Urinetown or morainetown? Debates on the reregulation of the urban water regime in Toronto

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 61-84

  Young, Douglas ^a,b   Keil, Roger ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Urban Studies Program   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBALIZATION; REGULATORY APPROACH; URBAN PLANNING; WATER SUPPLY;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO; TORONTO; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 21544451109     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: 15483290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455750500108328     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis, Urinetown: The Musical. Lyrics from liner notes. RCA Victor CD, 2001.
2. Anne-Marie Debbané and Roger Keil, "Multiple Disconnections: Environmental Justice and Urban Water in Canada and South Africa," Space and Polity, Volume 8, 2, 2004, pp. 209-225.
3. Karen Bakker, "Privatizing Water, Producing Scarcity: The Yorkshire Drought of 1995," Economic Geography, 76, 1, 2000;
4. Matthew Gandy, Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City (Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: The MIT Press, 2002);
5. Erik Swyngedouw, "The City as a Hybrid: On Nature, Society and Cyborg Urbanization" Cyborg Urbanization," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 7, 2, June 1996, pp. 65-80.
6. Andrew Biro and Roger Keil, "Sites/Cities of Resistance: Approaching Ecological Socialism in Canada," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 11, 4, December 2000, p. 96.
7. Roger Keil, "Space, Nature and Politics: Revisiting Lefebvre's Urbanity," Unpublished manuscript, York University, p 1.
8. Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, and Roderick McKenzie, The City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984);
9. J. Breuste, H. Feldman, and O. Uhlmann (eds.), Urban Ecology (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998);
10. Michael Hough, Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability (London and New York: Routledge, 2004).
11. Roger Keil, "Progress Report: Urban Political Ecology," Urban Geography, 24, 8, 2004, pp. 723-738;
12. E. Swyngedouw, M. Kaika, and E. Castro, "Urban Water: A Political-Ecology Perspective," Built Environment, 28, 2, 2002, pp. 124-137;
13. E. Sywngedouw and Nik Heynen, "Urban Political Ecology, Justice and the Politics of Scale," Antipode, 2003;
14. Karen Bakker, "Liquid Assets," Alternatives, 29, 2, Spring 2003a, pp. 17-21;
15. Karen Bakker, "A Political Ecology of Water Privatization," Studies in Political Economy, 70, Spring 2003b, pp. 35-58.
16. Anne-Marie Debbané and Roger Keil, op.cit.
17. Graham Todd, "Going Global in the Periphery: World Cities as Political Projects: The Case of Toronto," in P. Knox and P. Taylor (eds.), World Cities in a World System (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1995);
18. Stefan Kipfer and Roger Keil, "Toronto Inc? Planning the Competitive City in the New Toronto," Antipode, 34, 2, March 2002, pp. 227-264;
19. Gene Desfor, Roger Keil, Stefan Kipfer, and Gerda Wekerle, "From Surf to Turf: No Limits to Growth in Toronto," Studies in Political Economy, (forthcoming, Autumn 2005).
20. Roger Keil, "'Common Sense Neoliberalism: Progressive Conservative Urbanism in Toronto, Canada," Antipode, 34, 3, June 2002, pp. 578-601.
21. "Bakker, 2003b, op. cit., pp. 35-58.
22. The Oak Ridges Moraine is a headwaters region to the north of Toronto that is under intense development pressure.
23. Gene Desfor et al., op. cit., forthcoming.
24. Roger Keil, 2002, op. cit.;
25. Stefan Kipfer and Roger Keil, 2002, op. cit.;
26. more generally, Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore, (eds.) Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002).
27. Gene Desfor and Roger Keil, Nature and the City: Making Environmental Policy in Toronto and Los Angeles. (Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 2004);
28. Richard York and Eugene A. Rosa, "Key Challenges to Ecological Modernization Theory," Organization and Environment, 16,3, September 2003: 273-288.
