Bodily Differences and Collective Identities: The Politics of Gender and Race in Biomedical Research in the United States

Body & Society

Volumn 10, Issue 2-3, 2004, Pages 183-203

  Epstein, Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20444473605     PISSN: 1357034X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1357034X04042942     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Bass, Marie. Bass and Howes. Interviewed in Washington, DC, 12 April 1999.
2. Benet, Leslie, MD. Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco. Interviewed in San Francisco, CA, 15 May 1998.
3. Haseltine, Florence, MD, PhD. Center for Population Research at the National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development, NIH. Interviewed in Rockville, MD, 19 April 1999.
4. Manson, JoAnn, MD. Harvard Medical School. Interviewed in Boston, MA, 22 April 1998.
5. Merkatz, Ruth, PhD, RN. Pfizer (formerly with Office of Women'sHealth, FDA). Interviewed in New York, NY, 9 March 1998.
6. Schroeder, Patricia. Former US Representative (D-Colorado). Interviewed in Washington,DC, 18 March 1998.
7. '10 Differences between Men and Women That Make a Differencein Women's Health' (1998) Societyfor the Advancement of Women's Health Research. http://www.womens-health.org/insertB.htm.
8. Baird, K.L. (1998) Gender Justice and the Health Care System. New York and London: Garland.
9. Bennett, T. and R. Bhopal (1998) ‘US Health Journal Editors' Opinions and Policies on Research inRace, Ethnicity and Health’, Journal of the National Medical Association 90(7): 401-408.
10. Bird, C.E. (1994) ‘Women's Representation asSubjects in Clinical Studies: A Pilot Study of Research Published in JAMA in 1990 and 1992’, pp. 151-173 in A.C. Mastroianni, R. Faden and D. Federman (eds) Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of IncludingWomen in Clinical Studies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
11. Bird, C.E. and P.P. Rieker (1999) ‘Gender Matters: An Integrated Model for Understanding Men's andWomen's Health’, Social Science and Medicine 48(6): 745-755.
12. Brawley, O.W. (1995) ‘Response to’Inclusion of Women and Minorities in Clinical Trialsand the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993’ The Perspective of NIHClinical Trialists'’, Controlled Clinical Trials 16(5): 293-295.
13. Clarke, A.E. (1995) ‘Human Materials as Contested Objects:Problematics of Subjects Who Speak’, Unpublished manuscript, University ofCalifornia, San Francisco.
14. Cooper, R.S. (1994) ‘A Case Study in the Use of Race and Ethnicity in Public Health Surveillance’, Public Health Reports 109(1): 46-52.
15. Corbie-Smith, G. (1999) ‘The Continuing Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Considerations forClinical Investigation’, American Journal of the Medical Sciences 317: 5-8.
16. Cornell, S. and D. Hartmann (1998) Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a ChangingWorld. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
17. Cotton, P. (1990) ‘Is There Still Too Much Extrapolation from Data on Middle-aged White Men?’, Journal of the American Medical Association 263(8): 1049-1050.
18. Dresser, R. (1992) ‘Wanted: Single White Male for Medical Research’, Hastings Center Report January'February: 24-29.
19. Duster, T. (1990) Backdoor to Eugenics. New York and London: Routledge.
20. Eckman, A.K. (1998) ‘Beyond’The YentlSyndrome': Making Women Visible in Post-1990 Women's HealthDiscourse’, pp. 130-168 in P.A. Treichler, L. Cartwright and C. Penley (eds) The Visible Woman: Imaging Technologies, Gender, andScience. New York: New York University Press.
21. Edgar, H. and D.J. Rothman (1990) ‘New Rules for New Drugs: The Challenge of AIDS to the Regulatory Process’, Milbank Quarterly 68(Supplement 1): 111-142.
