Aha scientific statement: Practice standards for electrocardiographic monitoring in hospital settings: An american heart association scientific statement from the councils on cardiovascular nursing, clinical cardiology, and cardiovascular disease in the young: endorsed by the international society of computerized electrocardiology and the american association of critical‐care nurses

Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 76-106

  Drew, Barbara J ^a   Califf, Robert M ^a   Funk, Marjorie ^a   Kaufman, Elizabeth S ^a   Krucoff, Mitchell W ^a   Laks, Michael M ^a   Macfarlane, Peter W ^a   Sommargren, Claire ^a   Swiryn, Steven ^a   Van Hare, George F ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AHA Scientific Statements; Antiarrhythmic agents; Electrocardiography; Ischemia; Long QT syndrome; Myocardial infarction; Pediatrics; Tachyarrhythmias; Torsades de pointes

Indexed keywords

CARDIOLOGY; EDUCATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; LONG QT SYNDROME; MONITORING; NURSING; NURSING STAFF; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STANDARD; UNITED STATES;

ARRHYTHMIA; CARDIOLOGY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; LONG QT SYNDROME; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; NURSING STAFF, HOSPITAL; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 20644441776     PISSN: 08894655     EISSN: 15505049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005082-200503000-00003     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Day HW. Preliminary studies of an acute coronary care area. Lancet. 1963;83:53-55.
2. Dower GE, Yakush A, Nazzal SB, Jutzy RV, Ruiz CE. Deriving the 12-lead electrocardiogram from four (EASI) electrodes. J Electrocardiol. 1988;21: S182-S187.
3. Drew BJ, Pelter MM, Brodnick DE, Yadav AV, Dempel D, Adams MG. Comparison of a new reduced lead set ECG with the standard ECG for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia. J Electrocardiol. 2002;35: S13-S21.
4. Drew BJ, Adams MG. Clinical consequences of ST-segment changes caused by body position mimicking transient myocardial ischemia: hazards of ST-segment monitoring? J Electrocardiol. 2001;34:261-264.
5. Knight BP, Pelosi F, Michaud GF, Strickberger SA, Morady F. Clinical consequences of electrocardiographic artifact mimicking ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:1270-1274.
6. Day HW. History of coronary care units. Am J Cardiol. 1972;30:405-407.
7. Mirvis DM. What's wrong with electrocardiography? J Electrocardiol. 1998;31:313-316.
8. Fisch C. The clinical electrocardiogram: A classic. Circulation. 1980;62(suppl III):1-4.
9. Macfarlane PW. The coming of age of electrocardiology. In: Macfarlane PW, Veitch Lawrie TD, eds. Comprehensive Electrocardiology: Theory and Practice in Health and Disease. Vol 1. New York, NY: Pergamon Press; 1989:3-40.
10. Mirvis DM, Berson AS, Goldberger AL, et al. Instrumentation and practice standards for electrocardiographic monitoring in special care units: a report for health professionals by a Task Force of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1989;79:464-471.
11. Recommended guidelines for in-hospital cardiac monitoring of adults for detection of arrhythmia. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee members. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:1431-1433.
12. Drew BJ, Krucoff MW. Multilead ST-segment monitoring in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a consensus statement for healthcare professionals. ST-Segment Monitoring Practice Guideline International Working Group. Am J Crit Care. 1999;8:372-388.
13. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Benhorin J, et al. ISHNE guidelines for electrocardiographic evaluation of drug-related QT prolongation and other alterations in ventricular repolarization: task force summary. A report of the Task Force of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology (ISHNE), Committee on Ventricular Repolarization. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2001;6:333-341.
14. Bonnemeier H, Wiegand UK, Giannitsis E, et al. Temporal repolarization inhomogeneity and reperfusion arrhythmias in patients undergoing successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: impact of admission troponin T. Am Heart J. 2003;145:484-492.
15. Asher CR, Miller DP, Grimm RA, Cosgrove DM III, Chung MK. Analysis of risk factors for development of atrial fibrillation early after cardiac valvular surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:892-895.
