Realism without reductionism: Toward an ecologically embedded sociology

Human Ecology Review

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-20

  Carolan, Michael S ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical realism; Determinism; Ecology; Environment; Evolution; Sociology

Indexed keywords

EID: 21344470644     PISSN: 10744827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (271)

1. Archer, M. 1995. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Archer, M., R. Bhaskar, A. Collier, T. Lawson, and A. Norrie (eds.). 1998. Critical Realism: Essential Readings. London; New York: Routledge.
3. Bartky, S.L. 1997. Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power. In Katie Conboy, Nadia Medine and Sarah Stanbury (eds), Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory, 129-154. New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Bartley, W.W. 1987. Philosophy of Biology versus Philosophy of Physics. In G. Radnitzky and W.W. Bartley (eds.), Evolutionary Epistemology, Theory of Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge, 7-46. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
5. Bell, M.M. 1998. An Invitation to Environmental Sociology. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Pine Forge Press.
6. Benton, T. 1977. The Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
7. Benton, T. 1981. Realism and Social Science. Radical Philosophy 27, 13-21.
8. Benton, T. 1991. Biology and Social Science. Sociology 25, 1-29.
9. Benton, T. 1994. Sociology and the Environment: Discordant Discourse? In M. Redclift and T. Benton (eds.), Social Theory and the Global Environment, 28-50. London; New York: Routledge.
10. Benton, T. 2000. Social Causes and Natural Relations. In Hillary Rose and Steven Rose (eds.), Alas, Poor Darwin: Arguments Against Evolutionary Psychology, 249-272. New York, NY: Harmony Books.
11. Benton, T. 2001a. Environmental Sociology: Controversy and Continuity. Sosiologisk tidsskrift 9, 5-48.
12. Benton, T. 2001b. Why are Sociologists Naturephobes? In J. Lopez and G. Potter (eds.), After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism, 133-145. New York: The Athlone Press.
13. Benton, T. 2003. Ecology, Health and Society: A Red-Green Perspective. In S. Williams, L. Birke and G. A. Bendelow (eds.), Debating Biology: Sociological Reflections on Health, Medicine and Society, 283-297. London, UK: Routledge.
14. Benton, T. and M. Redclift. 1994. Introduction. In M. Redclift and T. Benton (eds.) Social Theory and the Global Environment, 1-13. London; New York: Routledge.
15. Bhaskar, R. 1980. Reclaiming Reality. London and New York: Verso.
16. Bhaskar, R. 1993. Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom. New York: Verso.
17. Bhaskar, R. 1994. Plato Etc.: The Problems of Philosophy and their Resolution. New York: Verso.
18. Bhaskar, R. 1997 [1975]. A Realist Theory of Science. London: Verso.
19. Bhaskar, R. 1998 [1979]. The Possibility of Naturalism. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
20. Bhaskar, R. 2002. Reflections of Meta-Reality: Transcendence, Emancipation and Everyday Life. New Delhi, Thousand Island, London: Sage.
21. Bhaskar, R. and T. Lawson. 1998. Introduction: Basic Texts and Developments. In M. Archer, R. Bhaskar, C. Andrew, T. Lawson, and A. Norrie (eds.), Critical Realism: Essential Readings, 3-15. London; New York: Routledge.
22. Bickhard, M.H. and D.T. Campbell. 2000. Emergence. In P. Anderson, C. Emmeche, N.O. Finnemann, and P.V. Christiansen (eds.) Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matter, 322-348. Oxford, UK: Aarhus University Press.
23. Birke, L. 2000. Feminism and the Biological Body. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
24. Birke, L. 2003. Shaping Biology: Feminism and the Idea of 'the Biological.' In S. Williams, L. Birke and G.A. Bendelow (eds.), Debating Biology: Sociological Reflections on Health, Medicine and Society, 39-52. London, UK: Routledge.
25. Bloor, David. 1999. Anti-Latour. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 30, 81-112.
26. Bodmer, M.F. and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1976. Genetics, Evolution, and Man. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
27. Boyd, R. and P. Richerson. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
28. Bricmont, Jean 2001. Sociology and Epistemology. In by J. Lopez and G. Potter (eds.), After Postmodernisn: An Introduction to Critical Realism, 100-115. New York: The Athlone Press.
29. Brown, P. 2002. Brain Gain. New Scientist 2332 (March), 25-27.
30. Buck-Morss, S. 1982. Socio-economic Bias in Piaget's Theory and it Implications for Cross-Cultural Studies. In S. Modgil and C. Modgil (eds.), Jean Piaget: Consensus and Controversy, 23-87. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
31. Bullard, R. 1995. Residential Segregation and Urban Quality of Life. In B. Bryant (ed.), Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions, 76-85. Washington, D.C., Island Press.
