Viral vectors for use in the development of biodefense vaccines

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 57, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1293-1314

  Lee, John S ^a   Hadjipanayis, Angela G ^b   Parker, Michael D ^a  

^a UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodefense; Bioterrorism; Vaccine; Viral vectors

Indexed keywords

AGENTS; BACTERIA; CHEMICAL WARFARE; DRUG PRODUCTS; TOXIC MATERIALS; VIRUSES;

BIOTERRORISM; BIOWARFARES; VACCINE VECTORS; VIRAL VECTORS;

VACCINES;

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ANTHRAX VACCINE; BACTERIAL VACCINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BRUCELLA VACCINE; EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VACCINE; EBOLA VACCINE; HANTAVAX; HANTAVIRUS VACCINE; KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VACCINE; LASSA VIRUS VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VACCINE; MARBURG VACCINE; NPUU VACCINE; PLAGUE VACCINE; PUUMALA VIRUS VACCINE; RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN; RECOMBINANT PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS VACCINE; SIN 83; STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXIN B; STAPHYLOCOCCUS VACCINE; TC 5A; TC 5A VACCINE; TC 83; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; V 3526; VACV VACCINE; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS VACCINE; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS VACCINE; VIRUS VECTOR;

ALPHAVIRUS VECTOR; ANTHRAX; BOTULISM; BRUCELLOSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; HANTAVIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGENICITY; KUNJIN VIRUS; LASSA FEVER; MENGO VIRUS; MURINE HEPATITIS CORONAVIRUS; NONHUMAN; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 3; PLAGUE; POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS; POXVIRUS VECTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUUMALA VIRUS; RABIES VIRUS; REVIEW; SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS VECTOR; SENDAI VIRUS; SINDBIS VIRUS VECTOR; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; VACCINIA VIRUS; VACCINIA VIRUS VECTOR; VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS VECTOR; VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRUS HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; VIRUS INFECTION; YELLOW FEVER FLAVIVIRUS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; HUMANS; VACCINES, DNA; VIRAL VACCINES; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 20444374148     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.01.011     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. G.W. Christopher, T.J. Cieslak, J.A. Pavlin, and E.M. Eitzen Biological warfare: a historical perspective J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278 1997 412 417
2. R.P. Kadlec, A.P. Zelicoff, and A.M. Vrtis Biological weapons control: prospects and implications for the future J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278 1997 351 356
3. R.A. Zilinskas Iraq's biological weapons J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278 1997 418 424
4. S. McCall A higher form of killing Proc. US Naval. Inst. 121 1995 40 45
5. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax: Connecticut Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., CDC Surveill. Summ. 50 2001 1077 1079
6. S.B. Halstead, and J. Deen The future of dengue vaccines Lancet 360 2002 1243 1245
7. J. Donnelly, K. Berry, and J.B. Ulmer Technical and regulatory hurdles for DNA vaccines Int. J. Parasitol. 33 2003 457 467
8. F.R. Vogel Improving vaccine performance with adjuvants Clin. Infect. Dis. 30 2000 S266 S270