16. Hravnak M, Hoffman LA, Saul MI, Zullo TG, Whitman GR, Griffith BP. Predictors and impact of atrial fibrillation after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:330-337.
17. Creswell LL, Schuessler RB, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL. Hazards of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:539-549.
18. Hravnak M, Hoffman LA, Saul MI, et al. Atrial fibrillation: prevalence after minimally invasive direct and standard coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1491-1495.
19. d'Amato TA, Savage EB, Wiechmann RJ, Sakert T, Benckart DH, Magovern JA. Reduced incidence of atrial fibrillation with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:2013-2016.
20. Tamis-Holland JE, Homel P, Durani M, et al. Atrial fibrillation after minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36: 1884-1888.
21. Funk M, Richards SB, Desjardins J, Bebon C, Wilcox H. Incidence, timing, symptoms, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Am J Crit Care. 2003;12: 424-435.
22. Steinberg JS, Gaur A, Sciacca R, Tan E. New-onset sustained ventricular tachycardia after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;99:903-908.
23. Mayr A, Knotzer H, Pajk W, et al. Risk factors associated with new onset tachyarrhythmias after cardiac surgery-A retrospective analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45: 543-549.
24. Waldo AL, MacLean WA, Cooper TB, Kouchoukos NT, Karp RB. The use of temporarily placed epicardial wire electrodes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias following open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1978;76:500-505.
25. Silka MJ. Junctional ectopic tachycardia and perioperative arrhythmias. In: Balaji S, Paul C, Gillete PC, Case CL, eds. Cardiac Arrhythmias After Surgery for Congenital Disease. London, England: Arnold Publishers; 2001: 154-164.
26. Zipes DP, Roberts D. Results of the international study of the implantable pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator. A comparison of epicardial and endocardial lead systems. The Pacemaker-Cardioverter-Defibrillator Investigators. Circulation. 1995;92:59-65.
27. Garcia-Bolao I, Alegria E. Implantation of 500 consecutive cardiac pacemakers in the electrophysiology laboratory. Acta Cardiol. 1999;54:339-343.
28. Valls-Bertault V, Mansourati J, Gilard M, Etienne Y, Munier S, Blanc JJ. Adverse events with transvenous left ventricular pacing in patients with severe heart failure: early experience from a single centre. Europace. 2001;3:60-63.
29. Krahn AD, Snell L, Yee R, Finan J, Skanes AC, Klein GJ. Biventricular pacing improves quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. Can J Cardiol. 2002;18: 380-387.
30. Passman R, Kadish A. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, long Q-T syndrome, and torsades de pointes. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85:321-341.
31. Anderson JL, Askins JC, Gilbert EM, Menlove RL, Lutz JR. Occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients receiving acute and chronic infusions of milrinone. Am Heart J. 1986;111:466-474.
32. Tisdale JE, Patel R, Webb CR, Borzak S, Zarowitz BJ. Electrophysiologic and proarrhythmic effects of intravenous inotropic agents. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1995;38:167-180.
33. Burger AJ, Elkayam U, Neibaur MT, et al. Comparison of the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure receiving dobutamine versus nesiritide therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:35-39.
34. Reinelt P, Karth GD, Geppert A, Heinz G. Incidence and type of cardiac arrhythmias in critically ill patients: a single center experience in a medical-cardiological ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27:1466-1473.
35. Brathwaite S, Weissman C. The new onset of atrial arrhythmias following major noncardiothoracic surgery is associated with increased mortality. Chest. 1998;114:462-468.
36. Batra GS, Molyneux J, Scott NA. Colorectal patients and cardiac arrhythmias detected on the surgical high dependency unit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2001;83: 174-176.
37. Ciriaco P, Mazzone P, Canneto B, Zannini P. Supraventricular arrhythmia following lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer and its treatment with amiodarone. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2000;18:12-16.
