnopharmacol. , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 307-311
    • Garner, L.F.1    Klinger, J.D.2
  • 92
    • 2142765485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute urinary retention secondary to kava ingestion
    • LEUNG N: Acute urinary retention secondary to kava ingestion. Emerg. Med. Australas. (2004) 16(1):94.
    • (2004) Emerg. Med. Australas. , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 94
    • Leung, N.1
  • 93
    • 0025296647 scopus 로고
    • Positive interaction of ethanol and kava resin in truce
    • JAMIESON DD, DUFFIELD PH: Positive interaction of ethanol and kava resin in truce. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (1990) 17(7):509-514.
    • (1990) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 509-514
    • Jamieson, D.D.1    Duffield, P.H.2
  • 94
    • 0025337433 scopus 로고
    • The antinociceptive actions of kava components in mice
    • JAMIESON DD, DUFFIELD PH: The antinociceptive actions of kava components in mice. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (1990) 17(7):495-507.
    • (1990) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 495-507
    • Jamieson, D.D.1    Duffield, P.H.2
  • 95
    • 0032601587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preoperative considerations with herbal medicines
    • 180
    • MURPHY JM: Preoperative considerations with herbal medicines. AORN J. (1999) 69 (1):173-8, 180.
    • (1999) AORN J. , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 173-178
    • Murphy, J.M.1
  • 96
    • 2942729844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbal remedies in the United States: Potential adverse interactions with anticancer agents
    • SPARREBOOM A, COX MC, ACHARYA MR et al.: Herbal remedies in the United States: potential adverse interactions with anticancer agents. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 22(12):2489-2503.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.22 , Issue.12 , pp. 2489-2503
    • Sparreboom, A.1    Cox, M.C.2    Acharya, M.R.3
  • 97
    • 0031731823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of platelet MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper methysticum Forster (kava-kava)
    • UEBELHACK R, FRANKE L, SCHEWE HJ: Inhibition of platelet MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper methysticum Forster (kava-kava). Pharmacopsychiatry (1998) 31(5):187-192.
    • (1998) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 187-192
    • Uebelhack, R.1    Franke, L.2    Schewe, H.J.3
  • 98
    • 0036842023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 activities by kava extract and kavalactones
    • MATHEWS JM, ETHERIDGE AS, BLACK SR: Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 activities by kava extract and kavalactones. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2002) 30(11):1153-1157.
    • (2002) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.30 , Issue.11 , pp. 1153-1157
    • Mathews, J.M.1    Etheridge, A.S.2    Black, S.R.3
  • 99
    • 0036971231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by extracts and kavalaciones of Piper methysticum (Kava-Kava)
    • UNGER M, HOLZGRABE U, JACOBSEN W et al.: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by extracts and kavalaciones of Piper methysticum (Kava-Kava). Planta Med. (2002) 68(12):1055-1058.
    • (2002) Planta Med. , vol.68 , Issue.12 , pp. 1055-1058
    • Unger, M.1    Holzgrabe, U.2    Jacobsen, W.3
  • 100
    • 3242677212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.)
    • ANKE J, RAMZAN I: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.). J. Ethnopharmacol. (2004) 93(2-3):153-160.
    • (2004) J. Ethnopharmacol. , vol.93 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 153-160
    • Anke, J.1    Ramzan, I.2
  • 101
    • 1842431946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava Hepatotoxicity: Are we any closer to the truth?
    • ANKE J, RAMZAN I: Kava Hepatotoxicity: Are we any closer to the truth? Planta Med. (2004) 70(3):193-196.
    • (2004) Planta Med. , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 193-196
    • Anke, J.1    Ramzan, I.2
  • 102
    • 2442706282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of kava (Kava-kava, 'Awa, Yaqona, Piper methysticum) on c-DNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes and human cryopreserved hepatocytes
    • ZOU L, HENDERSON GL, HARKEY MR et al.: Effects of kava (Kava-kava, 'Awa, Yaqona, Piper methysticum) on c-DNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes and human cryopreserved hepatocytes. Phytomedicine (2004) 11(4):285-294.
    • (2004) Phytomedicine , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 285-294
    • Zou, L.1    Henderson, G.L.2    Harkey, M.R.3
  • 103
    • 2342475708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava does not display metabolic toxicity in a homogeneous cellular assay
    • ZOU L, HARKEY MR, HENDERSON GL et al.: Kava does not display metabolic toxicity in a homogeneous cellular assay. Planta Med. (2004) 70(4):289-292.