9. S. Liljeqvist, and S. Stahl Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines J. Biotechnol. 73 1999 1 33
10. T.O. Berge, I.S. Banks, and W.D. Tigertt Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by in vitro cultivation in guinea pig heart cells Am. J. Hyg. 73 1961 209 218
11. R.W. McKinney, T.O. Berge, W.D. Sawyer, W.D. Tigertt, and D. Crozier Use of attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus for immunization in man Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 12 1963 597 603
12. D.S. Burke Immunization against tularemia J. Infect. Dis. 135 1977 55 60
13. A.J. Macadam, G. Ferguson, D.M. Stone, J. Meredith, J.W. Almond, and P.D. Minor Live-attenuated strains of improved genetic stability Dev. Biol. (Basel) 105 2001 179 187
14. H.S. Garmony, R.W. Titball, K.F. Griffin, U. Hahn, R. Bohm, and W. Beyer Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing a chromosomally integrated copy of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene protects mice against an anthrax spore challenge Infect. Immun. 71 2003 3831 3836
15. H.S. Garmony, K.F. Griffin, K.A. Brown, and R.W. Titball Oral immunization with live aroa attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing the Yersinia pestis V antigen protects mice against plague Vaccine 20 2003 3051 3057
16. B. Moss Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields Virology vol. 2 2001 2849 2883
17. B. Moss Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 1996 11341 11348
18. K. Aspden, J.A. Passmore, F. Tiedt, and A.L. Willianson Evaluation of lumpy skin disease virus, a Capripoxvirus, as a replication-deficient vaccine vector J. Gen. Virol. 84 2003 1985 1996
19. T. Fischer, O. Planz, L. Stitz, and H.-J. Rziha Novel recombinant parapoxvirus vectors induce protective humoral and cellular immunity against lethal herpesvirus challenge infection in mice J. Virol. 77 2003 9312 9323
20. A. Radaelli, J. Nacsa, W.P. Tsai, Y. Edghill-Smith, C. Zanotto, V. Elli, D. Venzon, E. Tryniszewska, P. Markham, G.P. Mazzara, D. Panicali, C. de giuli Morghen, and G. Franchini Prior DNA immunization enhances immune responses to dominant and subdominant viral epitopes induced by a fowlpox-based Sivmac vaccine in long-term slow-progressor macaques infected with Sivmac251 Virology 312 2003 181 195
21. L. Borio, T.V. Inglesby, C.J. Peters, A. Schmaljohn, J. Hughes, P. Jahrling, T.G. Ksiazek, K.M. Johnson, A. Meyerhoff, T. O'Toole, M.S. Ascher, J. Bartlett, J.G. Breman, E.M. Eitzen Jr., M. Hamburg, J. Hauer, D.A. Henderson, R.T. Johnson, G. Kwik, M. Layton, S. Lillibridge, G.J. Nabel, M.T. Osterholm, T.M. Perl, P.K. Russell, and K. Tonat Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287 2002 2391 2405
22. D.R. Franz, P.B. Jahrling, A.M. Friedlander, D.J. McClain, D.L. Hoover, W.R. Bryne, J.A. Pavlin, G.W. Christopher, and E.M. Eitzen Jr. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278 1997 399 411
23. M.J. Buchmeier, M.D. Bowen, and C.J. Peters Arenaviridae: the viruses and their replication D.M. Knipe J.W. Hooper Fields Virology vol. 2 2001 1635 1668
24. J.D. Frame, J.M.J. Baldwin, D.J. Gocke, and J.M. Troup Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from west Africa: I. Clinical description and pathological finding Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19 1970 670 676
25. D.D. Auperin, J.J. Esposito, J.V. Lange, S.P. Bauer, J. Knight, D.R. Sasso, and J.B. McCormick Construction of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene and protection of guinea pigs from a lethal Lassa virus infection Virus Res. 9 1988 233 248
26. J.C.S. Clegg, and G. Lloyd Vaccinia recombinant expressing Lassa-virus internal nucleocapsid protein protects guinea pigs against Lassa fever Lancet ii 1987 186 188