22. Epstein, S. (1996) Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics ofKnowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
23. Epstein, S. (2003a) ‘Inclusion, Diversity, and BiomedicalKnowledge-making: The Multiple Politics of Representation’pp. 173-190 in N. Oudshoorn and T. Pinch (eds) How Users Matter: The Coconstruction of Users andTechnology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
24. Epstein, S. (2003b) ‘Sexualizing Governance and Medicalizing Identities: The Emergence of'State-Centred' LGBT Health Politics in the United States’, Sexualities 6(2): 131-171.
25. Fausto-Sterling, A. (1993) ‘The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough’, The Sciences 33(2): 20-26.
26. Feenberg, A. (1992) ‘On Being a Human Subject: Interest and Obligation in the ExperimentalTreatment of Incurable Disease’, Philosophical Forum 23(3): 213-230.
27. Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services (1993) ‘Guidelines for the Study and Evaluation of Gender Differences in theClinical Evaluation of Drugs’, Federal Register 58(139): 39406-16.
28. Freeman, H.P. (1998) ‘The Meaning of Race in Science’ Considerations for CancerResearch: Concerns of Special Populations in the National Cancer Program’, Cancer 82(1): 219-225.
29. Fullilove, M.T. (1998) ‘Comment: Abandoning’Race' as a Variable in PublicHealth Research’ An Idea Whose Time Has Come’, American Journal of Public Health 88(9): 1297-1298.
30. Goldberg, D.T. (1997) Racial Subjects: Writing on Race in America. New York: Routledge.
31. Gould, S.J. (1981) The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W. Norton.
32. Hahn, R.A. (1992) ‘The State of Federal Health Statistics on Racial and Ethnic Groups’, Journal of the American Medical Association 267(2): 268-271.
33. Hanson, B. (1997) Social Assumptions, Medical Categories. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
34. Hirschauer, S. (1998) ‘Performing Sexes and Genders in MedicalPractices’, pp. 13-27 in M. Berg and A. Mol (eds) Differences in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, andBodies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
35. Hirschauer, S. and A. Mol (1995) ‘Shifting Sexes, Moving Stories: Feminist/Constructivist Dialogues’, Science, Technology, & Human Values 20(3):368-85.
36. Jacobson, M.F. (1998) Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrantsand the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
37. Jaschik, S. (1990) ‘Report Says NIH Ignores Own Rules on Including Women in Its Research’, Chronicle of Higher Education 27 June: A-27.
38. Jones, J.H. (1981) Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: Free Press.
39. Jordanova, L. (1989) Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science andMedicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
40. Kadar, A.G. (1994) ‘The Sex-bias Myth in Medicine’, Atlantic Monthly August: 66-70.
41. Kessler, S.J. (1998) Lessons from the Intersexed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
42. Kessler, S.J. and W. McKenna (1978) Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. King, P.A. (1992) ‘The Dangers of Difference’, Hastings Center Report 22(6): 35-38.
44. Kinney, E.L., J. Trautmann, J.A. Gold, E.S. Vesell and R. Zelis (1981) ‘Underrepresentation of Women in New Drug Trials: Ramifications and Remedies’, Annals of Internal Medicine 95: 495-499.
45. Krieger, N. (1996) ‘Inequality, Diversity, and Health: Thoughts on'Race/Ethnicity' and’Gender'’, Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 51: 133-136.
46. Krieger, N. and E. Fee (1994) ‘Social Class’ The Missing Link in US Health Data’, International Journal of Health Services 24(1): 25-44.
47. Krieger, N. and E. Fee (1996) ‘Measuring Social Inequalities in Health in the United States: A HistoricalReview, 1900-1950’, International Journal of Health Services 26(3): 391-418.
48. Lacquer, T. (1987) ‘Orgasm, Generation, and the Politics ofReproductive Biology’, pp.1-41 in C. Gallagher and T. Lacquer (eds) The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in theNineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
49. Levy, R.A. (1993) Ethnic and Racial Differences in Responses toMedicines: Preserving Individualized Therapy in Managed PharmaceuticalPrograms. Reston, VA: National Pharmaceutical Council.
50. Lock, M. (1993) ‘The Concept of Race: An Ideological Construct’, Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 30: 203-227.