38. Davignon A, Rautaharju P, Boisselle E, Soumis F, Megelas M, Choquette A. Normal ECG standards for infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol. 1979;1:123-152.
39. Al-Khatib SM, Stebbins AL, Califf RM, et al; GUSTO-III trial. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the GUSTO-III trial. Am Heart J. 2003;145:515-521.
40. Newby LK, Hasselblad V, Armstrong PW, et al. Time-based risk assessment after myocardial infarction. Implications for timing of discharge and applications to medical decision-making. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:182-189.
41. Al-Khatib SM, Granger CB, Huang Y, et al. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias among patients with acute coronary syndromes with no ST-segment elevation: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. Circulation. 2002; 106:309-312.
42. Snider A, Papaleo M, Beldner S, et al. Is telemetry monitoring necessary in low-risk suspected acute chest pain syndromes? Chest. 2002;122:517-523.
43. Estrada CA, Rosman HS, Prasad NK, et al. Role of telemetry monitoring in the non-intensive care unit. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:960-965.
44. Estrada CA, Rosman HS, Prasad NK, et al. Evaluation of guidelines for the use of telemetry in the non-intensive-care setting. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15:51-55.
45. Pelter MM, Adams MG, Drew BJ. Transient myocardial ischemia is an independent predictor of adverse in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated in the telemetry unit. Heart Lung. 2003;32:71-78.
46. Pelter MM, Adams MG, Drew BJ. Association of transient myocardial ischemia with adverse in-hospital outcomes for angina patients treated in a telemetry unit or a coronary care unit. Am J Crit Care. 2002;11:318-325.
47. Goldman L, Cook EF, Johnson PA, Brand DA, Rouan GW, Lee TH. Prediction of the need for intensive care in patients who come to emergency departments with acute chest pain. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1498-1504.
48. Durairaj L, Reilly B, Das K, et al. Emergency department admissions to inpatient cardiac telemetry beds: a prospective cohort study of risk stratification and outcomes. Am J Med. 2001;110:7-11.
49. Hollander JE, Sites FD, Pollack CV Jr, Shofer FS. Lack of utility of telemetry monitoring for identification of cardiac death and life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias in low-risk patients with chest pain. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;43:71-76.
50. Pelargonio G, Fogel RI, Knilans TK, Prystowsky EN. Late occurrence of heart block after radiofrequency catheter ablation of the septal region: clinical follow-up and outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12: 56-60.
51. Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Menz V, Maisch B. Transient QT prolongation with torsades de pointes tachycardia after ablation of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:1631-1635.
52. Peters RH, Wever EF, Hauer RN, Wittkampf FH, Robles de Medina EO. Bradycardia dependent QT prolongation and ventricular fibrillation following catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction with radiofrequency energy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17:108-112.
53. Opasich C, Capomolla S, Riccardi PG, et al. Does in-patient ECG monitoring have an impact on medical care in chronic heart failure patients? Eur J Heart Fail. 2000;2:281-285.
54. Lipskis DJ, Dannehl KN, Silverman ME. Value of radiotelemetry in a community hospital. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:1284-1287.
55. Kapoor WN. Syncope. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1856-1862.
56. Patton JA, Funk M. Survey of use of ST-segment monitoring in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Crit Care. 2001;10:23-34.
57. Dellborg M, Topol EJ, Swedberg K. Dynamic QRS complex and ST segment vectorcardiographic monitoring can identify vessel patency in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with reperfusion therapy. Am Heart J. 1991;122:943-948.
58. Krucoff MW, Croll MA, Pope JE, et al. Continuously updated 12-lead ST-segment recovery analysis for myocardial infarct artery patency assessment and its correlation with multiple simultaneous early angiographic observations. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:145-151.
59. Veldkamp RF, Green CL, Wilkins ML, et al. Comparison of continuous ST-segment recovery analysis with methods using static electrocardiograms for noninvasive patency assessment during acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI) 7 Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73: 1069-1074.
