Reduction of aflatoxin hazards using ammoniation

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Volumn 171, Issue , 2001, Pages 139-175

  Park, Douglas L ^a   Price, William D ^a  

^a CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2142803288     PISSN: 01795953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0161-5_4     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Altschul AM, Karon ML, Schaeffer HC (1948) Note on effect on chick growth of feeding meals prepared from flaxseed and cottonseed treated with ammonia prior to storage. Poult Sci 27:408-410.
2. Ames BN, McCann J (1981) Validation of the Salmonella test: A reply to Rinkus and Legator. Cancer Res. 41:4192.
3. Arizona Revised Statutes, 36-904.01: Regulation R 9-17-318 (May 13, 1981). Rule entitled Whole cottonseed and cottonseed products: Ammoniation to reduce anatoxin contamination to levels acceptable for use as animal feeds; Deemed adulterated; Methods of ammoniation.
4. Bassuni AA, Nmer MM, El-Nabarawy AM, El-Zenaty I, Afif MA (1990) Effect of ammoniated aflatoxin contaminated ration on the immune response of chicks vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine. Presented at International Symposium on Food Contamination: Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Cairo, Egypt, November 4-8, 1990.
5. 1 content of cows' milk and hepatocarcinogenicity in the trout bioassay. Food Chem Toxic 32(8):701-715.
6. Bingana KS (1972) Serum biochemical parameters in cattle fed aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed meal with and without ammoniation. Master's Thesis, California State University, Fresno, CA.
7. Boulton SL, Dick JN, Hughes BL (1981) Effects of dietary aflatoxin and ammonia activated aflatoxin on Newcastle disease antibody titers in layer breeders. Avian Dis 26:1-6.
8. Bowers J, Brown B, Springer J, Tollefson L, Lorentzen R, Henry S (1993) Risk assessment for aflatoxin: and evaluation based on the multistage model. Risk Anal 13(6):637.
9. Brekke OL, Peplinski AJ, Lancaster EB (1977) Aflatoxin inactivation in corn by aqua ammonia. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 20:1160-1166.
10. 1 contaminated corn. Ph. D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
11. CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology) (1989) Task Force Report No. 116. Mycotoxins: economic and health risks. CAST, Ames, I A.
12. Cavanagh GC, Ensminger ME (1972) Ammoniated cottonseed meal for ruminants. Livestock Bus 1:15.
13. Chelkowski J, Szebiotko K, Golinski P, Buchowski M, Godlewska B, Radomyska W, Wiewiorowska M (1982) Mycotoxins in cereal grain. Part 5. Changes in cereal grain biological value after ammoniation and mycotoxins (ochratoxins) inactivation. Die Nahrung 25:631-637.
14. Coker RD, Jewers K, Jones NR, Nabney J, Watson DH (1983) Decontaminating aflatoxin-containing agricultural products. British Patent 2108365, London, UK.
15. Coker RD, Jewers K, Jones BD (1985) The destruction of aflatoxin by ammonia: practical possibilities. Trop Sci 25:139-154.
16. Coomes TJ, Crowther PC, Feuell AJ, Francis BJ (1966) Experimental detoxification of groundnut meals containing aflatoxin. Nature London 209:406-408.
17. Cotto G, Gascoin A, Viroben G (1982) Appetence du tourteau d'arachide detoxifie per l'ammoniac (precede artisanal) lors de son utilization a l'etat pur let vaches laitieres. Bull ITEB no. 82052.
18. Crosslin GP (1981) Aflatoxin detoxification by thermal processing in combinations with chemical treatment. Diss Abstr Int 41 B: 2403.
19. Crosslin GP, Seitz LM, Behnke KC, Sanford PE, Deyoe CW (1979) Aflatoxin detoxification by thermal processing in combination with chemical treatment (abstract). Poult Sci 58:1047.
20. 1. Cancer Res. 47:1913-1917.
21. De Lort-Laval J, Viroben G, Borgida LP, (1980) Efficacite biologique pour le poulet de chair du tourteau d'arachide traite a l'ammoniac ou a la monomethylamine en vue de l'inactivation des aflatoxines. Ann Zoothch 29:387-400.
22. Diekman MA, Green ML (1992) Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. J Anim Sci 70(5):1615-1627.
23. Diener UL, Davis ND, Danilson DA (1985) Detoxification of aflatoxin contaminated corn makes grain safe for feeding. Highlights Agric. Res. 32(2). Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
24. Dollear FG, Mann GE, Codifier LP, Gardner, HK Jr, Koltun SP, Vix H L E (1968) Elimination of aflatoxin from peanut meal. J Am Oil Chem Soc 45:862-865.
25. Duggan RE (1970) Controlling aflatoxins. FDA Papers 4(3):13.
26. 1 in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:1870.
27. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1970) Mycotoxins in Foods. Compliance Program. R-2283 (March 10). FDA, Rockville, MD.
28. Food and Drug Administration (1974) Aflatoxins in shelled peanuts and peanut products used as human foods: proposed tolerance. Fed Reg 39:42748-42752.
29. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1977) Aflatoxin contamination of milk: establishment of action level. Fed Reg 42:234, 6130.
30. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1982) Aflatoxin in cottonseed meal: revised action level. Fed Reg 47:147, 33007-33008.
31. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1988) Action levels for added poisonous or deleterious substances in food. Fed Reg 53:33, 5043-5044.
32. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1989a) Action levels for added poisonous or deleterious substances in food. Fed Reg 54:76, 16128-16130.
33. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1989b) Corn shipped in interstate commerce for use in animal feeds; action levels for aflatoxins in animal feeds. Revised Compliance Policy Guides; Availability; FDA's policy on blending of aflatoxin-contaminated com from the 1988 harvest with noncontaminated com for use in animal feeds. Fed Reg 54:100, 22622-22624.
34. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1990) Ammonia detoxification of aflatoxin contaminated animal feeds. Public Master File; Availability. Fed Reg 55:34, 5892.
35. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1994) Action levels for aflatoxins in animal feeds; revised compliance policy guide (peanut products). Availability. Fed Reg 59:70, 17383.
36. 1. Compliance Policy Guide CPG 7106.10.
37. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1996b) Sec. 555.400 Foods-Adulteration with aflatoxins. Compliance Policy Guides CPG 7120.26.
38. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1996c) Sec. 683.100: Action levels for aflatoxin in animal feeds. Compliance Policy Guides CPG 7126.33, 384.
39. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1996d) Sec. 670.500: Ammoniated cottonseed meal: interpretation of CFR 573.140. FDA, Compliance Policy Guides CPG 7126.25, 375.
40. Frayssinet La Farge-Frayssinet (1990) Effect of ammoniation on the carcinogenicity of aflatoxin-contaminated groundnut oil cakes: long-term feeding study in the rat. Food Addit Contam 7(1):63-68.
41. Frayssinet C, Gousse R, Tremolieres E (1976) Evaluation nutritionelle et toxicologique des tourteaux d'arachide traites a l'ammoniaque. III Int IUPAC Symp Mycotoxins Foodstuffs, Paris.
42. Fremy JM, Quillardet P (1985) The carry-over of aflatoxin into milk of cows fed ammoniated rations: use of an HPLC method and a genotoxicity test for determining milk safety. Food Addit Contam 2:201-207.
43. Fremy JM, Gautier JP, Herry MP, Terrier C, Calet C (1988) Effects of ammoniation on the carry-over of aflatoxin into bovine milk. Food Addit Contam 5(1):39-44.
44. Frobish RA, Bradley BD, Wagner DD, Long-Bradley PE, Hairston H (1986) Aflatoxin residues in milk of dairy cows after ingestion of naturally contaminated grain. J Food Prot 49:781.
45. GAO (1991) United States General Accounting Office Report to the Chairman, Subcommitte on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grains for the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives: Food Safety and Quality: Existing Detection and Control Programs Minimize Aflatoxin. GAO/Rced-91-109, Washington, DC.
46. Galvano F, Pietri A, Bertuzzi T, Fusconi G, Galvano M, Piva A, Piva G. (1996) Reduction of carryover of aflatoxin from cow feed to milk by addition of activated carbons. J. Food Protect. 59, 42:551-554.
47. Gardner HK Jr, Koltun SP, Dollear FG, Rayner ET (1971) Inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meals by ammoniation. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:70-73.
48. Goihl JH (1977) Acceptance, use by swine of aflatoxin-contaminated com treated with aqueous or gaseous ammonia. Feedstuffs Nov. 34-35.
49. Goldblatt LA (1971) Control and removal of aflatoxin. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:605-610.
50. Guthrie LB, Hammond C, Lawson T. (1981) Detoxification of aflatoxin in corn on a Georgia farm with anhydrous ammonia. J Dairy Sci 64 (suppl 1):218.
51. Haworth SR, Lawlor TE, Zeiger E, Lee LS, Park DL (1989) Mutagenic potential of ammonium-related aflatoxin reaction products in model system. J Am Oil Chem Soc 66:102.
52. Helferich WG (1983) Aflatoxin in food producing animals: metabolism and transmission. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
53. Henry SH, Bosch FX, Troxell TC, Bolger PM (1998) In safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Ser. 40. WHO, Geneva, pp 359-468.
54. Henry SH, Bosch FX, Troxell TC, Bolger PM (1999) Science 286:5449, 2453-2455.
55. Honstead JP, Dreesen DW (1992) Safety aspects of aflatoxins in grain and in edible swine tissues. Natural Toxins: Toxicology, Chemistry and Safety. Alaken, Fort Collins, CO.
