Patterns of mortality in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest of the southern Sierra Nevada, California

Forest Science

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 266-275

  Smith, Thomas F ^a   Rizzo, David M ^b   North, Malcolm ^b  

^a California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bark beetles; Canopy gaps; Density dependent mortality; Dwarf mistletoe; Root rot

Indexed keywords

FIRES; SUGAR (SUCROSE);

JEFFREY PINE; MIXED-CONIFER FORESTS; MORTALITY PATTERNS; SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA;

FORESTRY;

CALIFORNIA; FOREST FIRES; FORESTS; PINUS; SOFTWOODS; SUGAR;

ABIES; ABIES CONCOLOR; ABIES GRANDIS; ABIES MAGNIFICA; ARCEUTHOBIUM PUSILLUM; CALOCEDRUS DECURRENS; COLEOPTERA; CONIFEROPHYTA; INSECTA; PINUS JEFFREYI; PINUS LAMBERTIANA; SCOLYTINAE; VISCUM ALBUM;

EID: 20444385867     PISSN: 0015749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. ANDERSEN, M. 1992. Spatial analysis of two-species interactions. Oecologia 91:134-140.
2. ANSLEY, J.S., AND J.J. BATTLES. 1998. Forest composition, structure, and change in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in the northern Sierra Nevada. J. Torr. Bot. Soc. 125:297-308.
3. BARBOUR, M., E. KELLEY, P. MALONEY, D. RIZZO, E. RAYCE, AND J. FITES-KAUFMANN. 2002. Present and past old-growth forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, Sierra Nevada, US. J. Veg. Sci. 13:461-472.
4. BURNS, R.M., AND B.H. HONKALA (TECH. COORDS.). 1990. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers. Agricultural Handbook 654, vol. 1. USDA For. Serv., Washington, DC. 675 p.
5. CAMPBELL, S., AND L. LEIGEL. 1996. Disturbance and forest health in Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. Pnw-gtr-381. 102 p.
6. CHEN, J., AND G.A. BRADSHAW. 1999. Forest structure in space: A case study of an old-growth spruce-fir forest in Changbaishan Natural Reserve (CNR), Peoples' Republic of China. For. Ecol. Manage. 120:219-233.
7. DIGGLE, P.J. 1983. Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. Academic Press, New York. 148 p.
8. FERRELL, G.T. 1996. The influence of insect pests and pathogens on Sierran forests. P. 1177-1192 in Sierra Nevada ecosystem project: Final report to congress, vol. II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. University of California, Centers for Water and Wildlife Research, Davis, CA.
9. FERRELL, G.T., W.J. OTROSINA, AND C.J. DEMARS. 1994. Predicting susceptibility of white fir during a drought-associated outbreak of the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis, in California. Can J. For. Res. 24:302-305.
10. FERRELL, G.T., AND R.S. SMITH. 1976. Indicators of Fomes annosus root decay and bark beetle susceptibility in sapling white fir. For. Sci. 22:365-369.
11. FRANKLIN, J.F., AND J.A. FITES-KAUFMANN. 1996. Assessment of late-successional forests of the Sierra Nevada. P. 627-656 in Sierra Nevada ecosystem project science team. Status of the Sierra Nevada: Final report to Congress of the Sierra Nevada ecosystem project. Vol. II, Report 36. Wildland Resources Center, University of California, Davis, CA.
12. FURNISS, R.L., AND V.M. CAROLIN. 2002. Western forest insects. USDA For. Serv. Misc. Pub. 1339. 654 p.
13. GEILS, B.W., J.C. TOVAR, AND B. MOODY. 2002. Mistletoes of North America. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-98. 123 p.
14. GOHEEN, D.J., AND E.M. HANSEN. 1993. Effects of pathogens and bark beetles on forests. P. 175-196 in Beetle-pathogens interactions in conifer forests, Schowalter, T.D. and G.M. Filip (eds.) Academic Press Inc, San Diego, CA.
15. HAACK, R.A., AND J.W. BYLER. 1993. Insects and pathogens: Regulators of forest ecosystems. J. For. 91:32-37.
16. HAASE, P. 1995. Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley's K-function: Introduction and methods of edge correction. J. Veg. Sci. 6:575-582.
17. HANSEN, E.M., AND K.J. LEWIS. 1997. Compendium of conifer diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. 101 p.
18. HAWKSWORTH, F.G. 1977. The 6-class dwarf mistletoe rating system. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp. Stn. GTR RM-48.
19. KENKEL, N.C., J.A. HOSKINS, AND W.D. HOSKINS. 1989. Local competition in a naturally established jack pine stand. Can. J. Bot. 67:2630-2635.
20. KILGORE, B.M. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests, its application to national park management. Q. Res. 3:496-513.
21. KOLB, T.E., M.R. WAGNER, AND W.W. COVINGTON. 1994. Concepts of forest health. J. For. 92:10-15.
22. MACOMBER, S.A., AND C.E. WOODCOCK. 1994. Mapping and monitoring conifer mortality using remote sensing in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Remote Sens. Environ. 50:255-266.
23. MALONEY, P.E., AND D.M. RIZZO. 2002a. Dwarf mistletoe host interactions in mixed-conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada. Phytopathology 92:597-602.
