Characterizing the burden of occupational injury and disease

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 607-622

  Schulte, Paul A ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CAUSE OF DEATH; COST OF ILLNESS; DISABILITY; EVALUATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MONEY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

COST OF ILLNESS; FEMALE; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; HUMANS; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; UNITED STATES; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 20544443357     PISSN: 10762752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000165086.25595.9d     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. Worker Health Chartbook, 2004. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 2004-146; 2004.
2. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2002. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Safety and Health Statistics Program. 2003.
3. See 2002 News Release USDL 03-488 at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/ cfnr0009.pdf.
4. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2002. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Safety and Health Statistics Program. 2003.
5. See 2002 News Release USDL 03-913 at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/ os/osnr0018.pdf.
6. Jackson L. Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments in the United States. Inj Prev. 2001;Suppl 1:121-126.
7. Steenland K, Burnett C, Lalich N, Ward E, Hurrell J. Dying for work: the magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation. Am J Ind Med. 2003;43:461-482.
8. Williams CT, Reno VP, Burton, JF Jr. Workers' Compensation: Benefits, Coverage and Costs, 2002. Washington, DC: National Academy of Social Insurance; 2004.
9. Leigh J, Markowitz S, Fahs M, Landrigan P. Costs of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 2000.
10. Michaud CM, Murray CJ, Bloom BR. Burden of disease-implications for future research. JAMA. 2001;285:535-539.
11. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360:1347-1360.
12. Murray CJ. Rethinking DALY's. In: Murray CJ, Lopez AD, eds. The Global Burden of Disease. World Health Organization and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; 1996:1-98.
13. The World Health Report: 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
14. Silbergeld EK. The risk of comparing risks. NYU Environ Law J. 1995;3:405-430.
15. Verbeek J, Husman K, van Dijk F, Jauhiainen M, Pasternack I, Vainio H. Building an evidence base for occupational health interventions. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004;30:164-168.
16. Nurminen M, Karjalainen A. Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27:161-213.
17. Ezzati M, Lopez A, Rodgers A, Murray C (eds.) Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
18. Hnizdo E, Sullivan PA, Bang KM, Wagner G. Airflow obstruction attributable to work in industry and occupation among US race/ethnic groups: a study of NHANES III data. Am J Ind Med. 2004;46:126-135.
19. Trupin L, Earnest G, San Pedro M, et al. The occupational burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:462-469.
20. Vineis P, Simonato L. Proportion of lung and bladder cancers in males resulting from occupation: a systematic approach. Arch Environ Health. 1991; 46:6-15.
21. Driscoll T, Mannetje A, Dryson E, et al. The Burden of Occupational Disease and Injury in New Zealand: Technical Report. Wellington: National Occupational Health and Safety Advisory Committee; 2004.
22. Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, et al. American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:787-797.
23. Morabia A, Markowitz S, Garibaldi K, Wynder EL. Lung cancer and occupation: results of a multicentre case-control study. Br J Ind Med. 1992;49: 721-727.
24. Schnall PL, Landsbergis P. The relationship between 'job strain' and hypertension. Scientific Summaries Paper, 2004:28-30.
25. California Public Policy Forum: The Way We Work and Its Impact on Health. UCLA, April 22-24, 2004, Los Angeles, CA. Available at: http://www.workhealth. org/2004% 20California%20Forum/hp%202004% 20California%20Forum.html.
26. Belkic K, Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Baker D. Is job strain a major source of cardiovascular disease risk? Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004;30:85-128.
27. Schnall P. The relationship between job strain and coronary heart disease. Scientific Summaries Paper, 2004:30-31.
28. California Public Policy Forum: The Way We Work and Its Impact on Health. UCLA, April 22-23, 2004, Los Angeles CA. Available at: http://www. workhealth.org/2004%20California% 20Forum/hp%202004%20California% 20Forum.html.
29. Nahit ES, Taylor S, Hunt IM, Silman AJ, Macfarlane GJ. Predicting the onset of forearm pain: a prospective study across 12 occupational groups. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:519-525.
