Methods to homogenize with speeds from ships and buoys

International Journal of Climatology

Volumn 25, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 979-995

  Thomas, Bridget R ^a   Kent, Elizabeth C ^b   Swail, Val R ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bias; Buoy; Ranked regression; VOS; Wind speed

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERICS; BUOYANCY; MOORING; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SHIPS; SPEED CONTROL;

ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY; AVERAGING METHODS; MARINE WINDS; WIND SPEED;

WIND EFFECTS;

DATA ASSIMILATION; WIND FIELD;

EID: 21344440465     PISSN: 08998418     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/joc.1176     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Axys Environmental Consulting Ltd. 1996. Meteorological and oceanographic measurements from Canadian weather buoys. A review of sensors, data reduction, transmission, quality control and archival methods. Report for Environment Canada, April, 1996.
2. Benschop H. 1996. Windsnelheidsmetingen op zeestations en kuststations: herleiding waarden windsnelheid naar 10-meter niveau. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut Technical Report No. 188, KNMI De Bilt, 1996. (with an English summary.).
3. Berry DI, Kent EC, Taylor PK. 2004. An analytical model of heating errors in marine air temperatures from ships. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21(8): 1198-1215.
4. Cardone VJ, Greenwood JG, Cane MA. 1990. On trends in historical marine data. Journal of Climate 3: 113-127.
5. Chen G. 2004. An intercomparison of TOPEX, NSCAT, and ECMWF wind speed: illustrating and understanding discrepancies. Monthly Weather Review 132: 780-792.
6. Diaz H, Folland C, Manabe T, Parker D, Reynolds R, Woodruff S. 2002. Workshop on Advances in the Use of Historical Marine Climate Data. WMO Bulletin 51: 377-380.
7. Dischel RS, Pierson Jr WJ. 1986. Comparisons of wind reports by ships and data buoys. In Proceedings, Marine Data Systems International Symposium, New Orleans; 447-466.
8. Dobson FW. 1981. Review of reference height for and averaging time of surface wind measurements at sea. Marine Meteorology and Related Oceanographic Activities Report No. 25, WMO, Geneva.
9. Ebuchi N, Graber HC, Caruso MJ. 2002. Evaluation of wind vectors observed by QuikSCAT/SeaWinds using ocean buoy data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19: 2049-2062.
10. Freilich MH, Challenor PG. 1994. A new approach for determining fully empirical altimeter wind speed model functions. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 25 051-25 062.
11. Gilhousen DB. 1987. A field evaluation of NDBC moored buoy winds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 4: 94-104.
12. Gower JFR. 1996. Intercalibration of wave and wind data from TOPEX/ POSDEIDON and moored buoy off the west coast of Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 3817-3827.
13. Gulev SK. 1999. Comparison of COADS Release la winds with instrumental measurements in the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 16: 133-145.
14. Hare JE, Hara T, Edson JB, Wilczak JM. 1997. A similarity analysis of the structure of airflow over surface waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27: 1018-1037.
15. Hervey R. 2000. Are moored buoy winds too low in high seas? Western Region Technical Attachment No. 00-10, NOAA, 29 August 2000.
16. Hinton BB, Wylie DP. 1985. A correction for the errors in ship reports of light winds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2: 353-356.
17. Inoue M, Bigg GR. 1995. Trends in wind and sea-level pressure in the tropical Pacific Ocean for the period 1950-1979. International Journal of Climatology 15: 35-52.
18. Isobe T, Feigelson ED, Akritas MG, Babu GJ. 1990. Linear-regression in astronomy: I. Astrophysical Journal 364: 104-113.
19. Janssen PAEM. 1999. On the effect of ocean waves on the kinetic energy balance and consequences for the inertial dissipation technique. Journal of Physical Oceanography 29: 530-534.
20. Kent EC, Berry DI. 2005. Quantifying random measurement errors in voluntary observing ships' meteorological observations. International Journal of Climatology 25: 843-856; this issue.
21. Kent EC, Kaplan A. 2005. Towards estimating climatic trends in SST, part 3: systematic biases. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology submitted for publication.
22. Kent EC, Taylor PK. 1997. Choice of a Beaufort Equivalent Scale. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14: 228-242.
23. Kent EC, Taylor PK, Truscott BS, Hopkins JS. 1993. The accuracy of voluntary observing ship's meteorological observations - results of the VSOP-NA. Journal Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 10: 591-608.
