Safety and security issues relating to low capacity storage of AN-based fertilizers

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 123, Issue 1-3, 2005, Pages 13-28

  Marlair, Guy ^a   Kordek, Marie Astrid ^a  

^a INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L ENVIRONNEMENT INDUSTRIEL ET DES RISQUES INERIS   (France)

Author keywords

Ammonium nitrate; Explosion; Fertilizers; Safety; Storage

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; HEALTH RISKS; NITRATES;

AMMONIUM NITRATE (AN) FERTILIZERS; FERTILIZER GRADES; STORAGE ACCIDENTS; STORAGE CAPACITY;

NITROGEN FERTILIZERS;

AMMONIUM NITRATE; FERTILIZER;

FERTILIZER;

AGRICULTURE; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY;

ACCIDENTS; AMMONIUM NITRATE; FERTILIZERS; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY;

EID: 21344443503     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.028     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Guidance for Sea Transport of Ammonium Nitrate Based Fertilizers, European Fertilizers' Manufacturers Association (EFMA), Belgium, 2004.
2. Regulation (EC) No. 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 October 2003 Relating to Fertilizers, Official Journal of The European Union, L304/1, 21/11/2003.
3. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations, 13th ed., United Nations, Geneva/New York, 2003.
4. A. Lewis Loss prevention library of fire safety Fire Prot. Assoc. 6 1999
5. A.B. Spencer G.R. Colonna NFPA Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials 13th ed. 2002 NFPA International Quincy, MA, USA 49 109
6. Ammonium Nitrate "Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet", New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, 1998.
7. Weiss Hazardous Chemical Data Book second ed. 1986 Noyes Data Corp. 94
8. Chemical Safety Datasheet 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers The Netherlands p. 48
9. R.P. Pohanish, and S.A. Greene Rapid Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities 1987 VNH USA p. 54
10. Guide d'intervention des Sapeurs-Pompiers Genevois, Service d'Incendie et de secours, Ville de Genève, third ed., 1987 (in French).
11. I. Jerome The Loss Prevention Library of Fire Safety vol. 2 1994
12. J.A. Davenport Storage and handling of chemicals E. Cote The NFPA Handbook of Fire Protection 19th ed. 2003 NFPA Quincy, MA, USA pp. 6-323
13. EFMA, "Guidance for the Compilation of Safety Data Sheets for Fertilizer Materials, Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers", http://www.efma.org/ publications/guidance/section08.asp.
14. V. Dolah, et al., Explosion Hazards of Ammonium Nitrate Under Fire Exposure, US Bureau of Mines (USA), Report on Investigation 6773, 1966.
15. T.M. Groothuizen, E.W. Lindeijer, and H.J. Pasman Danger aspects of fertilizers containing ammonium nitrate Dutch Nitrogenous Fertilizer Review, CSV (Central Nitrogen Sales Organization Ltd.), vol. 14 April 1970
16. NFPA 490, Code for the Storage of Ammonium Nitrate, 2002 ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA, 2002.
17. European Directive 68/548/EEC (as Amended) Concerning "The Approximation of Laws, Regulation and Administrative Provisions to the Members States Relating to the Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Dangerous Substances", OJ, vol. 196, 16 August 1967.
18. European Directive 1999/45/EC (as Amended) Concerning "The Approximation of Laws, Regulation and Administrative Provisions to the Members States Relating to the Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Dangerous Preparations", OJ, L200, 30 July 1999.
19. Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), United Nations, Geneva, 2003.
20. D. Waight Going global - the United Nations has developed a new globally harmonized system for classification and labelling of chemicals Fire Eng. J. Fire Prev. December 2003 21 23
21. NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA, 2001 (revision).
22. NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA, 1991.
23. EPA, Chemical Safety Alert: Explosion Hazard from Ammonium Nitrate, EPA 550-F-97-002d (http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/ache.html ), December 1997.
24. x in Fires Involving Ammonium Nitrate and Other Chemicals, HSL Report FR/01/11, 2000.
25. K. Shah, Toxic Fumes Hazards from Fires Involving Ammonium Nitrates, Congress ANNA 2003, Tunica, MS, USA, October 2003.
26. V. Christiansen, R. Kakko, and B. Koivisto Environmental impact of a warehouse fire containing ammonium nitrate J. Loss Prev. Process Ind. 6 4 1993 233 239
27. C. Cwiklinski, L'essai en Grand: Une Approche Préventive et Prévisionnelle Pour L'incendie en Milieu Industriel, R.G.S., vol. 97, October 1990, p. 51 (in French).