60. Langer A, Krucoff MW, Klootwijk P, et al. Noninvasive assessment of speed and stability of infarct-related artery reperfusion: results of the GUSTO ST segment monitoring study. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1552-1557.
61. Santoro GM, Valenti R, Buonamici P, et al. Relation between ST-segment changes and myocardial perfusion evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:932-937.
62. Krucoff MW, Parente AR, Bottner RK, et al. Stability of multilead ST-segment “fingerprints” over time after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and its usefulness in detecting reocclusion. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61:1232-1237.
63. Gottlieb SO, Weisfeldt ML, Ouyang P, Mellits ED, Gersternblith G. Silent ischemia as a marker for early unfavorable outcomes in patients with unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1214-1219.
64. Gottlieb SO, Weisfeldt ML, Ouyang P, Mellits DE, Gerstenblith G. Silent ischemia predicts infarction and death during 2 year follow-up of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:756-760.
65. Nademanee K, Intarachot V, Josephson MA, Rieders D, Vaghaiwalla Mody F, Singh BN. Prognostic significance of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:1-9.
66. Krucoff MW. Identification of high-risk patients with silent myocardial ischemia after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by multilead monitoring. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:29F-35F.
67. Langer A, Freeman MR, Armstrong PW. ST segment shift in unstable angina: pathophysiology and association with coronary anatomy and hospital outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:1495-1502.
68. Larsson H, Jonasson T, Ringqvist I, Fellenius C, Wallentin L. Diagnostic and prognostic importance of ST recording after an episode of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:207-212.
69. Amanullah AM, Lindvall K. Prevalence and significance of transient—predominantly asymptomatic—myocardial ischemia on Holter monitoring in unstable angina pectoris, and correlation with exercise test and thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72: 144-148.
70. Bugiardini R, Borghi A, Pozzati A, Ruggeri A, Puddu P, Maseri A. Relation of severity of symptoms to transient myocardial ischemia and prognosis in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:597-604.
71. Davies GJ, Chierchia S, Maseri A. Prevention of myocardial infarction by very early treatment with intracoronary streptokinase. Some clinical observations. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1488-1492.
72. Hackett D, Davies G, Chierchia S, Maseri A. Intermittent coronary occlusion in acute myocardial infarction. Value of combined thrombolytic and vasodilator therapy. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(17):1055-1059.
73. Dellborg M, Riha M, Swedberg K. Dynamic QRS-complex and ST-segment monitoring in acute myocardial infarction during recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy. The TEAHAT Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:343-349.
74. Kwon K, Freedman SB, Wilcox I, Allman K, Madden A, Carter GS, Harris PJ. The unstable ST segment early after thrombolysis for acute infarction and its usefulness as a marker of recurrent coronary occlusion. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:109-115.
75. Veldkamp RF, Simoons ML, Pope JE, Krucoff MW. Continuous multilead ST-segment monitoring in acute myocardial infarction. In: Clements IP, ed. The Electrocardiogram in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing; 1998:1-30.
76. Tatum JL, Jesse RL, Kontos MC, et al. Comprehensive strategy for the evaluation and triage of the chest pain patient. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:116-125.
77. deLeon AC Jr, Farmer CA, King G, Manternach J, Ritter D. Chest pain evaluation unit: a cost-effective approach for ruling out acute myocardial infarction. South Med J. 1989;82:1083-1089.
78. Gaspoz JM, Lee TH, Cook EF, Weisberg MC, Goldman L. Outcome of patients who were admitted to a new short-stay unit to “rule-out” myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:145-149.
79. Fesmire FM, Smith EE. Continuous 12-lead electrocardiographic monitoring in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 1993;11:54-60.
80. Gibler WB, Runyon JP, Levy RC, et al. A rapid diagnostic and treatment center for patients with chest pain in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:1-8.
81. Gomez MA, Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Muhlestein JB, Mooers FB. An emergency department-based protocol for rapidly ruling out myocardial ischemia reduces hospital time and expense: results of a randomized study (ROMIO). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:25-33.