    • (2004) Planta Med. , vol.70 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-292
    • Zou, L.1    Harkey, M.R.2    Henderson, G.L.3
  • 104
    • 13244255206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects by Kava special extract WS 1490
    • BOERNER RJ, KLEMENT S: Attenuation of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects by Kava special extract WS 1490. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. (2004) 154(21-22):508-510.
    • (2004) Wien. Med. Wochenschr. , vol.154 , Issue.21-22 , pp. 508-510
    • Boerner, R.J.1    Klement, S.2
  • 105
    • 0026808928 scopus 로고
    • Kava pyrones and resin: Studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain
    • DAVIES LP, DREW CA, DUFFIELD P et al.: Kava pyrones and resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding sites in rodent brain. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (1992) 71(2):120-126.
    • (1992) Pharmacol. Toxicol. , vol.71 , Issue.2 , pp. 120-126
    • Davies, L.P.1    Drew, C.A.2    Duffield, P.3
  • 106
    • 0028073327 scopus 로고
    • Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain
    • JUSSOFIE A, SCHMIZ A, HIEMKE C: Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (1994) 116(4):469-474.
    • (1994) Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , vol.116 , Issue.4 , pp. 469-474
    • Jussofie, A.1    Schmiz, A.2    Hiemke, C.3
  • 107
    • 0024852028 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the central nervous system activity of the aqueous and lipid extract of kava (Piper methysticum)
    • JAMIESON DD, DUFFIELD PH, CHENG D et al.: Comparison of the central nervous system activity of the aqueous and lipid extract of kava (Piper methysticum). Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1989) 301:66-80.
    • (1989) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , vol.301 , pp. 66-80
    • Jamieson, D.D.1    Duffield, P.H.2    Cheng, D.3
  • 108
    • 0034106493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumer use of St. John's wort: A survey on effectiveness, safety, and tolerability
    • BECKMAN SE, SOMMI RW, SWITZER J: Consumer use of St. John's wort: a survey on effectiveness, safety, and tolerability. Pharmacotherapy (2000) 20(5):568-574.
    • (2000) Pharmacotherapy , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 568-574
    • Beckman, S.E.1    Sommi, R.W.2    Switzer, J.3
  • 109
    • 84987416538 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the constituents of Piper methysticum by gas chromatography methane chemical ionization mass spectrometry. New constituents of kava resin
    • DUFFIELD AM, LIDGARD RO, LOW GK: Analysis of the constituents of Piper methysticum by gas chromatography methane chemical ionization mass spectrometry. New constituents of kava resin. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectr. (1986) 13:305-313.
    • (1986) Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectr. , vol.13 , pp. 305-313
    • Duffield, A.M.1    Lidgard, R.O.2    Low, G.K.3
  • 110
    • 84987429643 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of kava resin by gas chromatography and electron impact and methane negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. New trace constituents of kava resin
    • DUFFIELD AM, LIDGARD RO: Analysis of kava resin by gas chromatography and electron impact and methane negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. New trace constituents of kava resin. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectr. (1986) 13:621-626.
    • (1986) Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectr. , vol.13 , pp. 621-626
    • Duffield, A.M.1    Lidgard, R.O.2
  • 111
    • 37049099676 scopus 로고
    • Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of major constituents of Piper methysticum
    • DUVE RN: Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of major constituents of Piper methysticum. Analyst (1981) 106:160-165.
    • (1981) Analyst , vol.106 , pp. 160-165
    • Duve, R.N.1
  • 112
    • 0002982782 scopus 로고
    • A chemical and pharmacological investigation of Piper methysticum Forst
    • KLOHS MW, KELLER F, WILLIAMS RE et al.: A chemical and pharmacological investigation of Piper methysticum Forst. J. Med. Pharm. Chem. (1959) 1(1):95-103.
    • (1959) J. Med. Pharm. Chem. , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 95-103
    • Klohs, M.W.1    Keller, F.2    Williams, R.E.3
  • 113
    • 0001453911 scopus 로고
    • Kava lactones in Piper methysticum from Fiji
    • SMITH RM: Kava lactones in Piper methysticum from Fiji. Phytochemistry (1983) 22:1055-1056.
    • (1983) Phytochemistry , vol.22 , pp. 1055-1056
    • Smith, R.M.1
  • 114
    • 33750933267 scopus 로고
    • High-performance liquid chromatography of kava lactones from Piper methysticum
    • SMITH RM, THAKRAR H, AROWOLO A et al.: High-performance liquid chromatography of kava lactones from Piper methysticum. J. Chromatography (1984) 283:303-308.
    • (1984) J. Chromatography , vol.283 , pp. 303-308
    • Smith, R.M.1    Thakrar, H.2    Arowolo, A.3
  • 115
    • 0000015151 scopus 로고
    • Analysis for kawa pyrones in extracts of piper methysticum
    • YOUNG RL, HYLIN JW, PLUCKNETT DL et al.: Analysis for kawa pyrones in extracts of piper methysticum. Phytochemistry (1966) 5:795-798.
