The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC

Nuclear Physics A

Volumn 757, Issue 1-2 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 28-101

  Back, B B ^a   Baker, M D ^b   Ballintijn, M ^d   Barton, D S ^b   Becker, B ^b   Betts, R R ^f   Bickley, A A ^g   Bindel, R ^g   Budzanowski, A ^c   Busza, W ^d   Carroll, A ^b   Chai, Z ^b   Decowski, M P ^d   Garcia E ^f   Gburek, T ^c   George, N K ^a,b   Gulbrandsen, K ^d   Gushue, S ^b   Halliwell, C ^f   Hamblen, J ^h   Harrington, A S ^h   Hauer, M ^b   Heintzelman, G A ^b   Henderson, C ^d   Hofman, D J ^f   Hollis, R S ^f   Holynski R ^c   Holzman, B ^b,f   Iordanova, A ^f   Johnson, E ^h   Kane, J L ^d   Katzy, J ^d,f   Khan, N ^h   Kucewicz, W ^f   Kulinich, P ^d   Kuo, C M ^e   Lee, J W ^d   Lin, W T ^e   Manly, S ^h   McLeod, D ^f   Mignerey, A C ^g   Nouicer, R ^b,f   Olszewski, A ^c   Pak, R ^b   Park, I C ^h   Pernegger, H ^d   Reed, C ^d   Remsberg, L P ^b   Reuter, M ^f   Roland, C ^d   Roland, G ^d   Rosenberg, L ^d   Sagerer, J ^f   Sarin, P ^d   Sawicki, P ^c   Seals, H ^b   Sedykh, I ^b   Skulski, W ^h   Smith, C E ^f   Stankiewicz, M A ^b   Steinberg, P ^b   Stephans, G S F ^d   Sukhanov, A ^b   Tang, J L ^e   Tonjes, M B ^g   Trzupek, A ^c   Vale, C M ^d   van Nieuwenhuizen, G J ^d   Vaurynovich, S S ^d   Verdier, R ^d   Veres, G I ^d   Wenger, E ^d   Wolfs, F L H ^h   Wosiek, B ^c   Wozniak K ^c   Wuosmaa, A H ^a   Wyslouch B ^d   Zhang, J ^d   more..

^a ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS   (Poland)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Energy density in collisions of ultrarelativistic nuclei; PHOBOS experiment at RHIC; Quark gluon plasma; Relativistic heavy ion collision data; Scaling in multiparticle production

Indexed keywords

EID: 21044433315     PISSN: 03759474     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.03.084     Document Type: Article

References (232)

1. H. Kastrup P. Zerwas (Eds.) QCD 20 Years Later 1993 World Scientific Singapore
2. S. Eidelman et al. Particle Data Group Phys. Lett. B 592 2004 1
3. D.J. Gross F. Wilczek Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 1973 1343
4. H. Politzer Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 1973 1346
5. The work in Refs. [3,4] was recognized by the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/2004/
6. J.C. Collins M.J. Perry Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 1975 1353
7. E.V. Shuryak Phys. Rep. 61 1980 71
8. H. Satz (Ed.) Statistical Mechanics of Quarks and Hadrons 1981 North-Holland Amsterdam
9. D.J. Gross R.D. Pisarski L.G. Yaffe Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 1981 43
10. H. Pagels Phys. Rep. 16 1975 219
11. W. Marciano H. Pagels Phys. Rep. 36 1978 137
12. R.D. Pisarski F. Wilczek Phys. Rev. D 29 1984 338
13. K. Rajagopal Acta Phys. Pol. B 31 2000 3021 hep-ph/0009058
14. F. Karsch Nucl. Phys. A 698 2002 199
15. T. Schäfer hep-ph/0304281
16. M.G. Alford Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 51 2001 131
17. K. Rajagopal F. Wilczek hep-ph/0011333
18. G. Baym S.A. Chin Phys. Lett. B 62 1976 241
19. G. Chapline M. Nauenberg Phys. Rev. D 16 1977 450
20. G.F. Chapline M.H. Johnson E. Teller M.S. Weiss Phys. Rev. D 8 1973 4302
21. See Proceedings of the International Conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: Quark Matter Quark Matter 2004 J. Phys. G 30 2004
22. Quark Matter 2002 Nucl. Phys. A 715 2003
23. Quark Matter 2001 Nucl. Phys. A 698 2002
24. Quark Matter 1999 Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999
25. Quark Matter 1997 Nucl. Phys. A 638 1998
26. Quark Matter 1996 Nucl. Phys. A 610 1996
27. Quark Matter 1995 Nucl. Phys. A 590 1995
28. Quark Matter 1993 Nucl. Phys. A 566 1994
29. Quark Matter 1991 Nucl. Phys. A 544 1992
30. Quark Matter 1990 Nucl. Phys. A 525 1991
31. Quark Matter 1988 Nucl. Phys. A 498 1989
32. Quark Matter 1987 Z. Phys. C 38 1988
33. Quark Matter 1986 Nucl. Phys. A 461 1987
34. K. Kajantie (Ed.) Quark Matter '84 1985 Springer Berlin
35. Quark Matter 1983 Nucl. Phys. A 418 1984
36. M. Jacob H. Satz (Eds.) Quark Matter Formation and Heavy Ion Collisions Proceedings of the Bielefeld Workshop 1982 1983 World Scientific Singapore
37. Quark Matter 1981 Phys. Rep. 88 1982
38. R. Bock R. Stock (Eds.) Workshop on Future Relativistic Heavy Ion Experiments 1980 Darmstadt
39. P.M. Jacobs X.-N. Wang Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 54 2005 443 hep-ph/0405125
40. R.C. Hwa X.-N. Wang (Eds.) Quark-Gluon Plasma 3 2003 World Scientific Singapore
41. P.F. Kolb U. Heinz (Eds.) Quark-Gluon Plasma 3 2003 World Scientific Singapore nucl-th/0305084