30. Kogevinas M, Anto JM, Sunyer J, Tobias A, Kromhout H, Burney P. Occupational asthma in Europe and other industrialised areas: a population-based study. European Community Respiratory Health Survey Study Group. Lancet. 1999;353:1750-1754.
31. Prüss-Ustü A, Rapid E, Hutin Y. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. Am J Ind Med. In press.
32. Concha-Barrientos M, Nelson DI, Fingerhut M, Leigh J. The global burden of occupational injury. Am J Ind Med. In press.
33. Nelson DI, Nelson RY, Concha-Barrientos M, Fingerhut M. The global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Am J Ind Med. In press.
34. Punnett L, Prüs-Ustün A, Nelson DL et al. Estimating the global burden of low back pain attributable to combined occupational exposures. Am J Ind Med. In press.
35. Kerr C, Morrell S, Taylor R, Salkeld G, Corbett S. Best Estimate of the Magnitude of Health Effects Due to Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Substances. Worksafe Australia; April 1996.
36. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). Stage One, Volume One - Final Report 1995. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: http://www.nohsc.gov.au/ohsinformation/nohscpublications/misc/kerr/1_1.htm.
37. Mathers CD, Vos ET, Stevenson CE, Begg SJ. The Australian burden of disease study: measuring the loss of health from diseases, injuries and risk factors. Med J Aust. 2000;172:592-596.
38. Mathers C. Alternative Methods to Measure Burden of Disease. Global Forum for Health Research, 'Health Research and Reducing the 10/90 Gap' Annual Forum 3, June 1999. Available at: http://www. globalforumhealth.org/ Non_compliant_pages/forum3/forum3doc824.htm.
39. Leigh J, Macaskill P, Kuosma E, Mandryk J. Global Burden of Disease and Injury Due to Occupational Factors. WHO/EHG/96.20. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
40. Leigh J, Macaskill P, Kuosma E, Mandryk J. Global burden of disease and injury due to occupational factors. Epidemiology. 1999;10:626-631.
41. Driscoll T, Nelson DI, Steenland K, et al. The global burden of non-malignant respiratory disease due to occupational airborne particulates. Am J Ind Med. In press.
42. Driscoll T, Nelson DI, Steenland K, et al. The global burden of disease due to occupational carcinogens. Am J Ind Med. In press.
43. Accident Facts, 1998 ed. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
44. Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall HE, Davis A, Pannett B, Coggon D. Occupational exposure to noise and the attributable burden of hearing difficulties in Great Britain. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59:634-639.
45. Fulton-Kehoe D, Franklin G, Weaver M, Cheadle A. Years of productivity lost among injured workers in Washington State: modeling disability burden in workers' compensation. Am J Ind Med. 2000;37:656-662.
46. Rice DP, Hodgson TA, Kopstein AN. The economic cost of illness: A replication and update. Health Care Financ Rev. 1985;7:61-80.
47. Boden LI, Galizzi M. Economic consequences of workplace injuries and illnesses: lost earnings and benefit adequacy. Am J Ind Med. 1999;36:487-503.
48. Miller TR, Galbraith M. Estimating the costs of occupational injury in the United States. Accid Anal Prev. 1995; 27:741-747.
49. Leigh JP, Seavey W, Leistikow B. Estimating the costs of job related arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:1647-1654.
50. Telles CA, Fox SE. Revisiting Workers' Compensation in California: Administrative Inventory. Workers Compensation Research Institute; June 1997.
51. Leigh JP, Cone JE, Harrison R. Costs of occupational injuries and illnesses in California. Prev Med. 2001;32:393-406.
52. Leigh JP, Yasmeen S, Miller TR. Medical costs of fourteen occupational illnesses in the United States in 1999. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2003;29: 304-313.
53. Injury Facts, 2004 ed. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
54. Leigh JP, Waehrer G, Miller TR, Keenan C. Costs of occupational injury and illness across industries. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004;30:199-205.