24. Kent EC, Taylor PK, Challenor PG. 1998. A comparison of ship and scatterometer-derived wind speed data in open ocean and coastal areas. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19: 3361-3381.
25. Large WG, Morzel J, Crawford GB. 1995. Accounting for surface wind distortion of the marine wind profile in low-level ocean storms wind measurements. Journal Physical Oceanography 25: 2959-2971.
26. Lindau R. 1995a. A new Beaufort equivalent scale. In Proceedings of International COADS Winds Workshop, 1 May-2 June 1994, Kiel, Germany. Institut fur Meereskunde/Christian-Albrechts-Universitat: Kiel; 232-252.
27. Lindau R. 1995b. Time dependent calibration of marine Beaufort estimates using individual pressure differences. In Proceedings of International COADS Winds Workshop, 1 May-2 June 1994, Kiel, Germany. Institut fur Meereskunde/Christian-Albrechts-Universitat: Kiel; 253-269.
28. Lindau R. 2003. Errors of Atlantic air-sea fluxes derived from ship observations. Journal of Climate 16: 783-788.
29. Lindley DV. 1947. Regression lines and the linear functional relation. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B: Statistical Methodology 9: 218-244.
30. Moat BI, Yelland MJ, Pascal RW, Molland AF. 2005. An overview of the airflow distortion at anemometer sites on ships. International Journal of Climatology 25: 997-1006; this issue.
31. Peterson EW, Hasse L. 1987. Did the Beaufort scale or the wind climate change? Journal of Physical Oceanography 17: 1071-1074.
32. Pierson Jr WJ. 1983. The measurement of synoptic scale wind over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: 1683-1708.
33. Posmentier ES, Cane MA, Zebiak SE. 1989. Tropical climate trends since 1960. Journal of Climate 2: 731-736.
34. Quayle RG. 1980. Climatic comparisons of estimated and measured winds from ships. Journal of Applied Meteorology 19: 142-156.
35. Ripley BD, Thompson M. 1987. Regression techniques for the detection of analytical bias. Analyst 112: 377-383.
36. Smith SD. 1988. Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research 93: 15 467-15 472.
37. Smith SR, Bourassa MA, Sharp RJ. 1999. Establishing more truth in true winds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 16: 939-952.
38. Stull RB. 1988. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1st edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
39. Taylor PK, Dunlap E, Dobson FW, Anderson RJ, Swail VR. 2002. On the accuracy of wind and wave measurements from buoys. Data Buoy Cooperation Panel Technical Documents No. 21-2002. Presentations at the DBCP Technical Workshop, Perth, Australia, October 2001.
40. Thomas BR, Swail VR. 1999. A methodology for homogenizing wind speeds from ships and buoys. Preprints, WMO Workshop on Advances in Marine Climatology (CLIMAR99), 8-15 September, Vancouver, BC.
41. Thomas BR, Swail VR. 2002. Methods to reduce biases in wind speeds from ships and buoys. In 7th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting, 21-25 October, Banff, AB, Canada; 523-534.
42. Thomas BR, Swail VR. 2004. Effect of vessel type and platform relative wind direction on comparison of buoy and ship winds. In Proceedings of CLIMAR-II - Second JCOMM Workshop on Advances in Marine Climatology, 17-22 November, Brussels, Belgium. CD-ROM. WMD/TD-No. 1171. JCOMM Technical Report No. 22.
43. Tolman HL. 1998. Effects of observation errors in linear regression and bin-average analyses. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 124: 897-917.
44. Walmsley JL. 1988. On theoretical wind speed and temperature profiles over the sea with applications to data from Sable Island, N.S. Atmosphere-Ocean 26(2): 202-233.
45. Ward MN, Hoskins BJ. 1996. Near-surface wind over the global ocean 1949-1988. Journal of Climate 9: 1877-1895.
46. Wilkerson JC, Earle MD. 1990. A study of differences between environmental reports by ships in the voluntary observing program and measurements from NOAA buoys. Journal of Geophysical Research 95: 3373-3385.
47. WMO. 1970. The Beaufort scale of wind force. Reports on marine science affairs, Rep. 3. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
48. WMO. 1980. International list of selected, supplementary and auxiliary ships. World Meteorological Organization No. 47. World Meteorological Organization Geneva, Switzerland.
49. WMO. 1983. Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation. WMO No. 8, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, various pagination.
50. Woodruff SD, Diaz HF, Elms JD, Worley SJ. 1998. COADS Release 2 data and metadata enhancements for improvements of marine surface flux fields. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 23: 517-527.
51. Yelland MJ, Moat BI, Pascal RW, Berry DI. 2002. CFD model estimates of the airflow over research ships and the impact on momentum flux measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19: 1477-1499.