27. H.G. Morrison, S.P. Bauer, J.V. Lange, J.J. Esposito, J.B. McCormick, and D.D. Auperin Protection of guinea pigs from Lassa fever by vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the nucleoprotein or the envelope glycoproteins of Lassa virus Virology 171 1989 179 188
28. H.G. Morrison, C.S. Goldsmith, H.L. Regnery, and D.D. Auperin Simultaneous expression of the Lassa virus N and Gpc genes from a single recombinant vaccinia virus Virus Res. 18 1990 231 242
29. S.P. Fisher-Hoch, J.B. McCormick, D.D. Auperin, B.G. Brown, M. Castor, G. Perez, S.L. Ruo, A. Conaty, L. Brammer, and S.P. Bauer Protection of rhesus monkeys from fatal Lassa fever by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86 1989 317 321
30. S.P. Fisher-Hoch, L. Hutwagner, B. Brown, and J.B. McCormick Effective vaccine for Lassa fever J. Virol. 74 2000 6777 6783
31. A. Sanchez, A.S. Khan, S.R. Zaki, G.J. Nabel, T.G. Ksiazek, and C.J. Peters Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley D.E. Griffin M.A. Martin R.A. Lamb B. Roizman Fields Virology 2001 1279 1304
32. J.K. Gilligan, J.B. Geisbert, P.B. Jahrling, and K. Anderson Assessment of protective immunity conferred by recombinant VACV to guinea pigs challenged with Ebola virus F. Brown D. Burton P. Doherty J. Mekalanos E. Norrby Vaccines 1997 87 92
33. J.K. Gilligan, J. Geisbert, P. Jahrling, and K. Anderson Assessment of protective immunity conferred by recombinant vaccinia viruses to guinea pigs challenged with Ebola virus F. Brown D. Burton P. Doherty J. Mekalanos E. Norrby Vaccines vol. 97 1997 87 92
34. T.W. Geisbert, P. Pushko, K. Anderson, J.F. Smith, K.J. Davis, and P.B. Jahrling Evaluation in nonhuman primates of vaccines against Ebola virus Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8 2002 503 507
35. R. Rico-Hesse Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16 2000 553 563
36. D.E. Griffin Alphaviruses D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields Virology vol. 1 2001 917 962
37. S.C. Weaver, R. Salas, R. Rico-Hesse, G.V. Ludwig, M.S. Oberste, J. Boshell, and R.B. Tesh Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America Lancet 348 1996 436 440
38. A.C. Alevizatos, R.W. McKinney, and R.D. Feigin Live, attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine: I. Clinical effects in man Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16 1967 762 768
39. W.D. Pratt, N.L. Davis, R.E. Johnston, and J.F. Smith Genetically engineered, live attenuated vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis: testing in animal models Vaccine 21 2003 3854 3862
40. R.M. Kinney, J.J. Esposito, J.H. Mathews, B.J.B. Johnson, J.T. Roehrig, A.D.T. Barrett, and D.W. Trent Recombinant vaccinia virus/Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Vee) virus protects mice from peripheral Vee virus challenge J. Virol. 62 1988 4697 4702
41. R.J. Phillpotts, T.L. Lescott, and S.C. Jacobs Vaccinia virus recombinants encoding the truncated structural gene region of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (Veev) give solid protection against perpheral challenge but only partial protection against airborne challenge with virulent VEEV Acta Virol. 44 2000 233 239
42. A.M. Bennett, T. Lescott, and R.J. Phillpotts Improved protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis by genetic engineering of a recombinant vaccinia virus Viral Immunol. 11 1998 109 117
43. S.T. Nichol Bunyaviruses D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields Virology vol. 2 2001 1603 1633
44. C.S. Schmaljohn, and B. Hjelle Hanntaviruses: a global disease problem Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3 1997 95 104
