Reactions to 9/11 as a function of terror management and perspective taking

Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 145, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 265-286

  Yum, Young Ok ^a   Schenck Hamlin, William ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

9 11; Interpersonal behavior; Perspective taking; Terror management theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 21244451135     PISSN: 00224545     EISSN: 19401183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/SOCP.145.3.265-286     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindsey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 282-316). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
2. Batson, C. D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., & Dawson, K. (1997). Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 495-509.
3. Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Washington, DC: AERA.
4. Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago: Rand McNally.
5. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-120.
6. Davis, M. H., Conklin, L., Smith, A., & Luce, C. (1996). Effect of perspective taking on the cognitive representation of persons: A merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 713-726.
7. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
8. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
9. Florian, V., & Mikulincer, M. (1998). Symbolic immortality and the management of the terror of death: The moderating role of attachment style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 725-734.
10. Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2002). The anxiety-buffering function of close relationships: Evidence that relationship commitment acts as a terror management mechanism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 527-542.
11. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
12. Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708-724.
13. Greenberg, J., Arndt, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2000). Proximal and distal defenses in response to reminders of one's mortality: Evidence of a temporal sequence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 91-99.
14. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldviews. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 308-318.
15. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., Simon, L., & Breus, M. (1994). The role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 627-637.
16. Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Lyon, D. (1995). Testing alternative explanations for mortality salience effects: Terror management, value accessibility, or worrisome thoughts? European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 417-433.
17. Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Chatel, D. (1992). Terror management and tolerance: Does mortality salience always intensify negative reactions to others who threaten one's worldview? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 212-220.
18. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., & Simon, L. (1992). Assessing the terror management analysis of self-esteem: Converging evidence of an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 913-922.
19. Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. A. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased selfesteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 24-36.
20. Janis, I. L. (1983). Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
21. Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1342-1353.
22. Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
23. Long, E. C. J. (1993). Perspective-taking differences between high-and low-adjustment marriages: Implications for those in intervention. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 248-259.
24. McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., Simon, L. & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience promotes aggression against worldview threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 590-605.
25. Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2000). Exploring individual differences in reactions to mortality salience: Does attachment style regulate terror management mechanisms? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 260-273.
26. Oswald, P. (2002). The interactive effects of affective demeanor, cognitive processes, and perspective-taking focus on helping behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 120-132.
27. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106, 835-845.
28. Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
29. Regan, D. T., & Totten, J. (1975). Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 850-856.
30. Richardson, D. R., Hammock, G. S., Smith, S. M., Gardner, W., & Signo, M. (1994). Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 275-289.
31. Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681-690.
32. Salzman, M. B. (2001). Globalization, culture, and anxiety: Perspectives and predictions from terror management theory. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 10(october), 337-352.
33. Takaku, S. (2001). The effects of apology and perspective-taking on interpersonal forgiveness: Introducing dissonance-attribution model of interpersonal forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 494-508.