42. D.H. Rischke Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 52 2004 197
43. I. Arsene et al. Nucl. Phys. A 757 2005 1 this issue
44. STAR Collaboration Nucl. Phys. A 757 2005 102 this issue
45. PHENIX Collaboration Nucl. Phys. A 757 2005 184 this issue
46. K. Kanaya Nucl. Phys. A 715 2003 233c
47. M. Plümer S. Raha R.M. Weiner Nucl. Phys. A 418 1984 549c
48. E.V. Shuryak Nucl. Phys. A 750 2005 64
49. E.V. Shuryak Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 53 2004 273
50. G.T. Horowitz A. Strominger Nucl. Phys. B 360 1991 197
51. S.S. Gubser I.R. Klebanov A.A. Tseytlin Nucl. Phys. B 534 1998 202
52. F. Karsch S. Datta E. Laermann P. Petreczky S. Stickan I. Wetzorke Nucl. Phys. A 715 2003 701
53. E.V. Shuryak I. Zahed Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 021901R
54. K. Kajantie M. Laine K. Rummukainen Y. Schröder Phys. Rev. D 67 2003 105008
55. F. Karsch J. Phys. G 30 2004 S887
56. M. D'Elia M.P. Lombardo hep-lat/0409010
57. S. Ejiri C.R. Allton M. Doering S.J. Hands O. Kaczmarek F. Karsch E. Laermann K. Redlich hep-lat/0408046
58. Z. Fodor S.D. Katz JHEP 0404 2004 50 hep-lat/0402006
59. P. de Forcrand O. Philipsen Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 153 2004 127
60. C.T.H. Davies et al. HPQCD and UKQCD Collaborations Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 2004 022001
61. E. Laermann O. Philipsen Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 53 2003 163
62. F. Karsch Lecture Notes in Physics vol. 583 2002 209
63. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 052303
64. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2000 3100
65. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 65 2002 031901R
66. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002 022302
67. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 65 2002 061901R
68. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 021902R
69. S.V. Afanasiev et al. NA49 Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 66 2002 054902
70. T. Anticic et al. NA49 Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 69 2004 024902
71. L. Ahle et al. E866 Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 57 1998 466R
72. B.B. Back et al. E917 Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 66 2002 054901
73. L. Ahle et al. E866 Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 490 2000 53
74. J.L. Klay et al. E895 Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 68 2003 054905
75. J. Dunlop, Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institut of Technology, 1999
76. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 082301
77. K.J. Eskola Nucl. Phys. A 698 2002 78c
78. S.A. Bass et al. Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 205c
79. X.-N. Wang Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 210c
80. B. Zhang Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 220c
81. H. Sorge Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 217c nucl-th/9905008
82. M. Bleicher Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 218c
83. W. Cassing Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 222c
84. H.J. Drescher Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 216c
85. A. Capella A. Kaidalov J. Tran Thanh Van Heavy Ion Phys. 9 1999 169 hep-ph/9903244
86. J. Ranft hep-ph/9911213
87. N. Armesto C. Pajares Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 15 2000 2019 hep-ph/0002163
88. S. Jeon, J. Kapusta, "LEXUS", Contest on the RHIC predictions, June 2000
89. K.J. Eskola K. Kajantie P.V. Ruuskanen K. Tuominen Nucl. Phys. B 570 2000 379
90. S.A. Bass et al. Phys. Rev. C 60 1999 021902
91. J. Stachel Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 226c
92. A. Krasnitz R. Venugopalan Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001 1717
93. D. Kharzeev E. Levin Phys. Lett. B 523 2001 79
94. D. Kharzeev E. Levin L. McLerran Phys. Lett. B 561 2003 93
95. D. Kharzeev Y.V. Kovchegov K. Tuchin Phys. Lett. B 599 2004 23
96. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 072302
97. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 061901R
98. I. Arsene et al. BRAHMS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 242303
99. M.X. Liu et al. PHENIX Collaboration J. Phys. G 30 2004 S1193
100. A. Accardi nucl-th/0405046
101. K. Adcox et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001 052301
102. J. Adams et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 054907
103. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 578 2004 297
104. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 051901(R)