45. C.S. Schmaljohn, and J.W. Hooper Bunyaviridae: the viruses and their replication D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields Virology vol. 2 2001 1581 1602
46. Y.M. Sohn, H.O. Rho, M.S. Park, J.S. Kim, and P.L. Summers Primary humoral immune responses to formalin inactivated hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome vaccine (Hantavax): consideration of active immunization in South Korea, Yonsei Med. J. 42 2001 278 284
47. C.S. Schmaljohn, Y.-K. Chu, A. Schmaljohn, and J.M. Dalrymple Antigenic subunits of Hantaan virus expressed by baculovirus and vaccinia virus recombinants J. Virol. 64 1990 3162 3170
48. C.S. Schmaljohn, S.E. Hasty, and J.M. Dalrymple Preparation of candidate vaccinia-vectored vaccines for haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Vaccine 10 1992 10 13
49. Y.K. Chu, G.B. Jennings, and C.S. Schmaljohn A vaccinia virus-vectored Hantaan virus vaccine protects hamsters from challenge with Hantaan and Seoul viruses but not Puumala virus J. Virol. 69 1995 6417 6423
50. X. Xu, S.L. Ruo, J.B. McCormick, and S.P. Fisher-Hoch Immunity to hantavirus challenge in Meriones unguiculatus induced by vaccinia-vectored viral proteins Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47 1992 397 404
51. D.J. McClain, P.L. Summers, S.A. Harrison, A. Schmaljohn, and C.S. Schmaljohn Clinical evaluation of a vaccinia-vectored Hantaan virus vaccine J. Med. Virol. 60 2000 77 85
52. T.V. Inglesby, T. O'Toole, D.A. Henderson, J.G. Bartlett, M.S. Ascher, E. Eitzen, A. Friedlander, J. Gerberding, J. Hauer, J. Hughes, J. McDade, M.T. Osterholm, G. Parker, T.M. Perl, P.K. Russell, and K. Tonat Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287 2002 2236 2252
53. M. Meselson, J. Guillemin, M. Hugh-Jones, A. Langmuir, I. Popova, A. Shelokov, and O. Yampolskaya The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979 Science 266 1994 1202 1208
54. M. Kortepeter, G.W. Christopher, T.J. Cieslak, R. Culpepper, R. Darling, J.A. Pavlin, J. Rowe, S. Stanek, E.M. Eitzen Jr., and K. McKee Jr. USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook 2001 165
55. L.C. Iacono-Connors, C.S. Schmaljohn, and J.M. Dalrymple Expression of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene by baculovirus and vaccinia virus recombinants Infect. Immun. 58 1990 366 372
56. L.C. Iacono-Connors, S.L. Welkos, B.E. Ivins, and J.M. Dalrymple Protection against anthrax with recombinant virus-expressed protective antigen in experimental animals Infect. Immun. 59 1991 1961 1965
57. M.L.M. Pitt, S. Little, B. Ivins, P. Fellows, J. Barth, J. Hewetson, P. Gibbs, M. Dertzbaugh, and A. Friedlander In vitro correlate of immunity in a rabbit model of inhalation anthrax Vaccine 19 2001 4768 4773
58. J. Ko, and G.A. Splitter Molecular host-pathogen interaction in brucellosis: current understanding and future approaches to vaccine development for mice and humans Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16 2003 65 78
59. D.L. Hoover, and A.M. Friedlander Brucellosis R. Zajtchuk R.F. Bellamy Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare 1997 513 521
60. L.A. Guilloteau, K. Laroucau, N. Vizcaino, I. Jacques, and G. Dubray Immunogenicity of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing OMP31 gene of Brucella melitensis in Balb/C mice Vaccine 17 1999 353 361
61. P.A. Denoel, T.k. Vo, V.E. Weynants, A. Tibor, D. Gilson, M.S. Zygment, J.N. Limet, and J.J. Letesson Identification of the major T-cell antigens present in the Brucella melitensis B115 protein preparation, Brucellergene Ocb J. Med. Microbiol. 46 1997 801 806
62. A. Tibor, I. Jacques, L.A. Guilloteau, J.M. Verger, M. Grayon, V. Wansard, and J.J. Letesson Effect of the P39 gene deletion in live Brucella vaccine strains on residual virulence and protective activity in mice Infect. Immun. 66 1998 5561 5564