82. Detre K, Holubkov R, Kelsey S, Bourassa M, Williams D, Holmes D Jr, Dorros G, Faxon D, Myler R, Kent K, et al. One-year follow-up results of the 1985-1986 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation. 1989;80:421-428.
83. Bush HS, Ferguson JJ III, Angelini P, Willerson JT. Twelve-lead electrocardiographic evaluation of ischemia during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and its correlation with acute reocclusion. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1591-1599.
84. Li JM, Camenzind E, Meier B, Urban P, Giroud D, Rutishauser W. In-hospital monitoring after coronary angioplasty. J Interv Cardiol. 1994;7:229-235.
85. Jeremias A, Kutscher S, Haude M, et al. Nonischemic chest pain induced by coronary interventions: a prospective study comparing coronary angioplasty and stent implantation. Circulation. 1998;98:2656-2658.
86. Tomai F, Crea F, Gaspardone A, et al. Mechanisms of cardiac pain during coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1892-1896.
87. Landesberg G, Luria MH, Cotev S, et al. Importance of long-duration postoperative ST-segment depression in cardiac morbidity after vascular surgery. Lancet. 1993; 341:715-719.
88. Raby KE, Barry J, Creager MA, Cook EF, Weisberg MC, Goldman L. Detection and significance of intraoperative and postoperative myocardial ischemia in peripheral vascular surgery. JAMA. 1992;268:222-227.
89. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H, et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery—executive summarya report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). Circulation. 2002;105:1257-1267.
90. Mangano DT, Browner WS, Hollenberg M, London MJ, Tubau JF, Tateo IM. Association of perioperative myocardial ischemia with cardiac morbidity and mortality in men undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1781-1788.
91. Booker KJ, Holm K, Drew BJ, et al. Frequency and outcomes of transient myocardial ischemia in critically ill adults admitted for noncardiac conditions. Am J Crit Care. 2003;12:508-517.
92. Abalos A, Leibowitz AB, Distefano D, Halpern N, Iberti TJ. Myocardial ischemia during the weaning period. Am J Crit Care. 1992;1:32-36.
93. Chatila W, Ani S, Guaglianone D, Jacob B, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA. Cardiac ischemia during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Chest. 1996;109: 1577-1583.
94. Hurford WE, Favorito F. Association of myocardial ischemia with failure to wean from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1475-1480.
95. Srivastava S, Chatila W, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, et al. Myocardial ischemia and weaning failure in patients with coronary artery disease: an update. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:2109-2112.
96. McCulley ME, Bennett RL. ST segment monitoring in the pediatric ICU: detecting myocardial ischemia in children. Crit Care Nurse. 1997;17:81-86, 88-92.
97. Mehta SK, Finkelhor RS, Anderson RL, Harcar-Sevcik RA, Wasser TE, Bahler RC. Transient myocardial ischemia in infants prenatally exposed to cocaine. J Pediatr. 1993;122: 945-949.
98. Maguire JF, O'Rourke PP, Colan SD, Geha RS, Crone R. Cardiotoxicity during treatment of severe childhood asthma. Pediatrics. 1991;88:1180-1186.
99. Bell C, Rimar S, Barash P. Intraoperative ST-segment changes consistent with myocardial ischemia in the neonate: a report of three cases. Anesthesiology. 1989;71: 601-604.
100. Shiraishi I, Onouchi Z, Hayano T, Hamaoka K, Kiyosawa N. Asymptomatic myocardial infarction in Kawasaki disease: long-term prognosis. Pediatr Cardiol. 1991;12:78-82.
101. Hoyer MH, Fischer DR. Acute myocarditis simulating myocardial infarction in a child. Pediatrics. 1991;87: 250-253.
102. Johnsrude CL, Perry JC, Towbin JA. Myocardial infarction in children. Primary Cardiol. 1994;20: 23-32.
103. Crouch MA, Limon L, Cassano AT. Clinical relevance and management of drug-related QT interval prolongation. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:881-908.