32. Burkett, P. 1996. Some Common Misconceptions about Nature and Marx's Critique of Political Economy. Capital-Nature-Socialism 7, 57-80.
33. Burkett, P. 1997. Nature in Marx Reconsidered. Organization and Environment 10, 164-83.
34. Butler, J. 1989. Gender Trouble. London: Routledge.
35. Butler, J. 1990. Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. In Sue-Ellen Case (ed.), Performing Feminisms: Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre, 33-68. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
36. Butler, J. 1993. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex." New York: Routledge.
37. Butler, J. 1994. "Gender as Performance: Interview." Radical Philosophy 67, 32-39.
38. Buttel, F.H. 1986. Sociology and the Environment: The Winding Road Toward Human Ecology. International Social Science Journal 109, 337-356.
39. Buttel, F.H.1996. Environmental and Resource Sociology: Theoretical Issues and Opportunities for Synthesis. Rural Sociology 61, 56-76.
40. Calder, I. 1999. The Blue Revolution: Land Use and Integrated Water Resources. London: Earthscan.
41. Campbell, D.T. 1956. Perception as Substitute for Trail and Error. Psychological Review 63, 330-342.
42. Campbell, D.T. 1959. Methodological Suggestions from a Comparative Psychology of Knowledge Process. Inquiry 2, 152-82.
43. Campbell, D.T. 1960. Blind Variation and Selective Retention in Creative Thought as in Other Knowledge Processes. Psychological Review 67, 380-400.
44. Campbell, D.T. 1987. Evolutionary Epistemology. In G. Radnitzky and W.W. Bartley (eds.), Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge, 47-90. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
45. Campbell, D.T. 1990. Levels of Organization, Downward Causation, and the Selection-Theory Approach to Evolutionary Epistemology. In E. Tobach. Hillsdale (ed.), Scientific Methodology in the Study of Mind: Evolutionary Epistemology, 33-64. N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
46. Campbell, D.T. 1994. How Individual and Face-to-Face Group Selection Undermine Firm Selection in Organizational Evolution. In J.A.C. Baum and J.V. Singh (eds.), Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations, 120-155. New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Campbell, D.T. 1997. From Evolutionary Epistemology via Selection Theory to a Sociology of Scientific Validity. Evolution and Cognition 3, 5-38.
48. Campbell, D.T. and B. Lee. 2002. The foot and mouth outbreak: Lessons not yet learned. Cardiff, U.K.: ESRC, Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability, and Society, Cardiff Law SchoolCardiff. http://www.fmd.brass.cf.ac.uk/lessonsnotlearnedDCBL.pdf
49. Carolan, M.S. 2004. Ontological Politics: Mapping a Complex Environmental Problem. Environmental Value 13, 497-522.
50. Carolan, M.S. 2005a. Risk, Trust and "The Beyond" of the Environment: A Brief Look at the Recent Case of Mad Cow Disease in the United States. Environmental Values, forthcoming.
51. Carolan, M.S. 2005b. The Conspicuous Body. Capitalism, Consumerism, Class, and Consumption. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion 9, 82-111.
52. Carolan, M.S. and M.M. Bell. 2003. In Truth we Trust: Discourse, Phenomenology, and the Social Relations of Knowledge in an Environmental Dispute. Environmental Values 12, 225-45.
53. Carolan, M.S. forthcoming. Disciplining Nature: The Homogenizing and Constraining Forces of Anti-Markets on the Food System. Environmental Values.
54. Castell, M. 1996. The Information Age, I: The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
55. Castell, M. 1997. The Information Age, II: The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
56. Castell, M. 1998. The Information Age, III: End of Millennium. Oxford: Blackwell.
57. Castell, M. 2000. Materials for an Explanatory Theory of the Network Society. British Journal of Sociology 51, 5-24.
58. Catton, W. 1980. Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
59. Catton, W. 1992. Separation Versus Unification in Sociological Human Ecology. In L. Freese (ed.), Advances in Human Ecology, 65-99. Greenwich: JAI Press.
60. Catton, W. 1994. Foundations of Human Ecology. Sociological Perspectives 37, 75-95.
61. Catton, W. 1998. Darwin, Durkheim, and Mutualism. In L. Freese (ed.), Advances in Human Ecology vol. 7, 89-138. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press.
62. Catton, W. 2002. Has the Durkheim Legacy Misled Sociology? In R. Dunlap, F.H. Buttel, P. Dickens, and A. Gijswijt (eds.), Sociological Theory and the Environment: Classical Foundations, Contemporary Insights, 90-115. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.