29. Gérard Duméniel and Lévy Dominique, "The Nature and Contradictions of Neoliberalism," in Leo Panitch and Colin Leys (eds.), A World of Contradictions: Socialist Register 2000, pp. 43-72.
30. John Bellamy Foster and Brett Clark, "Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism," in Leo Panitch and Colin Leys (eds.), The New Imperial Challenge: Socialist Register 2004, 2003, p. 194.
31. James McCarthy and Scott Prudham, "Neoliberal Nature and the Nature of Neoliberalism," Geoforum, 35, 2004, p. 279.
32. See also Frederick Buell, From Apocalypse to Way of Life: Environmental Crisis in the American Century (London and New York: Routledge, 2003).
33. Joel Kovel, The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World? (New York: Zed Books, 2002), p. 51.
34. Buell, op. cit., p. 152.
35. Buell, op. cit., p. 48.
36. Kovel, op. cit., Chapter 4.
37. Erik Swyngedouw, "Privatizing H2O: Turning Local Water Into Global Money," Journal für Entwicklungspolitik, 19, 4, 2003, p. 14.
38. Patrick Bond, "The Limits of Water Commodification in Africa," Journal für Entwicklungspolitik, 19, 4, 2003, pp. 34-55;
39. Patrick Bond, "Water Commodification and Decommodification Narratives: Pricing and Policy Debates from Johannesburg to Kyoto to Cancun and Back," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15, 1, March 2004, pp. 7-26;
40. Gabriel Herbas and Ana Esther Cecena, "Mobilisierung und Widerstand gegen Wasserprivatisierung in Cochabamba," Journal für Entwicklungspolitik, 19, 4, 2003, pp. 77-94.
41. See Environment and Planning A, 34, 5, 2002 theme issue on governing nature regarding the many ways in which nature is becoming such an important component of capital accumulation.
42. Keith Stewart, Greening Social Democracy? Ecological Modernization and the Ontario NDP, PhD Dissertation, Department of Political Science, York University, Toronto, 1999.
43. Judith I. McKenzie, Environmental Politics in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2002);
44. see also M.S. Winfield and G. Jenish, "Ontario's Environment and the 'Common Sense Revolution,'" Studies in Political Economy, 57, Autumn 1998, pp. 129-147.
45. Roger Keil, 2002, op.cit, p. 593.
46. On Walkerton see S.H. Ali, "A Socio-Ecological Autopsy of the E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada," Social Science and Medicine, 58, 2004, pp. 2601-2612;
47. Scott Prudham, "Poisoning the Well: Neoliberalism and the Contamination of Municipal Water in Walkerton, Ontario," Geoforum, 35, 2004, pp. 343-359.
48. Scott Prudham, op.cit., p. 351.
49. Government of Ontario, Places to Grow: Better Choices. Brighter Future. A Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. Discussion paper, Summer, 2004.
50. www.greenbelt.ontario.ca, Toward a Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt: Advice and Recommendations to the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing.
51. Thomas Walkorn, "Saving Any Greenbelt Takes Guts," The Toronto Star, August 24, 2004, pp. A17.
52. Erik Swyngedouw, Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004).
53. The study, "Options For Tomorrow: Alternative Planning and Design Approaches for the Oak Ridges Moraine" (September 1993),
54. was quoted in Teresa Abbruzzese, "Framing Sprawl to Make Ecological and Social Justice Claims: Opportunities for Regional Planning in the Oak Ridges Moraine Campaign," Major Paper, Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, 2004. The study was done by Ecologistics Limited for the Ministry of Natural Resources, Greater Toronto Area Branch.
55. Uwe Hoering, "Debatten und aktuelle Entwicklungen in der internationalen Wasserpolitik," Journal für Entwicklungspolitik, 19, 4, pp. 77-94.