51. Lorber, J. (1996) ‘Beyond the Binaries: Depolarizing the Categories of Sex, Sexuality, and Gender’, Sociological Inquiry 66(2): 143-159.
52. McGovern, T.M., M.S. Davis and A.M. Gomez (1992) ‘Citizen Petition’, New York: HIV Law Project of the AIDS Service Center.
53. Marks, J. (1995) Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
54. Mastroianni, A.C., R. Faden and D. Federman (eds) (1994) Women and Health Research: Ethical and LegalIssues of Including Women in Clinical Studies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
55. Meinert, C.L., A.K. Gilpin, A. Ünalp and C. Dawson (2000) ‘Gender Representation in Trials’, Controlled Clinical Trials 21: 462-475.
56. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical andBehavioral Research (1979) ‘The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles andGuidelines for the Protections of Human Subjects of Research'. Washington, DC: US Department of Health,Education and Welfare.
57. National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 (1993) Public Law103-43 [S. 1], 10 June.
58. 'Official Statement on the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Trials' (1996) Canada News Wire, 26 September.
59. Omi, M. and H. Winant (1986) Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960sto the 1980s. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
60. Osborne, N.G. and M. Feit (1992) ‘The Use of Race in Medical Research’, Journal of the American Medical Association 267(2): 275-279.
61. Oudshoorn, N. (1994) Beyond the Natural Body: An Archeology of SexHormones. London: Routledge.
62. Polednak, A.P. (1989) Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease. New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Rothman, D.J. (1991) Strangers at the Bedside. New York: Basic Books.
64. Schiebinger, L. (1987) ‘Skeletons in the Closet: The FirstIllustrations of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth-centuryAnatomy’, pp. 42-82 in C. Gallagher and T. Lacquer (eds) The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in theNineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
65. Schiebinger, L. (1993) Nature's Body: Gender in the Making ofModern Science. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
66. Schwartz, R.S. (2001) ‘Racial Profiling in Medical Research' (editorial), New England Journal of Medicine 344(18): 1392-1393.
67. Shaw, E. (1998) ‘What Your Doctor Didn't Learn in Med School’, American Health for Women 17(6): 42-45.
68. Shelton, D. (1997) ‘The New Sexual Revolution’, Los Angeles Times 16 July: E-2.
69. Sherwin, S. (1994) ‘Women in Clinical Studies: A FeministView’, pp. 11-17 in A.C. Mastroianni, R. Faden and D. Federman (eds) Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of IncludingWomen in Clinical Studies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
70. Tavris, C. (1992) The Mismeasure of Woman. New York: Simon and Schuster.
71. Tucker, W.H. (1994) The Science and Politics of Racial Research. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
72. Urla, J. and J. Terry (1995) ‘Introduction: Mapping EmbodiedDeviance’, pp. 1-18 in J. Terry and J. Urla (eds) Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science andPopular Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
73. 'US Public Health Service, Grant Application Instructions (PHS398)' (1998) National Institutes of Health. Available at http://www.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html.
74. Waldby, C. (1996) AIDS and the Body Politic: Biomedicine and SexualDifference. London: Routledge.
75. Warner, J.H. (1986) The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice,Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820-1885. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76. Weisman, C.S. (1998) Women's Health Care: Activist Traditions andInstitutional Change. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
77. Weisman, C.S. (2000) ‘Breast CancerPolicymaking’, pp. 213-243 in A.S. Kasper and S.J. Ferguson (eds) Breast Cancer: Society Shapes an Epidemic. New York: St Martin's Press.
78. Williams, D.R. (1997) ‘Race and Health: Basic Questions, Emerging Directions’, Annals of Epidemiology 7(5): 322-333.
79. Williams, D.R., R. Lavizzo-Mourey and R.C. Warren (1994) ‘The Concept of Race and Health Status in America’, Public Health Reports 109(1): 26-41.
80. Wright, L. (1994) ‘One Drop of Blood’, The New Yorker, 25 July: 46-55.