63. Catton, W. and R. Dunlap. 1979. Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm. American Sociologist 13, 41-9.
64. Catton, W. and R. Dunlap. 1980. A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology. American Behavioral Scientist 24, 15-48.
65. Choi. C. 2002. And then there were five: A Hidden Force could be Changing the Face of the Universe. New Scientist 2, March (2332), 7.
66. Chomsky, N. 1971. Problems of Knowledge and Freedom. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
67. Chomsky, N. 1975. Reflections on Language. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
68. Chomsky, N. 2000. The Architecture of Language. New York: Oxford University Press.
69. Colborn, T., D. Dumanoski, and J. Peterson. 1997. Our Stolen Future. New York: Penguin.
70. Collier, A. 1989. Scientific Realism and Socialist Thought. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
71. Collier, A. 1994. Critical Realism. London: Verso.
72. Collins, H. and S. Yearley. 1992. Epistemological Chicken. In A. Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture, 301-326. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Cortese, A.D. 1996. Endocrine Disruption. Environmental Science & Technology 30, 213-215.
74. Crippen, T. 1988. Old and New Gods in the Modern World: Toward a Theory of Religious Transformation. Social Forces 67, 316-336.
75. Crippen, T. and R. Machalek. 1989. The Evolutionary Foundations of the Religious Life. Revue Internationale de Sociologie 3, 61-84.
76. Dalvie M.A., J.E. Myers, M.L. Thompson, S. Dyer, T.G. Robins, S. Omar, J. Riebow, J. Molekwa, P. Kruger, and R. Millar. 2004. The hormonal effects of long-term DDT exposure on malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Environmental Research 96, 9-19.
77. Damasio, A.R. 2000. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Quill.
78. Daniels, G. and S. Friedman. 1999. Spatial Inequality and the Distribution of Industrial Toxic Releases: Evidence from the 1990 TRI. Social Science Quarterly 80, 244-262.
79. Davey, B. 2003. Evolution and Human Disease: Bridging the Biology/Culture Gap. In S. Williams, L. Birke and G.A. Bendelow (eds.), Debating Biology: Sociological Reflections on Health, Medicine and Society, 15-26. London, UK: Routledge.
80. Dawkins, R. 1986. The Bind Watchmaker. New York: Harlow.
81. Dawkins, R. 1989 [1976]. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
82. Deleuze, G. and F. Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
83. Demeritt, D. 1998. Science, Social Constructivism and Nature. In B. Braun and N. Castree (eds.), Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium, 173-193. New York: Routledge.
84. Denno, D.W. 1994. Gender, Crime, and the Criminal Law Defenses. Journal of Crime, Law and Criminology 85, 80-180.
85. Diamond, J. 1989. Blood, Genes, and Malaria. Natural History (February), 8-18.
86. Diamond, J. and J. Rotter. 2000. The Evolution of Human Genetic Diseases. In R.A. King, J.I. Rotter, and A.G. Motulsky (eds.), The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases, 45-87. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
87. Dickens, P. 1998. Social Relations, Social Change, and Human Nature: Connecting Evolutionary Psychology to Social Theory. Advances in Human Ecology 7, 57-88.
88. Dickens, P. 2000. Social Darwinism. Buckingham: Open University Press.
89. Dickens, P. 2001(a). Linking the Social and Natural Sciences: Is Capital Modifying Human Biology in Its Own Image? Sociology 35, 93-110
90. Dickens, P. 2001(b). Internal and External Nature: Exploring the Dialectic. Conference on: New Natures, New Cultures, New Technologies, Research Committee 24 (Environment and Society) of the International Sociological Association, July 5-7, Cambridge, England.
91. Dickens, P. 2004. Society and Nature: Changing our Environment, Changing Ourselves. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
92. Dietz, T. and T. Burns. 1992. Human Agency and the Evolutionary Theory in Sociology: An Examination of Current Thinking. Acta Sociologica 35, 187-200.
93. Dietz, T., T. Burns, and F. Buttel. 1990. Evolutionary Thinking in Sociology: An Examination of Current Thinking. Sociological Forum 5, 155-185.
94. Drake, D. 1920. Essays in Critical Realism: A Co-operative Study of the Problem of Knowledge. London: Macmillian & Co. Ltd.
95. Driver, T. 1999. Anti-erosion Policies in the Mountain Areas of Lesotho: The South Africa Connection. Environment and History 5, 1-25.
96. Dubrova, Y.E., M. Plum, B. Gutierrez, E. Boulton, and A.J. Jeffreys. 2000. Genome Stability. Transgenerational Mutation by Radiation. Nature 405, 37.