105. S.S. Adler et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 69 2004 034909
106. J.D. Bjorken Phys. Rev. D 27 1983 140
107. E. Fermi Prog. Theor. Phys. 5 1950 570
108. R. Hagedorn Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 3 1965 147
109. R. Hagedorn J. Ranft Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 6 1968 169
110. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001 102301
111. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 67 2003 021901R
112. I.G. Bearden et al. NA44 Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 388 1996 431
113. J. Bächler et al. NA49 Collaboration Nucl. Phys. A 661 1999 45
114. L. Ahle et al. E866 Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 60 1999 064901
115. L. Ahle et al. E866 Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1998 2650
116. F. Becattini J. Cleymans A. Keränen E. Suhonen K. Redlich Phys. Rev. C 64 2001 024901
117. F. Becattini Z. Phys. C 69 1996 485
118. P. Braun-Munzinger I. Heppe J. Stachel Phys. Lett. B 465 1999 15
119. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 011901R
120. M. Gyulassy X.N. Wang Comput. Phys. Commun. 83 1994 307 HIJING v1.383 used for d + Au, and v1.35 used for Au + Au.
121. H. Sorge Phys. Rev. C 52 1995 3291 version 2.4 including rope formation was used.
122. Z.W. Lin S. Pal C.M. Ko B.A. Li B. Zhang Phys. Rev. C 64 2001 011902
123. B. Zhang C.M. Ko B.A. Li Z. Lin Phys. Rev. C 61 2000 067901
124. C. Bernard et al. MILC Collaboration Phys. Rev. D 71 2005 034504
125. F. Becattini M. Gazdzicki A. Keränen J. Manninen R. Stock Phys. Rev. C 69 2004 024905
126. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 2002 222301
127. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration nucl-ex/0407012 Phys. Rev. C, submitted for publication
128. K.H. Ackermann et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001 402
129. P. Huovinen, private communication of a calculation using the results of P.F. Kolb P. Huovinen U.W. Heinz H. Heiselberg Phys. Lett. B 500 2001 232
130. W. Busza In: H.H. Gutbrod J. Rafelski (Eds.) Particle Production in Highly Excited Matter Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Particle Production in Highly Excited Matter 1993 Plenum New York 149
131. J.C. Collins D.E. Soper G. Sterman Nucl. Phys. B 261 1985 104
132. J.C. Collins D.E. Soper G. Sterman In: A.H. Mueller (Ed.) Perturbative QCD 1988 World Scientific Singapore
133. J.C. Collins D.E. Soper G. Sterman Adv. Ser. Dir. High Energy Phys. 5 1988 1
134. K. Adcox et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002 022301
135. K. Adcox et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 561 2003 82
136. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 2005 082304
137. J.W. Cronin H.J. Frisch M.J. Shochet J.P. Boymond P.A. Piroué R.L. Sumner Phys. Rev. D 11 1975 3105
138. D. Antreasyan J.W. Cronin H.J. Frisch M.J. Shochet L. Kluberg P.A. Piroué R.L. Sumner Phys. Rev. D 19 1979 764
139. A. Accardi hep-ph/0212148
140. I. Vitev Phys. Lett. B 562 2003 36
141. I. Arsene et al. BRAHMS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 072305
142. S.S. Adler et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 072303
143. J. Adams et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 072304
144. C. Adler et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 2003 082302
145. J. Adams et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 252301
146. S.S. Adler et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 182301
147. J. Adams et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 2004 052302
148. D. Molnar S.A. Voloshin Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 2003 092301
149. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration nucl-ex/0301017 Phys. Rev. C, submitted for publication
150. J. Klay, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2001
151. S. Eidelman et al. Particle Data Group Phys. Lett. B 592 2004 1
152. G.I. Veres Ph.D. Thesis, Eötvös Loránd University, 2002 http://na49info.cern.ch/cgi-bin/wwwd-util/NA49/NOTE?292
153. A.E. Brenner et al. Phys. Rev. D 26 1982 1497
154. M. Basile et al. Phys. Lett. B 92 1980 367
155. M. Basile et al. Phys. Lett. B 95 1980 311
156. B.B. Back et al. E917 Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2001 1970
157. A.H. Mueller Nucl. Phys. B 213 1983 85
158. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration nucl-ex/0409021 Phys. Rev. Lett., submitted for publication