55. Leigh JP, Romano PS, Schenker MB, Kreiss K. Costs of occupational COPD and asthma. Chest. 2002;121:264-272.
56. Leigh JP, McCurdy SA, Schenker MB. Costs of occupational injuries in agriculture. Public Health Rep. 2001;116: 235-248.
57. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. The Cost of Work-Related Injury and Illness for Australian Employers, Workers and the Community. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; August 2004, ISBN 1 920763 58 9.
58. Leigh JP, Robbins JA. Occupational disease and workers' compensation: coverage, costs, and consequences. Milbank Q. 2004;82:689-721.
59. Benichou J. Attributable risk. In: Gail MH, Benichou J, eds. Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2000: 49-60.
60. Coggon D. Mortality attributable to work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27:214-215.
61. International Labour Organization. Safety in Numbers. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2003.
62. Feyer AM, Williamson AM, Stout N, Driscoll T, Usher H, Langley JD. Comparison of work related fatal injuries in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand: method and overall findings. Inj Prev. 2001;7:22-28.
63. Rice DP. Estimating the Cost of Illness. Health Economics Series, No 6. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 974-6. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health Education and Welfare; 1966.
64. Hartunian NS, Smart CN, Thompson MS. The incidence of economic cost of major health impairments. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 1981.
65. Arno PS, Levine C, Memmott MM. The economic value of informal caregiving. Health Aff (Millwood). 1999;18:182-188.
66. Weil D. Valuing the economic consequences of work injury and illness: a comparison of methods and findings. Am J Ind Med. 2001;40:418-437.
67. Dembe A. The social consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses. Am J Ind Med. 2001;40:403-417.
68. McLoyd VC, Flanagan CA. Economic Stress: Effects on Family Life and Child Development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1990.
69. Roy R. The Social Context of the Chronic Pain Sufferer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; October 1992.
70. Benach J, Muntaner C, Benavides FG, Amable M, Jodar P. A new occupational health agenda for a new work environment. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002;28:191-196.
71. Williams DR. Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:173-188.
72. Loomis D, Richardson D. Race and the risk of fatal injury at work. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:40-44.
73. Wartenberg D, Kipen HM, Scully PF, Greenberg M. Racial oversight in occupational cancer epidemiology: a review of published studies. In: Johnson BL, Williams RC, Harris CM, eds. The National Minority Health Conference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Scientific Publishing Co; 1992:137-147.
74. Lamba AB, Ward MH, Weeks JL, Dosemeci M. Cancer mortality patterns among hairdressers and barbers in 24 US states, 1984-1995. J Occup Environ Med. 2001;43:250-258.
75. Richardson D, Loomis D, Wolf SH, Gregory E. Fatal agricultural injuries in North Carolina by race and occupation, 1977-1991. Am J Ind Med. 1997;31: 452-458.
76. Sokas RK, Simmens S, Sophar K, Welch LS, Liziewski T. Lead levels in Maryland construction workers. Am J Ind Med. 1997;31:188-194.
77. Ruser JW. Demographic Correlations of Workplace Safety and Health Risk. Washington, DC: Working Paper, Bureau of Labor Statistics; 1996.
78. Schulte PA, Burnett CA, Boeniger MF, Johnston J. Neurodegenerative diseases: occupational occurrence and potential risk factors, 1982 through 1991. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1281-1288.
79. Ma F, Lee DJ, Fleming LE, Dosemeci M. Race-specific cancer mortality in US firelighters: 1984-1993. J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40:1134-1138.
80. Murray LR. Sick and tired of being sick and tired: scientific evidence, methods and research implications for racial and ethnic disparities in occupational health. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:221-226.
81. Zahm SH, Blair A. Occupational cancer among women: where have we been and where are we going. Am J Ind Med. 2003;44:565-575.