97. Durham, W.H. 1991. Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
98. Ehrlich, P. 2000. Human Nature: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Washington, DC: Island Press.
99. Elam, M. 1999. Living dangerously with Bruno Latour in a hybrid world. Theory, Culture, and Society 16, 1-24.
100. Ellis, L. 1996. A discipline in peril: Sociology's future hinges on curing Its biophobia. American Sociologist 27, 21-41.
101. Epstein, C.F. 1988. Deceptive Distinctions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
102. Emmeche, C., S. Koppe, and F. Stjernefelt. 2000. Levels, Emergence, and Three Versions of Downward Causation. In P. Anderson, C. Emmeche, N.O. Finnemann, and P.V. Christiansen (eds.), Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matter, 13-34. Oxford, UK: Aarhus University Press.
103. Erikson, K. 1995. A New Species of Trouble: The Human Experience of Modern Disasters. New York; London: Norton.
104. Evans, R. 2005. Introduction: Demarcation socialized: constructing boundaries and recognizing difference. Science, Technology, and Human Values 30, 3-16.
105. Fausto-Sterling, A. 2000. Beyond Difference: Feminism and Evolutionary Psychology. In H. Rose and S. Rose (eds.), Alas, Poor Darwin: Arguments Against Evolutionary Psychology, 209-238. New York, NY: Harmony Books.
106. Fausto-Sterling, A. 2003. The Problem with Sex/Gender and Nature/Nurture. In S. Williams, L. Birke and G. A. Bendelow (eds.), Debating Biology: Sociological Reflections on Health, Medicine and Society, 123-132. London, UK: Routledge.
107. Feldman, M.W. and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1976. Cultural and Biological Evolutionary Processes: Selection for a Trait Under Complex Transmission. Theoretical Population Biology 9, 238-259.
108. Forsyth, Tim. 1996. Science, Myth and Knowledge: Testing Himalayan Environmental Degradation in Thailand. Geoforum 27, 375-92.
109. Forsyth, Tim. 1998. Mountain Myth Revisited: Integrating Natural and Social Environmental Science. Mountain Research and Development 18, 126-39.
110. Forsyth, Tim. 2001. Critical Realism and Political Ecology. In J. Lopez and G. Potter (eds.), After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism, 146-155. New York: The Athlone Press.
111. Forsyth, Tim. 2003. Critical Political Ecology: The Politics of Environmental Science. New York: Routledge.
112. Foster, J.B. 1999. Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology. American Journal of Sociology 105, 366-405.
113. Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock.
114. Foucault, M. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Mirth of the Prison. New York: Vintage.
115. Foucault, M. 1980. The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. R. Hurley. New York: Vintage Books.
116. Foucault, M. 1981. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings 1972-1977. New York: Random House.
117. Foucault, M. 1997. Technologies of Self. In Michel Foucault: Ethics. The Essential Works 1, 223-251. London, UK: Allen Lane.
118. Foucault, M. 2000. Power. New York: The New Press.
119. Freedland, S.J. and W.B. Isaacs 2005. Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer in the United States: Sociology or biology? Prostate 62, 243-252.
120. Freese, J., J. Li, and L.D. Wade. 2003. The Potential Relevances of Biology to Social Inquiry. Annual Review of Sociology 29, 233-56.
121. Freese, L. 1997a. Environmental Connections. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press.
122. Freese, L. 1997b. Evolutionary Connections. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press.
123. Freudenburg, W.R., S. Frickel, and R. Gramling. 1995. Beyond the nature/society divide: Learning to think about a mountain. Sociological Forum 10, 361-92.
124. Fukuyama, F. 2002. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Picador.
125. Fulton, M., G. Raab, G. Thompson, D. Laxen, R. Hunter, and W. Hepburn. 1987. Influence of Blood Lead on the Ability and Attainment of Children in Edinburgh. Lancet 1(8544), 1221-1225.
126. Gao, F., E. Bailes, D.L. Robertson, Y. Chen, and C.M. Rodenburg. 1999. Origin of the HIV-1 in the Chimpanzee Pan Troglodytes Troglodytes. Nature 397, 436-440.
127. Gieryn, T. 1983. Boundary work and the demarcation of science from non-science: Strains and interests in professional interests of scientists. American Sociological Review 48, 781-95.
128. Gieryn, T. 1995. Boundaries of science. In S. Jasanoff, G.E. Markle, J.C. Petersen, and T. Pinch (eds.), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 393-443. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
129. Hall, B.K. 2001. Organic selection: Proximate environmental effects on the evolution of morphology and behavior. Biology and Philosophy 16, 215-237.