    • (1966) Phytochemistry , vol.5 , pp. 795-798
    • Young, R.L.1    Hylin, J.W.2    Plucknett, D.L.3
  • 116
    • 84873768598 scopus 로고
    • Die analgetische wirkung der Kawa-inhaltsstoffe dihydrokawain und dihydromethysticin
    • BRÜGGEMANN F, MEYER HJ: Die analgetische wirkung der Kawa-inhaltsstoffe dihydrokawain und dihydromethysticin. Arzneimittelforschung (1963) 13:407-409.
    • (1963) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.13 , pp. 407-409
    • Brüggemann, F.1    Meyer, H.J.2
  • 117
    • 0000131169 scopus 로고
    • Characterization and physiological activity of some Kawa constituents
    • HÄNSEL R: Characterization and physiological activity of some Kawa constituents. Pacific Science (1968) 22:293-313.
    • (1968) Pacific Science , vol.22 , pp. 293-313
    • Hänsel, R.1
  • 118
    • 0014475550 scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies on the anticonvulsant activity of the pyrone compounds of Piper methysticum
    • KRETZSCHMAR R, Meyer HJ: Comparative studies on the anticonvulsant activity of the pyrone compounds of Piper methysticum Forst. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1969) 177(2):261-277.
    • (1969) Forst. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , vol.177 , Issue.2 , pp. 261-277
    • Kretzschmar, R.1    Meyer, H.J.2
  • 119
    • 0014620829 scopus 로고
    • Antagonistic action of natural 5,6-hydrogenated Kava pyrones against strychnine poisoning and experimental local tetanus
    • KRETZSCHMAR R, MEYER HJ, TESCHENDORF HJ et al.: Antagonistic action of natural 5,6-hydrogenated Kava pyrones against strychnine poisoning and experimental local tetanus. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1969) 182(2):251-268.
    • (1969) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , vol.182 , Issue.2 , pp. 251-268
    • Kretzschmar, R.1    Meyer, H.J.2    Teschendorf, H.J.3
  • 120
    • 0014946824 scopus 로고
    • Strychnine antagonistic potency of pyrone compounds of the kavaroor (Piper methysticum Forst.)
    • KRETZSCHMAR R, MEYER HJ, TESCHENDORF HJ: Strychnine antagonistic potency of pyrone compounds of the kavaroor (Piper methysticum Forst.). Experientia (1970) 26(3):283-284.
    • (1970) Experientia , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 283-284
    • Kretzschmar, R.1    Meyer, H.J.2    Teschendorf, H.J.3
  • 122
    • 0013778910 scopus 로고
    • Spasmolytic effect of dihydromechysticin, a constituent of Piper methysticum
    • MEYER HJ: Spasmolytic effect of dihydromechysticin, a constituent of Piper methysticum Forst. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1965) 154(2):449-467.
    • (1965) Forst. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , vol.154 , Issue.2 , pp. 449-467
    • Meyer, H.J.1
  • 123
    • 0343567623 scopus 로고
    • Hemmung des elektrokrampfes durch die kawa-pyrone dihydromethysticin und dihydrokawain
    • MEYER HJ, MEYER-BURG J: Hemmung des elektrokrampfes durch die kawa-pyrone dihydromethysticin und dihydrokawain. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. (1964) 148(1-2):97-110.
    • (1964) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. , vol.148 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 97-110
    • Meyer, H.J.1    Meyer-Burg, J.2
  • 124
    • 0002990187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kava: An overview. Distribution, mythology, botany, culture, chemistry and pharmacology of the South Pacific's most revered herb
    • SINGH Y, BLUMENTHAL M: Kava: an overview. Distribution, mythology, botany, culture, chemistry and pharmacology of the South Pacific's most revered herb. HerbalGram (1997) 39(Suppl. 1):34-56.
    • (1997) HerbalGram , vol.39 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 34-56
    • Singh, Y.1    Blumenthal, M.2
  • 125
    • 0026523549 scopus 로고
    • Extract of kava (Piper methysticum) and its methysticin constituents protect brain tissue against ischemic damage in rodents
    • BACKHAUSS C, KRIEGLSTEIN J: Extract of kava (Piper methysticum) and its methysticin constituents protect brain tissue against ischemic damage in rodents. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 215(2-3):265-269.