82. Pranksy G, Snyder T, Dembe A, Himmelstein J. Under-reporting of work-related disorders in the workplace: a case study and review of the literature. Ergonomics. 1999;42:171-182.
83. Azaroff LS, Levenstein C, Wegman DH. Occupational injury and illness surveillance: conceptual filters explain underreporting. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:1421-1429.
84. Landrigan PJ, Baker DB. The recognition and control of occupational disease. JAMA. 1991;266:676-680.
85. Scott DF, Grayson RL, Metz EA. Disease and illness in US mining, 1983-2001. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46: 1272-1277.
86. Rosenman KD, Reilly MJ, Henneberger PK. Estimating the total number of newly-recognized silicosis cases in the United States. Am J Ind Med. 2003;44: 141-147.
87. Leigh JP, Marcin JP, Miller TR. An estimate of the U.S. Government's undercount of nonfatal occupational injuries. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46: 10-18.
88. Powles J, Day N. Interpreting the global burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360: 1342-1343.
89. Arnesen T, Kapiriri L. Can the value choices in DALYs influence global-priority-setting? Health Policy. 2004; 70:137-149.
90. Anand S, Hanson K. Disability-adjusted life years: a critical review. J Health Econ. 1997;16:685-702.
91. Greenland S, Robins JM. Conceptual problems in the definition and interpretation of attributable fractions. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128:1185-1197.
92. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. On the comparable quantification of health risks: lessons from the global burden of disease study. Epidemiology. 1999;10:594-605.
93. Nelson DI, Concha-Barrientos M, Driscoll T, et al. The global burden of selected occupational disease and injury risks: methodology and summary. Am J Ind Med. In press.
94. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). Possible Applications of Disease Minimum Data Set to Future Activities Relating to Occupational Disease. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; April 2002, ISBN 1 920763 01 5.
95. Biddle J, Roberts K, Rosenman KD, Welch EM. What percentage of workers with work-related illnesses receive workers' compensation benefits? J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40:325-331.
96. Baker EL, Melius JM, Millar JD. Surveillance of occupational illness and injury in the United States: current perspectives and future directions. J Public Health Policy. 1988;9:198-221.
97. Pollack ES, Keimig DG. Counting Injuries and Illnesses in the Workplace: Proposals for a Better System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1987:103-106.
98. Kauppinen T, Toikkanen J. Health and hazard surveillance-needs and perspectives. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999;25(suppl 4):61-67.
99. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety. Tracking occupational injuries, illnesses and hazards: The NIOSH Surveillance Strategic Plan. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 2001-118; January 2001.
100. Sorock GS, Smith GS, Reeve GR, et al. Three perspectives on work-related injury surveillance systems. Am J Ind Med. 1997;32:116-128.
101. Stout N, Bell C. Effectiveness of source documents for identifying fatal occupational injuries: a synthesis of studies. Am J Public Health. 1991;81:725-728.
102. Fine LJ. Surveillance and occupational health. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999;5:26-29.
103. Halperin WE, Ordin DL. Closing the surveillance gap. Am J Ind Med. 1996; 29:223-224.
104. Weddle MG. Reporting occupational injuries: the first step. J Safety Res. 1996; 27:217-223.
105. Lax MB, Grant WD, Manetti FA, Klein R. Recognizing occupational disease-taking an effective occupational history. Am Fam Physician. 1998;58:935-944.
106. Reville RT, Bhattacharya J, Sager Weinstein LR. New methods and data sources for measuring economic consequences of workplace injuries. Am J Ind Med. 2001;40:452-463.
107. Greenland S. Model-based estimation of relative risks and other epidemiologic measures in studies of common outcomes and in case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:301-305.
108. World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All. Geneva, WHO/OCH/95.1, 1995.
109. Cralley LV, Cralley LJ. Rationale. In: Cralley LV, Cralley LJ, eds. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd ed, vol 3. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1979.
110. Halperin WE. The role of surveillance in the hierarchy of prevention. Am J Ind Med. 1996;29:321-323.
111. Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace. Washington, DC: US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. OTA-H-256; April 1985.