130. Hamilton, Garry. 2005. Filthy friends. New Scientist April 16-22, No 2495, 24-39.
131. Hammond P.B. 1998. Metabolism of Lead. In J. Chisholm and D. O'Hara (eds.), Lead Absorption in Children, 11-20. Baltimore, MD: Urban & Schwartzenberg.
132. Harré, R. 1970. The Principles of Scientific Thinking. London: Macmillan.
133. Harré, R. 1972. The Philosophies of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
134. Harré, R. 2001. How to Change Reality: Story vs. Structure-A Debate between Rom Harré and Roy Bhaskar. In J. Lopez and G. Potter (eds.) After Postmodernisn: An Introduction to Critical Realism, 22-39. New York: The Athlone Press.
135. Harré, R. and E.H. Madden. 1975. Causal Powers. Oxford: Blackwell.
136. Harvey, D. 2002. Agency and Community: A Critical Realist Paradigm. Journal of Theory and Social Behavior. 32, 163-194.
137. Henslin, J.M. 1997. Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
138. Hofer, T. 1993. Himalayan Deforestation, Changing River Discharge, and Increasing Floods: Myth or Reality? Mountain Research and Development 13, 213-233.
139. Holt, P.O., P.D. Sly, and B. Bojrksten. 1997. Atopic Versus Infectious Diseases in Childhood: A Question of Balance. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 8, 53-58.
140. Horowitz, I.L. 1993. The Decomposition of Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
141. House of Commons Committee on Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2002. First Report: The Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease, London: The Stationary Office.
142. Hrdy, S.B. 1997. Raising Darwin's Consciousness: Female Sexuality and the Prehominid Origins of Patriarchy. Human Nature 8, 1-49.
143. Ives, J. and B. Messerli. 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Conservation and Development. London: Routledge.
144. Jasanoff, S. 1987. Contested boundaries in policy-relevant science. Social Studies of Science 17, 195-230.
145. Jasanoff, S. and B. Wynne. 1998. Science and decision making. In S. Rayner and E.L. Malone (eds.), Human Choice and Climate Change, 1-87. Columbus, OH: Batelle.
146. Jasanoff, S. 2004. Ordering Knowledge, Ordering Society. In S. Jasanoff (ed.), States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order, 13-45. New York: Routledge.
147. Juberg, D.R. 1997. Lead and Human Health. New York: American Council of Scientific Health.
148. Keat, R. 1971. Positivism, Naturalism and Anti-Naturalism in the Social Sciences. The Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 1, 3-17.
149. Keat, R. and J. Urry. 1975. Social Theory as Science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
150. Kim, J. 2000. Making Sense of Downward Causation. In P. Anderson, C. Emmeche, N.O. Finnemann, and P. Voetmann Christiansen (eds.), Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matter, 322-348. Oxford, UK: Aarhus University Press.
151. Kuhn, T.S. 1970 [1962]. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
152. Laland, K.N. and G.R. Brown. 2002. Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
153. Laland, K.N., J. Kumm, J. Van Horn, and M.W. Feldman. 1995. A Gene-Culture Model of Handedness. Behavior Genetics 25, 433-45.
154. Laland, K.N., F.J. Odling-Smee, and M.W. Feldman. 2001. Cultural Niche Construction and Human Evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14, 22-33.
155. Land, K.C., P.L. McCall, and L.E. Cohen. 1990. Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: Are there any Invariances Across Time and Social Space? American Journal of Sociology 95, 922-963.
156. Lanphear, B.P. 1998. The Paradox of Lead Poisoning Prevention. Science 281, 1617-1618.
157. Latour, B. 1987. Science in Action. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
158. Latour, B. 1988. The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
159. Latour, B. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
160. Latour, B. 1999. Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
161. Latour, B. 2004a. Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern. Critical Inquiry 30, 225-248.
162. Latour, B. 2004b. Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
163. Latour, B. and S. Woolgar. 1979. Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
164. Law, J. and V. Singleton. 2004. A further species of trouble? Disaster and narrative. Published by the Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK. http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/papers/ law-singleton-further-species-of-trouble.pdf.
165. Lawson, T. 1997. Economics and Reality. London; New York: Routledge.
166. Levins, R. and R. Lewontin. 1985. The Dialectical Biologist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
167. Lomborg, Bjorn. 2001. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
168. Lopez, J. and G. Potter (eds.). 2001. After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism. New York: Athlone Press.
169. Lopreato, J. and T. Crippen. 1999. Crisis in Sociology: The Need for Darwin. New Brunswick; London: Transaction Publishers.