63. T.V. Inglesby, D.T. Dennis, D.A. Henderson, J.G. Bartlett, M.S. Ascher, E.M. Eitzen Jr., A.D. Fine, A.M. Friedlander, J. Hauer, J.F. Koerner, M. Layton, J. McDade, M.T. Osterholm, T. O'Toole, G. Parker, T.M. Perl, P.K. Russell, M. Schoch-Spana, and K. Tonat Plague as a biological weapon J. Am. Med. Assoc. 283 2000 2281 2290
64. J.E. Osorio, T.D. Powell, R.S. Frank, K. Moss, E.J. Haanes, S.R. Smith, T.E. Rocke, and D.T. Stinchcomb Recombinant raccoon pox vaccine protects mice against lethal plague Vaccine 21 2003 1232 1238
65. J.H. Strauss, and E.G. Strauss The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution Microbiol. Rev. 58 1994 491 562
66. S. Schlesinger Alphavirus expression vectors Adv. Virus Res. 55 2000 565 577
67. P.J. Bredenbeek, I. Frolov, C.M. Rice, and S. Schlesinger Sindbis virus expression vectors: packaging of Rna replicons by using defective helper Rnas J. Virol. 67 1993 6439 6446
68. R. Raju, S.V. Subramaniam, and M. Hajjou Genesis of Sindbis virus by in vivo recombination of nonreplicative Rna precursors J. Virol. 69 1995 7391 7401
69. I. Frolov, E. Frolov, and S. Schlesinger Sindbis virus replicons and Sindbis virus: assembly of chimeras and of particles deficient in virus Rna J. Virol. 71 1997 2819 2829
70. C. Xiong, R. Levis, P. Shen, S. Schlesinger, C.M. Rice, and H.V. Huang Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in animal cells Science 243 1989 1188 1191
71. S.D. London, A.L. Schmaljohn, J.M. Dalrymple, and C.M. Rice Infectious enveloped Rna virus antigenic chimeras Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 1992 207 211
72. S. Paessler, R.Z. Fayzulin, M. Anishchenko, I.P. Greene, S.C. Weaver, and I. Frolov Recombinant Sindbis/Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly attenuated and immunogenic J. Virol. 77 2003 9278 9286
73. K.I. Kamrud, J.W. Hooper, F. Elgh, and C.S. Schmaljohn Comparison of the protective efficacy of naked DNA, DNA-based Sindbis replicon, and packaged Sindbis replicon vectors expressing hantavirus structural genes in hamsters Virology 263 1999 209 219
74. D.M. Custer, E. Thompson, C.S. Schmaljohn, T.G. Ksiazek, and J.W. Hooper Active and passive vaccination against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with Andes virus M genome segment-based DNA vaccine J. Virol. 77 2003 9894 9905
75. P. Pushko, M. Parker, G.V. Ludwig, N.L. Davis, R.E. Johnston, and J.F. Smith Replicon-helper systems from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: expression of heterologous genes in vitro and immunization against heterologous pathogens in vivo Virology 239 1997 389 401
76. G.H. MacDonald, and R.E. Johnston Role of dendritic cell targeting in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis J. Virol. 74 2000 914 922
77. S. Perri, C.E. Greer, K. Thudium, B. Doe, H. Legg, H. Liu, R.E. Romero, Z. Tang, Q. Bin, T.W. Dubensky Jr., M. Vajdy, G.R. Otten, and J.M. Polo An alphavirus replicon particle chimera derived from Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Sindbis viruses is a potent gene-based vaccine delivery vector J. Virol. 77 2003 10394 10403
78. J.A. Wilson, M. Bray, R. Bakken, and M.K. Hart Vaccine potential of Ebola virus Vp24, Vp30, Vp35, and Vp40 proteins Virology 286 2001 384 390
79. J.A. Wilson, and M.K. Hart Protection from Ebola virus mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the viral nucleoprotein J. Virol. 75 2001 2660 2664
80. P. Pushko, M. Bray, G.V. Ludwig, M. Parker, A. Schmaljohn, A. Sanchez, P. Jahrling, and J.F. Smith Recombinant Rna replicons derived from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus protect guinea pigs and mice from Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus Vaccine 19 2001 142 153