56. Roger Keil and John Graham, "Reasserting Nature: Constructing Urban Environments After Fordism," in Bruce Braun and Noel Castree (eds.), Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium (London and New York, Routledge, 1998);
57. Gene Desfor, et al., forthcoming, op. cit.
58. Gene Desfor and Roger Keil, 2004, op. cit.
59. Michael McMahon, Oak Ridges Moraine: Environmental Challenge and Opportunity, GTA Forum co-sponsored by the Center for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto; Ryerson University; and the Urban Studies Program, York University.
60. Mickey Lauria, Reconstructing Regime Theory: Regulating Urban Politics in a Global Economy (Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1997);
61. Andrew E.G. Jonas and David Wilson (eds.), The Urban Growth Machine: Two Decades Later (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999).
62. Robert A. Beauregard, "City Planning and the Postwar Regime in Philadelphia" in Mickey Lauria, op. cit., pp. 171-188.
63. Karen Bakker, 2000, op. cit.
64. Cocklin and Blunden, "Sustainability, Water Resources and Regulation," Geoforum, 29,1, 1998, pp. 51-68.
65. Cocklin and Blunden, 1998, op. cit.
66. Karen Bakker, 2000, op. cit.
67. Ibid., p. 4;
68. on the implications of this discursive turn for regulation theory see also D.R. Browne and Roger Keil, "Planning Ecology: The Discourse of Environmental Policy Making in Los Angeles," Organization and Environment, 13, 2, 2000, pp. 158-205;
69. Gene Desfor and Roger Keil, "Contested and Polluted Terrain," Local Environment, 4,3, 1999, pp. 331-352.
70. See contributions in Lauria, op. cit.
71. Neil Brenner, "The Urban Question as Scale Question: Reflections on Henri Lefebvre, Urban Theory and the Politics of Scale," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24, 2, June 2000, pp. 361-378.
72. Karen Bakker, 2003b, op. cit.;
73. Matthew Gandy, op. cit.;
74. Erik Swyngedouw, 2004, op. cit.;
75. Detlev Ipsen, Georg Chichorowski and Engelbert Schramm (eds.), Wasserkultur. Beitrage zu einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung (Berlin, 1998).
76. For an overview see Noel Castree, "Marxism and the Production of Nature," Capital & Class, 72, Autumn 2000, pp. 5-36;
77. Gene Desfor and Roger Keil, 2004, op. cit.
78. Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn, "Growth or Development?" in Roger Keil, David Bell, Peter Penz and Leesa Fawcett (eds.), Political Ecology: Global and Local, (London and New York: Routledge, 1998);
79. Ulrich Brandt and Christoph Görg, Postdistische Naturverbältnisse: Konflicte um genetische Ressourcen und die Internationalisierung des Staates (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2003).
80. Mickey Lauria, 1997, op. cit.;
81. Andrew E.G. Jonas and David Wilson, 1999, op. cit.
82. John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network Theory and After (Sociological Review Monograph), (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999).
83. Bruno Latour, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy (Cambridge Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 2004), p.83
84. Noel Castree, "False Antithesis? Marxism, Nature and Actor Networks," Antipode, 34, 2002, pp. 112-146;
85. Sara Whatmore, Hybrid Geographies (London: Sage Publications, 2002).
86. Erik Swyngedouw, 2004, op.cit, p. 22.
87. For a good overview of the Canadian debate about water see: http:// www.icij.org/water/report.aspx?sID=ch&rID=58&aID=58.
88. Roger Keil, 2002, op. cit.
89. Karen Bakker, 2003a, op. cit., pp. 17.
90. Ibid.;
91. Karen Bakker, 2003b, op. cit.;
92. Karen Bakker and D. Hemson, "Privatizing Water: Hydropolitics in the New South Africa," South African Journal of Geography, January, 2000;
93. Maude Barlow and Torty Clarke, Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World's Water (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2003).
94. Karen Bakker, 2003a, op. cit.;
95. Michelle Buckley, Water Privatization and Reregulation in Hamilton, Ontario, Major Paper, MES Program. Faculty of Environmencal Studies, York University, 2003.