170. Lorber, J. 1994. The Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
171. Lowe, P., S. Edawards, and N. Ward. 2001. The Foot and Mouth Crisis: Issues for Public Policy and Research. Newcastle upon Tyne: Newcastle University, Centre for Rural Economy Working Paper Series, 64, http://www.ncl.ac.uk/cre/publications/working_papers/WP64.pdf.
172. Lynch, M.J., P. Stretesky, and R. Burns. 2004a. Slippery business-Race, class, and legal determinants of penalties against petroleum refineries. Journal of Black Studies 34, 421-440.
173. Lynch, M.J., P. Stretesky, and R. Burns. 2004b. Determinants of environmental law violation fines against petroleum refineries: Race, ethnicity, income, and aggregation effects. Society and Natural Resources 17, 343-357.
174. Machalek, R. 1999. Elementary social facts: Emergence in nonhuman societies. Advances in Human Ecology 8, 33-64.
175. Machalek R. and M.W. Martin. 2004. Sociology and the second Darwinian revolution: A metatheoretical analysis. Sociological Theory 22, 455-476.
176. Marx, K. 1970. Capital, Volume 1. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
177. Maryanski, A.R. 1987. Africa Ape Social Structure: Is There Strength in Weak Ties. Social Networks 9, 191-215.
178. Maryanski, A.R. 1992. The Last Ancestor: An Ecological Network Model on the Origins of Human Sociality. Advances in Human Ecology 1, 1-32.
179. Maryanski, A.R. 1997. African Ape Social Networks: A Blueprint for Reconstructing Early Hominid Social Structure. In J. Steele and S.J. Shennon (eds.), Power, Sex and Tradition: The Archaeology of Human Ancestry, 67-90. London; Routledge.
180. Maryanski, A.R. 1998. Evolutionary Sociology. Advances in Human Ecology 1, 1-56.
181. Maryanski, A.R. and J. Turner. 1992. The Social Cage: Human Nature and the Evolution of Society. Standford, CA: Standford University Press.
182. Massey, D. 1994. America's apartheid and the urban underclass. Social Service Review December, 471-487.
183. Masters, R.D. 1983. Explaining 'Male Chauvinism' and 'Feminism': Differences in Male and Female Reproductive Strategies. In M.W. Watts (ed.), Biopolitics and Gender, 165-210. New York: Haworth.
184. Masters, R.D. 2001. Biological and Politics: Linking Nature and Nurture. Annual Review of Political Science 4, 345-369.
185. Masters, R.D. and M. Coplan. 1999. Water Treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Studies 56, 435-99.
186. Masters, R.D., B.T. Hone, and A. Doshi. 1998. Environmental Pollution, Neurotoxicity, and Criminal Violence. In J. Rose (ed.), Environmental Toxicology, 13-48. London: Gordon & Breach.
187. McLaughlin, P. 1998. Rethinking the Agrarian Question: The Limits of Essentialism and the Promise of Evolutionism. Human Ecology Review 5, 25-39.
188. McLaughlin, P. 2001. Towards an Ecology of Social Action: Merging the Ecological and Constructivist Traditions. Human Ecology Review 8, 12-28.
189. Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III. 1972. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York: University Books.
190. Mendola P., L.K. Robinson, G.M. Buck, C.M. Druschel, E.F. Fitzgerald, L.E. Sever, and J.E. Vena. 2005. Birth defects risk associated with maternal sport fish consumption: Potential effect modification by sex of offspring. Environmental Research 97, 134-141.
191. Mills, C.W. 1959. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
192. Muir, H. 2002. Suffer the Children: The Effects of Radiation Don't Stop with the People Exposed to it. New Scientist May 11, 2002 (no. 2342), 5.
193. Mulkay, M.J. 1976. Norms and ideology in science. Social Science Information 15, 637-56.
194. Murphy, R. 1994a. Rationality and Nature. Boulder: Westview.
195. Murphy, R. 1994b. The Sociological Construction of Science Without Nature. Sociology: The Journal of the British Sociological Association 28, 957:74.
196. Murphy, R. 1995. Sociology as if Nature did not Matter: An Ecological Critique. British Journal of Sociology 46, 688-707.
197. Murphy, R. 1997. Sociology and Nature: Social Action in Context. Boulder: Westview.
198. Needleman, H. 1996. Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior. Journal of American Medical Association. 275, 363-369.
199. Needleman, H.L. and B. Gatsonis. 1991. Metaanalysis of 24 Studies of Learning Disabilities Due to Lead Poisoning. JAMA 265, 673-78.
200. Needleman, H.L., A. Shell, D. Bellinger, A. Lenton, and R.N. Allred. 1990. The Long-term Effects of Exposure to Low Doses of Lead in Children. New England Journal of Medicine 322, 83-88.