81. P. Pushko, M. Parker, J. Geisbert, D. Negley, A. Schmaljohn, P. Jahrling, and J. Smith Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon vector: immunogenicity studies with Ebola Np and Gp genes in guinea pigs F. Brown D. Burton P. Doherty J. Mekalanos E. Norrby Journal/Vaccines vol. 97 1997
82. P. Pushko, J. Geisbert, M. Parker, P. Jahrling, and J.F. Smith Individual and bivalent vaccines based on alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs against infection with Lassa and Ebola viruses J. Virol. 75 2001 11677 11685
83. C.J. Peters, A. Sanchez, P.E. Rollin, T.G. Ksiazek, and F.A. Murphy Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses B.N. Fields D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields Virology 1996 1161 1176
84. M. Hevey, D. Negley, P. Pushko, J. Smith, and A. Schmaljohn Marburg virus vaccines based upon alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs and nonhuman primates Virology 251 1998 28 37
85. R.G. Ulrich, S. Bavari, and M.A. Olson Staphylococcal enterotoxin a and b share a common structural motif for binding class Ii major histocompatibility complex molecules Nat. Struct. Biol. 2 1995 554 560
86. R.G. Ulrich, S. Bavari, and M.A. Olson Bacterial superantigens in human disease: structure, function and diversity Trends Microbiol. 3 1995 463 468
87. J.S. Lee, B.K. Dyas, S.S. Nystrom, C.M. Lind, J.F. Smith, and R.G. Ulrich Immune protection against staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced toxic shock by vaccination with a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon J. Infect. Dis. 185 2002 1192 1196
88. S. Bavari, M.A. Olson, B. Dyas, and R.G. Ulrich Engineered bacterial superantigen vaccines Vaccines 96 1996 135 141
89. C.L. Hatheway Botulism A. Balows J.W.J. Hausler M. Ohashi A. Turano Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: Principles and Practice 1988 111 133
90. C.O. Tacket, and M.A. Rogawski Botulism L.L. Simpson Botulinum Neurotoxin and Tetanus Toxin 1989 351 378
91. L.A. Smith Development of recombinant vaccines for botulinum neurotoxin Toxicon 36 1998 1539 1548
92. J.S. Lee, P. Pushko, M.D. Parker, M.T. Dertzbaugh, L.A. Smith, and J.F. Smith Candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype a derived from a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vector system Infect. Immun. 69 2001 5709 5715
93. J.S. Lee, A.G. Hadjipanayis, and S.L. Welkos Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-vectored vaccines protect mice against anthrax spore challenge Infect. Immun. 71 2003 1491 1496
94. G.B. Karlsson, and P. Liljeström Live viral vectors: Semliki Forest virus Methods Mol. Med. 87 2003 69 82
95. P. Liljeström, and H. Garoff A new generation of animal cell expression vectors based on the Semiliki Forest virus replicon Bio/Technology 9 1991 1356 1361
96. G. Romano, P. Micheli, C. Pacilio, and A. Giordano Latest developments in gene transfer technology: achievements. perspectives, and controversies over therapeutic applications Stem Cells 18 2000 19 39
97. J.A. St. George Gene therapy progress and prospects: adenoviral vectors Gene Ther. 10 2003 1135 1141
98. M.S. Horwitz Adenoviruses D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley Fields Virology vol. 2 2001 2301 2326
99. R. Vogels, D. Zuijdgeest, R. van Rijnsoever, E. Hartkoorn, I. Damen, M.-P. de Bethune, S. Kostense, G. Penders, M. Helmus, W. Koudstaal, M. Cecchini, A. Wetterwald, M. Sprangers, A. Lemckert, O. Ophorst, B. Koell, M. van Meerendonk, P. Quax, L. Panitti, J. Grimbergen, A. Bout, J. Goudsmit, and M. Havenga Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 35 vectors for gene transfer and vaccination: efficient human cell infection and bypass of preexisting adenovirus immunity J. Virol. 77 2003 8263 8271