96. Karen Bakker, 2003b, op. cit.
97. Karen Bakker, 2003a, op. cit.
98. Ibid.;
99. Karen Bakker, 2003b, op. cit.
100. Erik Swyngedouw, op. cit., 1996, pp. 65-80.
101. Gene Desfor and Roger Keil, "Every River Tells a Story: The Don River (Toronto) and the Los Angeles River (Los Angeles) as Articulating Landscapes," Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 2, 2000, pp. 5-23.
102. Statistics Canada, "2001 Census of Canada," 2002, published online at: www.statcan.ca.
103. For an analysis of the political fallout of the suburban shift, see: R. Alan Walks, "Suburbanization, the Vote and Changes in Federal and Provincial Representation and Influence Between Inner Cities and Suburbs in Large Canadian Urban Regions, 1945-1999," Urban Affairs Review, 39, 4, March 2004, pp. 411-440;
104. R. Alan Walks, "Place of Residence, Party Preferences, and Political Attitudes in Canadian Cities and Suburbs," Journal of Urban Affairs, 26, 3, 2004, pp. 269-295.
105. Paul Moloney, "Council Seeks to Tap Water Fund," Toronto Star, February 26, 2003, p. B3.
106. Michael McMahon, Oak Ridges Moraine: Environmental Challenge and Opportunity, GTA Forum co-sponsored by the Center for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, Ryerson Polytechnic University, and Urban Studies Program, York University, 2000.
107. Bersey Otto, Deron Lovaas, and John Bailey, Paving Our Way to Water Shortages: How Sprawl Aggravates Drought, 2002.
108. Ibid., p. 14, emphasis added.
109. Bakker, 2003b, op. cit.
110. Personal communication from Eduardo Sousa.
111. Information was taken from various Water Watch publications. See www.torwaterwarch.org for sources.
112. Tony Clarke, "Water Privateers," Alternatives, 29, 2, Spring 2003, pp. 10-15.
113. (http://www.riversides.org/newwin/WaterWatch/aboutus.html).
114. Debbané and Keil, 2004, op. cit.
115. Strategic Communications Inc., Managing Toronto's Water: A Public Opinion Poll Commissioned by Toronto Water Watch(Toronto: Water Watch, 2002), published online at: (http://www.riversides.org/newwin/ WaterWatch/aboutus.html).
116. I b i d.
117. Susannah Bunce and Douglas Young, "Image-Making by the Water: Global City Dreams and the Ecology of Exclusion," in Raffaele Paloscia (ed.), The Contested Metropolis: Six Cities at the Beginning of the 21st Century (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2004).
118. City of Toronto, Making Waves: Principles for Building Toronto's Waterfront, 2001.
119. Bunce and Young, op. cit.
120. City of Toronto, op. cit., p. 13;
121. Bunce and Young, op. cit., p. 217.
122. Statistics Canada, op. cit.
123. Village of Markham, 1959.
124. Statistics Canada, op. cit.
125. www.city.markham.on.ca
126. The Region of York abuts the City of Toronto and is comprised of several towns and cities, one of which is Markham.
127. www.city.markham.on.ca, op. cit.
128. E. Shapero, personal interview, February, 2002.
129. Margaret Fitzsimmons, "The Matter of Nature," Antipode, 21, 2, 1989, pp. 106-120.
130. David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 184.
131. Roy quoted in Harvey, op. cit., p. 161.
132. Josée Johnston, "Who Cares About the Commons?" Capitalism Nature Socialism, 14, 4, December 2003, p. 25
133. Michael Klare, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
134. Tim Luke "Global Cities vs.'global cities': Rethinking Contemporary Urbanism as Public Ecology," Studies in Political Economy, 70, Spring 2003, pp. 11-34.
135. Mark Hellmann and Greg Kotis, op. cit.