112. Park RM, Bailer AJ, Stayner LT, Halperin W, Gilbert SJ. An alternate characterization of hazard in occupational epidemiology: years of life lost per years worked. Am J Ind Med. 2002;42: 1-10.
113. Wright JC, Weinstein MC. Gains in life expectancy from medical interventions-standardizing data on outcomes. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:380-386.
114. Brady W, Bass J, Moser R, Anstadt GW, Loeppke RR, Leopold R. Defining total corporate health and safety costs significance and impact: review and recommendations. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:224-231.
115. Goldenhar LM, Schulte PA. Intervention research in occupational health and safety. J Occup Med. 1994;36:763-775.
116. Rivara FP, Thompson DC. Systematic reviews of injury-prevention strategies for occupational injuries. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:1-3.
117. Rosenstock L, Thacker SB. Toward a safer workplace: the role of systematic reviews. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:4-5.
118. Truman BI, Smith-Aikin CK, Hinman AR, et al. Developing the Guide to Community Preventive Services-overview and rationale. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(suppl):18-26.
119. Briss PA, Brownson RC, Fielding JE, Zaza S. Developing and using the Guide to Community Preventive Services: lessons learned about evidence-based public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;25:281-302.
120. Zaza S, Lawrence RS, Mahan CS, et al. Scope and organization of the Guide to Community Preventive Services. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services, Am J Prev Med. 2000; 18(suppl):27-34.
121. Moreau M, Valente F, Mak R, et al. Occupational stress and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Beltress study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:507-516.
122. Linton SJ. Does work stress predict insomnia? A prospective study. Br J Health Psychol. 2004;9:127-136.
123. Weeks JL, Levy BS, Wagner GR, ed. Preventing Occupational Disease and Injury. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1991.
124. DiNardi S, ed. The Occupational Environment: its Evaluation, Control and Management, 2nd ed. Fairfax, VA: American Industrial Hygiene Association; 2003.
125. Li J, Wolf L, Evanoff B. Use of mechanical patient lifts decreased musculoskeletal symptoms and injuries among health care workers. Inj Prev. 2004;10: 212-216.
126. LaMontagne AD, Barbeau E, Youngstrom RA, et al. Assessing and intervening on OSH programmes: effectiveness evaluation of the Wellworks-2 intervention in 15 manufacturing worksites. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61:651-660.
127. Hantula DA, Rajala AK, Kellerman EGB, Bragger JLD. The value of workplace safety, a time-based utility analysis model. J Org Behav Mgmt. 2001;21: 79-98.
128. Myers ML, Cole HP, Westneat SC. Cost-effectiveness of a ROPS retrofit education campaign. J Agric Saf Health. 2004;10:77-90.
129. Yeow PHP, Sen RN. Quality productivity, occupational health and safety and cost effectiveness of ergonomic improvements in the test workstations of an electronic factory. Int J Ind Ergonomics. 2003;32:147-163.
130. Westgaard RH, Winkel J. Ergonomic intervention research for improved musculoskeletal health: a critical review. Int J Ind Ergonomics. 1997;20:463-500.
131. Sinclair RC, Smith R, Colligan M, Prince M, Nguyen T, Stayner L. Evaluation of a safety training program in three food service companies. J Safety Res. 2003;34:547-558.
132. Salinas AM, Villarreal E, Nunez GM, Garza ME, Briones H, Navarro O. Health intervention for the metalworking industry: which is the most cost-effective? A study from a developing country. Occup Med. 2002;52:129-135.
133. Shi L. A cost-benefit analysis of a California county's back injury prevention program. Public Health Rep. 1993;108: 204-211.
134. Versloot JM, Rozeman A, van Son AM, van Akkerveeken PF. The cost-effectiveness of a back school program in industry. A longitudinal controlled field study. Spine. 1992;17:22-27.
135. Hernberg S. Work-related factors and mortality-what is the burden? Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27:157-160.