201. Nerlich, B. 2004. War on foot and month disease in the UK, 2001: Towards a cultural understanding of agriculture. Agriculture and Human Values 21, 15-25.
202. Nevin, R. 2000. How Lead Exposure Relates to Temporal Changes in IQ, Violent Crime, and Unwed Pregnancy. Environmental Research Section A 83, 1-22.
203. New, C. 1998. Feminism and Critical Realism. Alethia 1, 2-4.
204. Nietzsche, F. 1983 [1874]. Untimely Mediations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
205. Niiniluoto, L. 1991. Realism, relativism, and constructionism. Synthese 89, 135-162.
206. Norgaard, R. 1994. Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary Revisioning of the Future. New York: Routledge.
207. O'Connor, J. 1998. Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. New York: Guilford.
208. Oakley, A. 1997. A Brief History of Gender. In A. Oakley and J. Mitchell (eds.), Who's Afraid of Feminism, 29-55. New York: The New Press.
209. Peter A., C. Emmeche, N.O. Finnemann, and P. Voetmann Christiansen (eds.) 2000. Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matter. Oxford, UK: Aarhus University Press
210. Pihl, R.O. and F. Ervin. 1990. Lead and Cadmium Levels in Violent Criminals. Psychological Report 66, 839-44.
211. Pinker, S. 1994. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: William Morrow.
212. Pinker, S. 1997. How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.
213. Pinker, S. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking.
214. Pinker, S. and P. Bloom. 1990. Natural Language and Natural Selection. Behavioral Brain Scientist 13, 707-784.
215. Plotkin, H. 2003. The Imagined World Made Real: Towards a Natural Science of Culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
216. Popper, Karl. 1974. Campbell on the Evolutionary Theory of Knowledge. In P.A. Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Karl Popper, 1059-1065. LaSalle: Open Court.
217. Popper, Karl. 2002 [1963]. Conjectures and Refutations. London; New York: Routledge. Ravetz, J. forthcoming. A No-Nonsense Guide to Science. London: Verso.
218. Read, D.W. 1984. An Algebraic Account of the American Kinship Terminology. Current Anthropology 25, 417-440.
219. Read, D. and C. Behrens. 1989. Modeling Folk Knowledge as Expert Systems. Anthropology Quarterly 62, 107-20.
220. Risman, B.J. 2001. Calling the Bluff of Value-Free Science. American Sociological Review 66, 605-611.
221. Rogers, A.R. 1988. Does Biology Constrain Culture? American Anthropologist 90, 819-31.
222. Rose, S. 1992. The Making of Memory. London, UK: Bantam.
223. Rose, S. 1997. Lifelines: Biology, Freedom, Determinism. New York, NY: Allen Lane.
224. Sarkar, S. 1999. From the reaktionsnorm to the adaptive norm: The norm of reaction, 1909-1960. Biology and Philosophy 14, 235-252.
225. Sawyer, R.K. 2001. Emergence in Sociology: Contemporary Philosophy of Mind and Some Implications for Sociological Theory. American Journal of Sociology 107, 551-85.
226. Sawyer, R.K. 2002(a). Durkheim's Dilemma: Toward a Sociology of Emergence. Sociological Theory. 20, 227-247.
227. Sawyer, R.K. 2002(b). Nonreductive Individualism: Part I - Supervenience and Wild Disjunction. Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 32, 537-559.
228. Sawyer, R.K. 2003(a). Nonreductive Individualism: Part II - Social Causation. Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 33, 203-224.
229. Sawyer, R.K. 2003(b). Artificial Societies: Multiagent Systems and the Micro-Macro Link in Sociological Theory. Sociological Methods and Research 31, 325-363.
230. Sayer, A. 2000. Realism and Social Science. London: Sage.
231. Schjønning, P., S. Elmholt, and B.T. Christensen (eds.). 2004. Managing Soil Quality: Challenges in Modern Agriculture. Cambridge, MA: CABI.
232. Shilling, C. 1993. The Body and Social Theory. London: Sage.
233. Smuts, B.B. 1995. The Evolutionary Origins of Patriarchy. Human Nature 6, 1-32.
234. Soper, Kate. 1995a. What is Nature? Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
235. Soper, K. 1995b. Forget Foucault? New Formations 25, 21-27.
236. Sperber, D. 1996. Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach. New York: Blackwell.
237. Stapleton, M.S. 1994. Lead is a Silent Hazard. New York: Walker.
238. Stein, J., T. Schettler, D. Wallinga, and M. Valenti. 2002. In harm's way: Toxic threats to child development. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 23, S13-S22.