159. I.G. Bearden et al. BRAHMS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 102301
160. W. Busza A.S. Goldhaber Phys. Lett. B 139 1984 235
161. W. Busza R. Ledoux Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 38 1988 119
162. G.J. Alner et al. UA5 Collaboration Phys. Rep. 154 1987 247
163. J.E. Elias et al. E178 Collaboration Phys. Rev. D 22 1980 13
164. W. Busza et al. E178 Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 1975 836
165. W. Busza Acta Phys. Pol. B 8 1977 333
166. A. Białas M. Bleszyński W. Czyz Nucl. Phys. B 111 1976 461
167. J. Whitmore Phys. Rep. 10 1974 273
168. J. Whitmore Phys. Rep. 27 1976 187
169. H. Bøggild T. Ferbel Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 24 1974 247
170. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 2001 102303
171. D.H. Brick et al. E565/570 Collaboration Phys. Rev. D 41 1990 765
172. C. DeMarzo et al. NA5 Collaboration Phys. Rev. D 29 1984 2476
173. C. Halliwell et al. E178 Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 1977 1499
174. D.S. Barton et al. E451 Collaboration Phys. Rev. D 27 1983 2580
175. G.J. Alner et al. UA5 Collaboration Z. Phys. C 33 1986 1
176. H. Stenzel, ALEPH Collaboration, Contributed paper to ICHEP2000, 2000
177. PYTHIA manual T. Sjöstrand Comput. Phys. Commun. 82 1994 74 JETSET 7.4 is currently part of the PYTHIA code.
178. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. C 71 2005 021901R
179. A.M. Rossi G. Vannini A. Bussire E. Albini D. D'Alessandro G. Giacomelli Nucl. Phys. B 84 1975 269
180. K. Guettler et al. Nucl. Phys. B 116 1976 77
181. M. Banner et al. UA2 Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 122 1983 322
182. M. Aguilar-Benitez et al. Z. Phys. C 50 1991 405
183. G. Arnison et al. UA1 Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 118 1982 167
184. C. Albajar et al. UA1 Collaboration Nucl. Phys. B 335 1990 261
185. G. Bocquet et al. UA1 Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 366 1996 434
186. J. Benecke T.T. Chou C.N. Yang E. Yen Phys. Rev. 188 1969 2159
187. T.T. Chou C.-N. Yang Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 1970 1072
188. R.P. Feynman Phys. Rev. Lett. 23 1969 1415
189. R.P. Feynman Photon-Hadron Interactions 1972 Benjamin pp. 237-249
190. T. Sjöstrand P. Edén C. Friberg L. Lönnblad G. Miu S. Mrenna E. Norrbin Comput. Phys. Commun. 135 2001 238
191. T. Sjöstrand L. Lönnblad S. Mrenna P. Skands hep-ph/0308153
192. W. Thomé et al. Nucl. Phys. B 129 1977 365
193. P. Abreu et al. DELPHI Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 459 1999 397
194. B. Andersson, in: Proceedings VII International Colloquium on Multiparticle Reactions, Tutzing, 1976, and references therein