28. G. Perbal, The thermal stability of fertilisers containing ammonium nitrate, Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Industry, vol. 124, York, UK, 1971.
29. R. Turcotte, P.D. Lightfoot, R. Fouchart, and D.E.G. Jones Thermal hazard assessment of AN and AN-based explosives J. Hazard. Mater. 101 2003 1 27
30. S. Duffield, M. Wood, "Workshop on Ammonium Nitrate", 30 January-1 February 2002, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, Summary Report (download: http://mahbsrv.jrc.it/ispra-AN/ispra-AN- general.html ).
31. D. Heather, A Review of Past Ammonium Nitrate Accidents and Lessons Learned, EFMA Paper Presented at the "Workshop on Ammonium Nitrate", 30 January-1 February 2002, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy (http://mahbsrv.jrc.it/ispra-AN/ispra-AN-overview.html ).
32. Accident at Fertiberia S.A. Encombreras Valley, Murcia - Self-sustained Decomposition of NPK 15-15-15 Fertilizers, 26-30 January 2002 (source: Spanish Ministry of the Environment).
33. G. Marlair, C. Cwiklinski, F. Marlière, and C. Costa A Review of Large-Scale Fire Testing Focusing on the Fire Behaviour of Chemicals, Interflam'96 Proceedings of the Interscience Comm. Ltd. London, UK 1996 371 382
34. Standard NFU 42 001, Engrais, Dénominations et Spécifications, Amendment 1 AFNOR, 1989 (in French).
35. K.D. Shah Safety of ammonium nitrate fertilisers Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society, vol. 384 York, UK 2001
36. T. Bourdeaux, C. Michot, M.-A. Kordek, Toulouse disaster 'Grande Paroisse' fertilizer plant - 21 September 2001 - preliminary investigations and overview of damage, ANPSG Meeting, Tucson, AZ, USA, 7-10 October 2002.
37. N. Dechy, T. Bourdeaux, N. Ayrault, M.A. Kordek, and J.C. Lecoze First lessons of the Toulouse ammonium nitrate disaster, 21st September, AZF plant, France J. Hazard. Mater. 111 2004 131
38. UNEP/APELL, Ammonium Nitrate Explosion in Ryongchon Train Station, North Korea - 22 April 2004, 161 People Killed and 1300 People Injured - Other Accidents Involving Ammonium Nitrate, see www.uneptie.org/pc/apell/disasters/ korea.htm.
39. R. Freeman The Cherokee ammonia plant explosion Chem. Eng. Prog. 71 11 1975 71
40. R. Dosne Explosion d'ammonitrates dans un bâtiment agricole Face au Risque 399 2004 26 (in French)
41. J-L. Claret L'argus des accidents technologiques Préventique Sécurité 76 2004 68 (in French)
42. NIMIC Newsletter, second quarter 2004, NATO Publication, 2004 (http://www.nato.int/related/nimic/newsletter/news.htm ).
43. R.J.A. Kersten, and W.A. Mak Explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate, how to assess the risk? Proceedings of the International Symposium on Safety in the Manufacture, Storage, Use, Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Materials Tokyo 10-12 March 2004
44. D.J. Heather, and H. van Balken Review of recent legislation affecting the fertiliser industry Proceedings of the IFS, vol. 534 York, UK 2004
45. European Directive 96/82/EC, As Amended (so-called Seveso II) on the Control of Major-industrial Hazards (see also: http://inovvator.jrc.it/ downloads-pdf/Seveso2-Directive.pdf ).
46. Document CPR 1E, "Nitrate-Containing Fertilizers - Transport and Storage", Committee for the Prevention of Disasters caused by Dangerous Substances, third ed., Directoraat-Genreraal van de Arbeid, The Netherlands, 1982.
47. H. van der Veen, P.J.W.M. Müskens, Environmental risks associated with activities involving ammonium nitrate in The Netherlands, VROM Paper at Sixth International Conference on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement, Costa-Rica, 15-19 April 2002.
48. Storing and Handling Ammonium Nitrate, HSE Guidance, IND(G)230L - C100, December 1996 and revised edition 2001.
49. Explosives, Control of Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Nitrate Mixtures and Sodium Chlorate, Statutory rules and orders of Northern Ireland, vol. 118, 15 May 1972.
50. OECD IGUS web site: http://www.oecdigus.org/
51. L. Dabin, et al., Inactive Modification of Ammonium Nitrate and the Determination of its Activity as Oxidiser in Explosives, Oral Communication from the Nanjing University of Science and technology of China (also presented at the OECD IGUS-EPP 2004 Meeting hosted by CANMET-NCR, Ottawa, 19-21 April 2004).
52. Department of Infrastructure Energy and Resources (Australia), Australian (Proposed) Regulation on AN Storage, http://www.wst.tas.gov.au/attach/stangn2. pdf, 2004.
53. K.F. Isherwood Mineral fertilizer distribution and the environment Int. Fertilizer Ind. Assoc. (IFA), Paris 2000 (http://www.fertilizer.org)
54. W.E. Manning (Ed.), The World Trade Center Bombing: Report and Analysis, FEMA, US Fire Administration, Technical Report Series, vol. 076, 1995.