239. Steinmetz, G. and O. Chae. 2002. Sociology in an Era of Fragmentation: From the Sociology of Knowledge to the Philosophy of Science, and Back Again. The Sociological Quarterly 43, 111-137.
240. Stephens, J.C., D.E. Reich, and D.B. Goldstein. 1998. Dating the Origin of the CCR5-32 AIDS-Resistance Allele by the Coalescence of Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics 62, 1507-1515.
241. Sterelny, K. 2000. Development, Evolution and Adaptation. Philosophy of Science (supplementary volume) 67, S367-387.
242. Stock, G. 2003. Redesigning Humans: Choosing our Genes, Changing our Future. New York: Mariner Books.
243. Strachan, D.P. 2000. Family Size, Infection and Atopy: The First Decade of the 'Hygiene Hypothesis.' Thorax 55, S2-S10.
244. Stretesky, P. 2003. The Distribution of Air-Lead Levels Across U.S. Counties: Implications for the Production of Racial Inequality. Sociological Spectrum 23, 91-118.
245. Stretesky, P. and M. Lynch. 2004. The Relationship Between Lead and Crime. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45, 214-229.
246. Sussman, R.W. 2002. What a Tangled Web They also Weave: The New Sociobiology. Anthropological Theory 2, 155-164.
247. Szasz, A. 1994. Ecopopulism: Toxic Waste and the Movement for Environmental Justice. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
248. Troeh, F.B. 2004. Soil and Water Conservation for Productivity and Environmental Protection, 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education/Prentice Hall.
249. Turner, B. 1991. The Discourse of Diet. In M. Featherstone, M. Hepworth and B. Turner (eds.), The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory, 157-169. London: Sage.
250. Turner, B. 1996. The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory, 2nd edition. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.
251. Turner, B. 2003. Biology, Vulnerability and Politics. In S. Williams, L. Birke and G.A. Bendelow (eds.), Debating Biology: Sociological Reflections on Health, Medicine and Society, 271-282. London, UK: Routledge.
252. Turner, J.H. 1996. The Evolution of Emotion: A Darwinian-Durkheimian Analysis. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 26, 1-33.
253. Turner, B. 1997. The Nature and Dynamics of the Social among Humans. In V. Segerstrale and P. Molar (eds.), The Mark of the Social, 105-133. New York: Lawrence.
254. Turner, B. 1999. The Neurology of Emotions. Social Perspective in Emotions 12, 322-212.
255. Turner, B. 2002. Face to Face: Toward a Sociological Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
256. Udry, R.J. 1995. Sociology and Biology: What Biology do Sociologists Need to Know? Social Forces 73, 1267-1278.
257. Udry, R.J. 2000. Biological limits of gender construction. American Sociological Review 65, 443-57.
258. Udry, R.J. 2001. Feminist critics uncover determinism, positivism, and antiquated theory. American Sociological Review 66, 611-618.
259. Urry, J. 2003. Global Complexity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
260. van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. and S. Stagl. 2003. Coevolution of economic behaviour and institutions: Towards a theory of institutional change. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 13, 289-317.
261. Varela, C.R. 1999. Determinism and the Recovery of Human Agency: The Embodying of Persons. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 29, 385-402.
262. Varela, C.R. 2001. The Ethogenics of Agency and Structure: A Metaphysical Problem. In J. Lopez and G. Potter (eds.), After Postmodernisn: An Introduction to Critical Realism, 63-73. New York: The Athlone Press.
263. Varela, C.R. 2002. The Impossibility of which Naturalism? A Response and a Rely. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 32, 105-111.
264. Varela, C.R. and R. Harré. 1996. Conflicting Varieties of Realism: Causal Powers and the Problems of Social Structure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior. 26, 313-325.
265. Walker, S. 1998. The Hyperactivity Hoax: How to Stop Drugging Your Child and Find Real Medical Help. New York: St. Martin's.
266. Wilson, E.O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
267. Wilson, E.O. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
268. Wilson, E.O. 1998. Concilience: The United Knowledge. New York: Knopf.
269. Wimsatt, W.C. 1986. Forms of Aggregativity. In A. Donagan, A.N., Perovich Jr., and M.V. Wedin (eds.), Human Nature and Natural Knowledge, 259-291. Dordrecht: D. Riedel.
270. Wimsatt, W.C. 2000. Emergence as Non-Aggregativity and the Biases of Reductionisms. Foundations of Science 5, 269-97.
271. Wynne, B. 1992. Misunderstood misunderstanding: Social identities and public uptake of science. Public Understanding of Science 1, 281-304.