104. Anderson ME, Al-Khatib SM, Roden DM, Califf RM. Duke Clinical Research Institute/American Heart Journal Expert Meeting on Repolarization Changes. Cardiac repolarization: current knowledge, critical gaps, and new approaches to drug development and patient management. Am Heart J. 2002;144:769-781.
105. Zareba W, Moss AJ. QT interval and its drug-induced prolongation. In: Gussak I, Antzelevitch C, Hammill, SC, Shen WK, Bjerregaard P, eds. Cardiac Repolarization: Bridging Basic and Clinical Science. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2003:311-328.
106. Al-Khatib SM, LaPointe NM, Kramer JM, Califf RM. What clinicians should know about the QT interval. JAMA. 2003;289:2120-2127.
107. Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart. 1920;7:353-362.
108. Karjalainen J, Viitasalo M, Manttari M, Manninen V. Relation between QT intervals and heart rates from 40 to 120 beats/min in rest electrocardiograms of men and a simple method to adjust QT interval values. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1547-1553.
109. Dekker JM, Crow RS, Hannan PJ, Schouten EG, Folsom AR; ARIC Study. Heart rate-corrected QT interval prolongation predicts risk of coronary heart disease in black and white middle-aged men and women: the ARIC study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:565-571.
110. Lo SL, Drew BJ. Lead selection for QT interval measurement for bedside ECG monitoring. Circulation. 2002;106:II-489.
111. Malik M, Camm AJ. Evaluation of drug-induced QT interval prolongation: implications for drug approval and labelling. Drug Saf. 2001;24:323-351.
112. Locati EH, Maison-Blanche P, Dejode P, Cauchemez B, Coumel P. Spontaneous sequences of onset of torsade de pointes in patients with acquired prolonged repolarization: quantitative analysis of Holter recordings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1564-1575.
113. Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1013-1022.
114. Sommargren CE. Zaroff JG, Banki NM, et al. High frequency of cardiac depolarization and repolarization abnormalities in subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for the catecholamine hypothesis? Circulation. 2003;108:IV-362.
115. Drew BJ, Scheinman MM. ECG criteria to distinguish between aberrantly conducted supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia: practical aspects for the immediate care setting. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995; 18:2194-2208.
116. Aldrich HR, Hindman NB, Hinohara T, et al. Identification of the optimal electrocardiographic leads for detecting acute epicardial injury in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59:20-23.
117. Drew BJ, Tisdale LA. ST segment monitoring for coronary artery reocclusion following thrombolytic therapy and coronary angioplasty: identification of optimal bedside monitoring leads. Am J Crit Care. 1993;2:280-292.
118. Mason RE, Likar I. A new system of multiple-lead exercise electrocardiography. Am Heart J. 1966;71: 196-205.
119. Krucoff MW, Loeffler KA, Haisty WK Jr, et al. Simultaneous ST-segment measurements using standard and monitoring-compatible torso limb lead placements at rest and during coronary occlusion. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 74:997-1001.
120. Frank E. An accurate, clinically practical system for spatial vectorcardiography. Circulation. 1956;13:737-749.
121. Lundin P, Eriksson SV, Erhardt L, Strandberg LE, Rehnqvist N. Continuous vectorcardiography in patients with chest pain indicative of acute ischemic heart disease. Cardiology. 1992;81:145-156.
122. Dellborg M, Steg PG, Simoons M, et al. Vectorcardiographic monitoring to assess early vessel patency after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:21-29.
123. Dower GE, Machado HB, Osborne JA. On deriving the electrocardiogram from vectorcardiographic leads. Clin Cardiol. 1980;3:87-95.
124. Drew BJ, Scheinman MM, Evans GT Jr. Comparison of a vectorcardiographically derived 12-lead electrocardiogram with the conventional electrocardiogram during wide QRS complex tachycardia, and its potential application for continuous bedside monitoring. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69:612-618.