100. N.J. Sullivan, A. Sanchez, P.E. Rollin, Z.-Y. Yang, and G.J. Nabel Development of a preventive vaccine for Ebola virus infection in primates Nature 408 2000 605 609
101. S. Mandl, L. Hix, and R. Andino Preexisting immunity to poliovirus does not impair the efficacy of recombinant poliovirus vaccine vectors J. Virol. 75 2001 622 627
102. R. Altmeyer, M. Girard, S. van der Werf, V. Mimic, L. Seigneur, and M.-F. Saron Attenuated Mengo virus: a new vector for live recombinant vaccines J. Virol. 69 1995 3193 3196
103. A.A. Khromykh, and E.G. Westaway Subgenomic replicons of the flavivirus kunjin: construction and application J. Virol. 71 1997 1497 1505
104. I. Anraku, T.J. Harvey, R. Linedale, J. Gardner, D. Harrich, A. Suhrbier, and A.A. Khromykh Kunjin virus replicon vaccine vectors induce protective Cd8+ T-cell immunity J. Virol. 76 2002 3791 3799
105. A. McAllister, A.E. Arbetman, S. Mandl, C. Pena-Rossi, and R. Andino Recombinant yellow fever viruses are effective therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of murine experimental solid and pulmonary metastases J. Virol. 74 2000 9197 9205
106. C.A.M. de Haan, L. van Genne, J.N. Stoop, H. Volders, and P.J.M. Rottier Coronaviruses as vectors: position dependence of foreign gene expression J. Virol. 77 2003 11312 11323
107. J.P. McGettigan, K. Naper, J. Orenstein, M. Koser, P.M. McKenna, and M.J. Schnell Functional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Hiv-1) Gag-Pol or Hiv-1 Gag-Pol and Env expressed from a single rhabdovirus-based vaccine vector genome J. Virol. 77 2003 10889 10899
108. N.F. Rose, P.A. Marx, A. Luckay, D.F. Mixon, W.J. Moretto, S.M. Donahoe, D. Montefiori, A. Roberts, L. Buonocore, and J.K. Rose An effective aids vaccine based on live attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus recombinants Cell 106 2001 539 549
109. A. Takeda, H. Igarashi, H. Nakamura, M. Kano, A. IIida, T. Hirata, M. Hasegawa, Y. Nagai, and T. Matano Protective efficacy of an aids vaccine, a single DNA priming followed by a single booster with recombinant replication-defective Sendai virus vector, in a macaque aids model J. Virol. 77 2003 9710 9715
110. A.A. Haller, M. Mitiku, and M. MacPhail Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (Piv3) expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (Rsv) attachment and fusion proteins protects hamsters from challenge with human Piv3 and Rsv J. Gen. Virol. 84 2003 2153 2162
111. K. Jooss, and N. Chirmule Immunity to adenovirus and adeno-associated viral vectors: implications for gene therapy Gene Ther. 10 2003 955 963
112. T.M. Kündig, C.P. Kalberer, H. Hengartner, and R.M. Zinkernagel Vaccination with two different vaccinia recombinant viruses: long-term inhibition of secondary vaccination Vaccine 11 1993 1154 1158
113. J.C. Ramirez, M.M. Gherardi, D. Rodriguez, and M. Estaban Attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara can be used as an immunizing agent under conditions of preexisting immunity to the vector J. Virol. 74 2000 7651 7655
114. Z.Q. Xiang, G.P. Gao, A. Reyes-Sandoval, Y. Li, J.M. Wilson, and H.C.J. Ertl Oral vaccination of mice with adenoviral vectors is not impaired by preexisting immunity to the vaccine carrier J. Virol. 77 2003 10780 10789
115. Z.Q. Xiang, G.P. Gao, A. Reyes-Sandoval, C.J. Cohen, Y. Li, J.M. Bergelson, J.M. Wilson, and H.C.J. Ertl Novel, chimpanzee serotype 68-based adenoviral vaccine carrier for induction of antibodies to a transgene product J. Virol. 76 2002 2667 2675