24. MALONEY, P.E., AND D.M. RIZZO. 2002b. Pathogens and insects in a pristine forest ecosystem: The Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja, Mexico. Can. J. For. Res. 32:448-457.
25. MCKELVEY, K.S., AND J.D. JOHNSTON. 1992. Historical perspectives on forests of the Sierra Nevada and the Transverse Ranges of southern California: Forest conditions at the turn of the century. P. 225-246 in The California spotted owl: A technical assessment of its current status. Verner, J., K.S. McKelvey, B.R. Noon, R.J. Guitierrez, G.L. Gould, and T.W. Beck, (tech. coords.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-133.
26. MINNICH, R.A., M.G. BARBOUR, J.H. BURK, AND R.F. FERNEAU. 1995. Sixty years of change in California conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains. Cons. Biol. 9:902-914.
27. MINNICH, R.A., M.G. BARBOUR, J.H. BURK, AND J. SOSA-RAMIREZ. 2000. California mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico. J. Biogeography 27:105-129.
28. MITHEN, R., J.L. HARPER, AND J. WEINER. 1984. Growth and mortality of individual plants as a function of "available area." Oecologia 62:57-60.
29. MUTCH, L.S., AND D.J. PARSONS. 1998. Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California. For. Sci. 44:341-355.
30. NORTH, M., J. CHEN, B. OAKLEY, B. SONG, M. RUDNICKI, A. GRAY, AND J. INNES. 2004. Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed conifer forests. For. Sci. 50:299-311.
31. NORTH, M., M. HURTEAU, R. FIEGENER, AND M. BARBOUR. 2005. Influence of fire and el niño on tree recruitment varies by species in Sierran mixed conifer. For. Sci. 51:185-195.
32. NORTH, M., B. OAKLEY, J. CHEN, H. ERICKSON, A. GRAY, A. IZZO, D. JOHNSON, S. MA, J. MARRA, M. MEYER, K. PURCELL, B. ROATH, T. RAMBO, D. RIZZO, AND T. SCHOWALTER. 2002. Vegetation and ecological characteristics of mixed-conifer and red fir forests at the Teakettle Experimental Forest. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-186. 53 p.
33. O'MAHONY, M. 1986. Sensory evaluation of food. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 487 p.
34. OTROSINA, W.J., AND R.F. SCHARPF (TECH. COORD.). 1989. Proceedings of the symposium on research and management of annosus root disease (Heterobasidion annosum) in western North America, April 18-21, 1989, Monterey, CA. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-116. 117 p.
35. PAINE, T.D., K.F. RAFFA, AND T.C. HARRINGTON. 1997. Interactions among Scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi, and live host conifers. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 42:179-206.
36. PARSONS, D.J., AND S.H. DEBENEDETTI. 1979. Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 2:21-33.
37. REICH, R.M., P.W. MIELKE, AND F.G. HAWKSWORTH. 1991. Spatial analysis of ponderosa pine trees infected with dwarf mistletoe. Can. J. For. Res. 21:1808-1815.
38. RIEGEL, G.M., S.E. GREENE, M.E. HARMON, AND J.F. FRANKLIN. 1988. Characteristics of mixed conifer forest reference stands at Sequoia National Park, California. Nat. Park Serv. CPSU Tech. Rep. No. 32. 55 p.
39. RIPLEY, B.D. 1979. Tests of 'randomness' for spatial point patterns. J. R. Stat. Soc. Bull. 41:368-374.
40. SAVAGE, M. 1997. The role of anthropogenic influences in a mixed-conifer mortality episode. J. Veg. Sci. 8:95-104.
41. SHAW, D.C., J.F. FRANKLIN, K. BIBLE, J. KLOPATEK, E. FREEMAN, S. GREENE, AND G.G. PARKER. 2004. Ecological setting of the Wind River old-growth forest. Ecosystems 7:427-439.
42. SIERRA NEVADA ECOSYSTEM PROJECT (SNEP) SCIENCE TEAM (EDS.). 1996. Status of the Sierra Nevada: Final report to congress of the Sierra Nevada ecosystem project. Three volumes. Wildland Resources Center, University of California, Davis, CA. Rep. 36.
43. SINCLAIR, W.A., H.H. LYON, AND W.T. JOHNSON. 1987. Diseases of trees and shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 574 p.
44. SONG, B., J. CHEN, AND J. SILBERNAGEL. 2004. Three-dimensional canopy structure of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest. For. Sci. 50:376-386.
45. TALLENT-HALSELL, N.G. (ED.). 2004. Forest health monitoring 1994 field methods guide. EPA/620/R-94/027. US Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV.
46. VAN DER PUTTEN, W.H. 2000. Pathogen driven forest diversity. Nature 404:232-233.
47. WICKMAN, B.E. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: The influence of insects and diseases. USDA For. Serv. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-295. 15 p.
48. WOOD, D.L., T.W. KOERBER, R.F. SCHARPF, AND A.J. STORER. 2003. Pests of the native California conifers. California Natural History Guide Series No. 70. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 233 p.
49. WOODWARD, S., J. STENLID, R. KARJALAINEN, AND A. HUTTERMANN. (EDS). 1998. Heterobasidion annosum: Biology, ecology, impact and control. CAB International, New York. 589 p.