56. Hoogenboom L A P, Tulliez J, Gautier J-P, Coker RD, Melcion J-P, Nagler MJ, Polman Th. HG, Delort-Laval J (2001) Adsorption, distribution and excretion of aflatoxinderived ammoniation products in lactating cows. Food Addit Contam 18(1):47-58.
57. Hoversland AS, Bingana S, Cavanagh GC, Selkirk RJ, McKinney J, Pearson J, Nelson DM (1973) Serum chemistries of lactating dairy cows following aflatoxin feeding. J Anim Sci 36:1204.
58. Hoversland AS, McKinney J, Slekis RJ, Cavanagh GC, Pearson J, Nelson DM (1973) Aflatoxin studies with lactating and non-lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci 37:253-254.
59. Hughes BL, Jones JE (1979) Hematology of single comb white leghorn pullets fed aflatoxin contaminated and ammonia treated corn. Poult Sci 58:981-982.
60. Hughes BL, Bamett BD, Jones JE, Dick JW, Norred WP (1979) Safety of feeding aflatoxin inactivated com to white leghorn layer breeders. Poult Sci 58:1202-1209.
61. Jensen AH, Brekke OL, Frank GR, Peplinski AJ (1977) Acceptance and utilization by swine of aflatoxin contaminated corn treated with aqueous or gaseous ammonia. J Anim Sci 45:8-12.
62. Jorgensen KV, Price RL (1981) Atmospheric pressure-ambient temperature reduction of aflatoxin Bl in ammoniated cottonseed. J Agric Food Chem 29:555-558.
63. Jorgensen KV, Park DL, Rua SM Jr, Price RL (1990) Reduction of mutagenic potentials in milk: effects of ammonia treatment on aflatoxin contaminated cottonseed. J Food Prot 53:9:777-778.
64. Keyl AC (1978) Effects of ammoniated aflatoxin contaminated corn on domestic farm animals. In: 25th Annual Maryland Nutrition Conference, March 16-17, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, pp 11-18.
65. Keyl AC, Norred WP (1978) Utilization of aflatoxin contaminated feed. Am Dairy Sci Assoc/Am Soc Anim Sci Meeting, East Lansing, MI (July).
66. Koltun SP, Rayner ET, Wadsworth JI, Gardner HK Jr (1979) Inactivation of anatoxins in cottonseed meal by ammoniation. I. Reaction studies. J Am Oil Chem Soc 56:803-807.
67. Lawlor TE, Hayworth SR, Zeigler E, Park DL, Lee L (1985) Mutagenic potential of ammoniation related aflatoxin reaction products isolated from cottonseed meal. J Am Oil Chem Soc 62:1136-1138.
68. 1 in ammoniated peanut and cottonseed meals. J Agric Food Chem 26:881-884.
69. 1: isolation and identification of the major reaction product. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 57:626-631.
70. 1 in toxicity and mutagenicity. Experientia (Basil) 37:16-17.
71. 1 in the absence and presence of cottonseed meal. J Am Oil Chem Soc 62:656.
72. Lopez-Garcia R, Park DL, Phillips TD (1999) Integrated mycotoxin management systems. Food, Nutrition and Agriculture FAO 23:38-48.
73. Lough OG (1980) Ammoniating aflatoxin contaminated cottonseed on the farm. In: Ensminger ME (ed) Dairy Science Handbook, Vol. 13. pp. 55-64.
74. Lough OG, Gingg C, Billotti M (1979a) Detoxifying aflatoxin contaminated cottonseed. J Dairy Sci 62 (suppl 1):135.
75. Lough OG, Gingg C, Billotti M (1979b) Detoxifying aflatoxin contaminated cottonseed. In: 74th Annual Meeting, American Dairy Association, Utah State University, Logan, UT, June 24-27.
76. Mann GE, Gardner HK Jr, Booth AN, Gumbmann MR (1971) Aflatoxin inactivation: chemical and biological properties of ammonia and methylamine treated cottonseed meal. J Agric Food Chem 19:1155-1158.
77. Maron DM, Ames BN (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113:173.
78. Martinez AJ, Weng CY, Park DL (1994) Distribution of ammonia/aflatoxin reaction products in corn following exposure to ammonia decontamination procedure. Food Addit Contam 11(6):649-658.
79. McKenzie KS, Kubena LF, Denvir AJ, Rogers TD, Hitchens GD, Bailey RH, Harvey RB, Buckley SA, Phillips TD (1998) Aflatoxicosis in Turkey Poults is Prevented by Treatment of Naturally Contaminated Corn with Ozone Generated by Electrolysis. Poultry Sci. 77:1094-1102.