125. Drew BJ, Adams MG, Pelter MM, Wung SF. ST segment monitoring with a derived 12-lead electrocardiogram is superior to routine cardiac care unit monitoring. Am J Crit Care. 1996;5:198-206.
126. Drew BJ, Adams MG, Pelter MM, Wung SF, Caldwell MA. Comparison of standard and derived 12-lead electrocardiograms for diagnosis of coronary angioplasty-induced myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79: 639-644.
127. Drew BJ, Pelter MM, Wung SF, et al. Accuracy of the EASI 12-lead electrocardiogram compared to the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram for diagnosing multiple cardiac abnormalities. J Electrocardiol. 1999; 32:38-47.
128. Drew BJ, Pelter MM, Adams MG, Wung SF, Chou TM, Wolfe CL. 12-lead ST-segment monitoring vs single-lead maximum ST-segment monitoring for detecting ongoing ischemia in patients with unstable coronary syndromes. Am J Crit Care. 1998;7:355-363.
129. Nelwan SP, Kors JA, Meij SH, van Bemmel JH, Simoons ML. Reconstruction of the 12-lead electrocardiogram from reduced lead sets. J Electrocardiol. 2004;37: 11-18.
130. Lynn-McHale DJ, Carlson KK, eds. AACN Procedure Manual for Critical Care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2001.
131. Stukshis I, Funk M, Johnson CR, Parkosewich JA. Accuracy of detection of clinically important dysrhythmias with and without a dedicated monitor watcher. Am J Crit Care. 1997;6:312-317.
132. Funk M. Are dedicated monitor watchers necessary on a telemetry unit? Crit Care Nurse. 1996;16:102-105.
133. Funk M, Parkosewich JA, Johnson CR, Stukshis I. Effect of dedicated monitor watchers on patients' outcomes. Am J Crit Care. 1997;6:318-323.
134. Hitchens M. Telemetry: who's watching the monitor? Crit Care Nurse. 1992;12:100-102.
135. Martin N, Hendrickson P. Telemetry monitoring in acute and critical care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1999;11:77-85.
136. Drew BJ, Ide B, Sparacino PS. Accuracy of bedside electrocardiographic monitoring: a report on current practices of critical care nurses. Heart Lung. 1991;20:597-609.
137. Wellens HJ, Bar FW, Lie KI. The value of the electrocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a widened QRS complex. Am J Med. 1978;64:27-33.
138. August T, Mazzeleni A, Wolff L. Positional and respiratory changes in precordial lead patterns simulating acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1958;55:706-714.
139. Adams MG, Drew BJ. Body position effects on the ECG: implication for ischemia monitoring. J Electrocardiol. 1997;30:285-291.
140. Drew BJ, Wung SF, Adams MG, Pelter MM. Bedside diagnosis of myocardial ischemia with ST-segment monitoring technology: measurement issues for real-time clinical decision making and trial designs. J Electrocardiol. 1998;30:157-165.
141. Feldman T, Borow K, Neumann A, Lang RM, Childers RW. Relation of electrocardiographic R-wave amplitude to changes in left ventricular chamber size and position in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:1168-1174.
142. Clochesy JM, Cifani L, Howe K. Electrode site preparation techniques: a follow-up study. Heart Lung. 1991;20:27-30.
143. Medina V, Clochesy JM, Omery A. Comparison of electrode site preparation techniques. Heart Lung. 1989;18:456-460.
144. Wenger W, Kligfield P. Variability of precordial electrode placement during routine electrocardiography. J Electrocardiol. 1996;29:179-184.
145. Fernandez AR, Sequeira RF, Chakko S, et al. ST segment tracking for rapid determination of patency of the infarct-related artery in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:675-683.
146. Klootwijk P, Langer A, Meij S, et al. Non-invasive prediction of reperfusion and coronary artery patency by continuous ST segment monitoring in the GUSTO-I trial. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:689-698.
147. Schroder R, Dissmann R, Bruggemann T, et al. Extent of early ST segment elevation resolution: a simple but strong predictor of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:384-391.