    • (1992) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.215 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 265-269
    • Backhauss, C.1    Krieglstein, J.2
  • 126
    • 0011277623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of intracerebral hematomas with kava in rats
    • KLEISER B, DIEPERS M, WAGNER N et al.: Treatment of intracerebral hematomas with kava in rats. Neurology (1998) 50(4):a398.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.50 , Issue.4
    • Kleiser, B.1    Diepers, M.2    Wagner, N.3
  • 127
    • 0030970334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of kawain and dihydromethysticin on field potential changes in the hippocampus
    • WALDEN J, VON WEGERER J, WINTER U et al.: Effects of kawain and dihydromethysticin on field potential changes in the hippocampus. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol Psychiatry (1997) 21(4):697-706.
    • (1997) Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 697-706
    • Walden, J.1    von Wegerer, J.2    Winter, U.3
  • 128
    • 0031010089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actions of kavain and dihydromethysticin on ipsapirone-induced field potential changes in the hippocampus
    • WALDEN J, VON WEGERER J, WINTER U et al.: Actions of kavain and dihydromethysticin on ipsapirone-induced field potential changes in the hippocampus. Human Psychopharm. (1997) 12:265-270.
    • (1997) Human Psychopharm. , vol.12 , pp. 265-270
    • Walden, J.1    von Wegerer, J.2    Winter, U.3
  • 130
    • 0029670565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (+/-)-kavain inhibits the veratridine- and KCl-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ and glutamate-release of rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes
    • GLEITZ J, BEILE A, PETERS T: (+/-)-kavain inhibits the veratridine- and KCl-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ and glutamate-release of rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Neuropharmacology (1996) 35(2):179-186.
    • (1996) Neuropharmacology , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-186
    • Gleitz, J.1    Beile, A.2    Peters, T.3
  • 131
    • 0031283402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [3H]-monoamine uptake inhibition properties of kava pyrones
    • SEITZ U, SCHULE A, GLEITZ J: [3H]-monoamine uptake inhibition properties of kava pyrones. Planta Med. (1997) 63(6):548-549.
    • (1997) Planta Med. , vol.63 , Issue.6 , pp. 548-549
    • Seitz, U.1    Schule, A.2    Gleitz, J.3
  • 132
    • 0025991719 scopus 로고
    • Improvement of sleep quality. Effect of kava extract WS 1490 on the sleep pattern in healthy subjects
    • EMSER W, BARTYLLA K: Improvement of sleep quality. Effect of kava extract WS 1490 on the sleep pattern in healthy subjects. Neurologie/Psychiatrie (1991) 5(11):636-642.
    • (1991) Neurologie/Psychiatrie , vol.5 , Issue.11 , pp. 636-642
    • Emser, W.1    Bartylla, K.2
  • 133
    • 0031828928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo effects of the kavapyrones (+)-dihydromechysticin and (+/-)- kavain on dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in striatal and cortical brain regions
    • BOONEN G, FERGER B, KUSCHINSKY K et al.: In vivo effects of the kavapyrones (+)-dihydromechysticin and (+/-)- kavain on dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in striatal and cortical brain regions. Planta Med. (1998) 64(6):507-510.
    • (1998) Planta Med. , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 507-510
    • Boonen, G.1    Ferger, B.2    Kuschinsky, K.3
  • 135
    • 0001494593 scopus 로고
    • Central activity of aqueous extracts of Piper methysticum (kava)
    • FURGIUELE AR, KINNARD WJ, ACETO MD et al.: Central activity of aqueous extracts of Piper methysticum (kava). J. Pharm. Sci. (1965) 54:247-252.
    • (1965) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 247-252
    • Furgiuele, A.R.1    Kinnard, W.J.2    Aceto, M.D.3
  • 137
    • 0024396491 scopus 로고
    • Identification of some human urinary metabolites of the intoxicating beverage kava
    • DUFFIELD AM, JAMIESON DD, LIDGARD RO et al.: Identification of some human urinary metabolites of the intoxicating beverage kava. J. Chromatogr. (1989) 475:273-281.
    • (1989) J. Chromatogr. , vol.475 , pp. 273-281
    • Duffield, A.M.1    Jamieson, D.D.2    Lidgard, R.O.3
  • 138
    • 0024840003 scopus 로고
    • Effect of aqueous and lipid-soluble extracts of kava on the conditioned avoidance response in rats
    • DUFFIELD PH, JAMIESON DD, DUFFIELD AM: Effect of aqueous and lipid-soluble extracts of kava on the conditioned avoidance response in rats. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. (1989) 301:81-90.
    • (1989) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. , vol.301 , pp. 81-90
    • Duffield, P.H.1    Jamieson, D.D.2    Duffield, A.M.3
  • 139
    • 21744458169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BfArM notice to manufactures May
    • BfArM notice to manufactures May 2005.
    • (2005)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.