80. McKinney JD, Cavanagh GC, Bell JT, Hoversland AS, Nelson DM, Pearson J, Selkirk RJ (1973) Effects of ammoniation on aflatoxins in rations fed lactating cows. J Am Oil Chem Soc 50:79-84.
81. Njapau H (1999) Isolation of antimutagenic compounds in corn and cottonseed. Ph. D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.
82. Park DL (1990) Commentary on the use of ammonia to reduce aflatoxin levels in whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal. Submission to PMF 5289, FDA, CVM.
83. Park DL (1992) Perspective on mycotoxin decontaminataion procedures. Microb Hyg Aliment 4:21-27.
84. Park DL (1993a) Perspectives on mycotoxin decontamination procedures. Food Addit Contam 10(1):49-60.
85. Park DL (1993b) Controlling aflatoxin in food and feed, Food Technol 47(10):92.
86. Park DL, Lee LS (1990) New perspectives on the ammonia treatment for decontamination of aflatoxins In: A Perspective on Aflatoxins in Field Crops and Animal Food Products in the United States: A Symposium. ARS-83. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. pp 127-137.
87. Park DL, Pohland AE (1986) A rationale for the control of aflatoxin in animal feeds. In: Steyn P, Vleggaar R (eds) Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 473-482.
88. Park DL, Stoloff L (1989) Aflatoxin control: how regulatory agency managed risk from an unavoidable natural toxicant in food and feed. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 9:109-130.
89. Park DL, Lee LS, Koltun SP (1984) Distribution of ammonia-related aflatoxin reaction products in cottonseed meal. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:1071-1074.
90. Park DL, Lee LS, Price RL, Pohland AE (1988) Review of decontamination of aflatoxin by ammoniation: current status and regulation, J AOAC 71(4):685.
91. Payne JR, Mitchell RJ, Hazen KP, Waldroup PW (1972) Nutritive value of ammoniated cottonseed meal for chicks and hens. Poult Sci 51:1849.
92. Piva G, Galvano F, Pietri, A, Piva A. (1995) Detoxification methods of aflatoxins. A review. Nutrition Research 15:5:767.
93. Price RL, Jorgenson KV (1985) Effects of processing on aflatoxin levels and on mutagenic potential of tortillas made from naturally contaminated corn. J Food Sci 50:347.
94. Price RL, Lough OG, Brown WH (1982) Ammoniation of whole cottonseed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature to reduce aflatoxin M1 in milk. J Food Prot 45:341-344.
95. Price WD, Lovell RA, McChesney DG (1993) Naturally occuring toxins in feedstuffs: Center for Veterinary Medicine perspective. J Animal Sci 71:2556.
96. Quillardet P, Huisman O, D'Ari R, Hopnung M (1982) SOS Chromotest, a direct assay of induction of an SOS function in E. coli 12, to measure genotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:5971-5975.
97. Reid RL (1972) Ammoniated cottonseed meal in poultry diets, Feedstuffs 61(Nov):41.
98. Rothschild L Jr (1984) FDA discretion to set aflatoxin action levels upheld by court. Food Chem News (March 5):3.
99. Schroeder T, Zweifel U, Sagelsdorff P, Friederich Y, Luthy J, Schlatter C (1985) Ammoniation of aflatoxin containing corn: distribution, in vivo covalent deoxyribonucleic acid binding and mutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem 33:311-316.
100. Thiesen J (1977) Detoxification of anatoxins in groundout meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2:67-75.
101. U. S. (United States) (1998) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. United States Code, Title 21.
102. Van Alfen N (1997) Memorandum of Aflatoxin Task Force: final report with addendum. Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, February 3.
103. Verite R (1981) Cited by Viroben G, Fremy JM, De Lort-Laval D (1983) Lait 63:171-179.
104. Viroben G, Fremy JM, De Lort-Laval J (1983) Treatment of peanut meal with aqueous ammonia at ambient temperature: effect on reduction of aflatoxin M1 content in milk. Lait 63:171-179.
105. Vohra P, Hafez Y, Earl L, Kratzer FH (1975) The effect of ammonia treatment of cottonseed meal on its gossypol-induced discoloration of egg yolks. Poult Sci 54:441-447.
106. Waldroup PW, Hazen KP, Mitchell RJ, Payne JR, Johnson J (1976) Ammoniated cottonseed meal as a protein supplement for laying hens. Poult Sci 55:1011-1019.
107. Weng CY (1994) Efficacy and safety evaluation of ammonia treatment for reducing aflatoxin levels in corn. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.
108. Weng CY, Martinez AJ, Park DL (1994) Efficacy and permanency of ammonia treatment in reducing aflatoxin levels in com. Food Addit Contam 11(6):649-658.
109. Weng CY, Martinez AJ, Park DL (1997) Anti-aflatoxin mutagenic factors in corn. Food Addit Contam 14:269-279.