195. K. Gottfried, in: Proceedings V International Colloquium on Multiparticle Reactions, Uppsala, 1974
196. N.N. Nikolaev Sov. J. Part. Nucl. 12 1981 63 and references therein
197. L. Stodolsky, in: Proceedings VI International Colloquium on Multiparticle Reactions, Oxford, 1975
198. I. Otterlund et al. Nucl. Phys. B 142 1978 445 and references therein
199. S. Fredriksson et al. Phys. Rep. 144 1987 187 and references therein
200. I.G. Bearden et al. BRAHMS Collaboration nucl-ex/0403050
201. I.G. Bearden et al. BRAHMS Collaboration Phys. Lett. B 523 2001 227
202. I.G. Bearden et al. BRAHMS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 2002 202301
203. P.F. Kolb Proceedings of the 17th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics, Park City Utah 2001
204. P.F. Kolb Acta Phys. Hung. New Ser. Heavy Ion Phys. 15 (2002) 279, nucl-th/0104089.
205. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 2005 122303 nucl-ex/0406021
206. R. Hanbury-Brown R.Q. Twiss Philos. Mag., Ser. 7 45 366 1954 663
207. R. Hanbury-Brown R.Q. Twiss Nature 178 1956 1046
208. B. Tomasik U.A. Wiedemann Quark-Gluon Plasma 3 2003 World Scientific Singapore hep-ph/0210250
209. D. Rischke M. Gyulassy Nucl. Phys. A 597 1996 701
210. T. Hirano K. Tsuda Phys. Rev. C 66 2002 054905
211. S. Soff hep-ph/0202240
212. S. Pratt Phys. Rev. D 33 1986 1314
213. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration nucl-ex/0409001 Phys. Rev. C, submitted for publication
214. J. Adams et al. STAR Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 012301
215. S.S. Adler et al. PHENIX Collaboration Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 2004 152302
216. M.D. Baker in: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Lake Louise Winter Institute nucl-ex/0309002
217. T. Renk Phys. Rev. C 70 2004 021903R
218. D. Teaney nucl-th/0301099
219. H. Appelshäuser et al. NA49 Collaboration Eur. Phys. J. C 2 1998 661
220. R.E. Ansorge et al. Z. Phys. C 43 1989 357
221. D. Kharzeev M. Nardi Phys. Lett. B 507 2001 121
222. D. Kharzeev E. Levin M. Nardi hep-ph/0111315
223. A. Breakstone et al. Z. Phys. C 69 1995 55
224. D. Drijard et al. Nucl. Phys. B 208 1982 1
225. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 499 2003 603
226. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 447 2000 257
227. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 78 1999 245
228. B.B. Back et al. PHOBOS Collaboration Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 419 1998 549
229. G.F. Bertsch Nucl. Phys. A 498 1989 173
230. U. Heinz Nucl. Phys. A 610 1996 264
231. F. Yano S. Koonin Phys. Lett. B 78 1978 556
232. M. Podgoretskii Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 37 1983 272