Buccal penetration enhancers - How do they really work?

Journal of Controlled Release

Volumn 105, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 1-15

  Nicolazzo, Joseph A ^a   Reed, Barry L ^a   Finnin, Barrie C ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Buccal mucosa; Chemical penetration enhancers; Drug delivery; Intercellular lipids; Permeability

Indexed keywords

FATTY ACIDS; LIPIDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SKIN; SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS; TISSUE;

BILE SALTS; BUCCAL MUCOSA; DRUG DELIVERY; INTERCELLULAR LIPIDS;

DRUG PRODUCTS;

4 DIMETHYLAMINOBENZOIC ACID 2 ETHYLHEXYL ESTER; ALCOHOL; BILE SALT; CAFFEINE; CHITOSAN; DEXTRAN; DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM; ENKEPHALIN[2 DEXTRO ALANINE 5 DEXTRO LEUCINE]; ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE; ESTRADIOL; FATTY ACID DERIVATIVE; FLECAINIDE ACETATE; GLYCEROL OLEATE; GLYCODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; LAUROCAPRAM; LIPID; MORPHINE SULFATE; OCTISALATE; OLEIC ACID; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; POLOXAMER; PROPRANOLOL; SALICYLIC ACID; SUNSCREEN; SURFACTANT; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZALCITABINE;

CELL MEMBRANE; CHEEK MUCOSA; CHEMICAL INTERACTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG RETENTION; DRUG TRANSPORT; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PERMEABILITY BARRIER; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; REVIEW; SKIN PENETRATION; SKIN PERMEABILITY; SKIN STRUCTURE; STRATUM CORNEUM;

ABSORPTION; DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; MOUTH MUCOSA; PERMEABILITY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; SKIN ABSORPTION; STIMULATION, CHEMICAL;

EID: 20444371579     PISSN: 01683659     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.024     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. P.J. Lamey, and M.A.O. Lewis Buccal and sublingual delivery of drugs A.T. Florence E.G. Salole Routes of Drug Administration 1990 Butterworth and Co (Publishers), Ltd Norfolk 30 47
2. J.C. McElnay Buccal absorption of drugs J. Swarbrick J.C. Boylan Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology 1990 Marcel Dekker New York 189 211
3. K.E. Thummel, K.L. Kunze, and D.D. Shen Enzyme-catalyzed processes of first-pass hepatic and intestinal drug extraction Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 27 1997 99 127
4. M.E. de Vries, H.E. Boddé, J.C. Verhoef, and H.E. Junginger Developments in buccal drug delivery Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 8 1991 271 303
5. S. Senel, M. Kremer, K. Nagy, and C. Squier Delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins across oral (buccal) mucosa Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2 2001 175 186
6. M.J. Rathbone, B.K. Drummond, and I.G. Tucker The oral cavity as a site for systemic drug delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 13 1994 1 22
7. B.J. Aungst Oral mucosal permeation enhancement: possibilities and limitations M.J. Rathbone Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery 1996 Marcel Dekker New York 65 83
8. M.J. Rathbone, and J. Hadgraft Absorption of drugs from the human oral cavity Int. J. Pharm. 74 1991 9 24
9. S.-Y. Chen, and C.A. Squier The ultrastructure of the oral epithelium J. Meyer C.A. Squier S.J. Gerson The Structure and Function of Oral Mucosa 1984 Pergamon Press Oxford 7 30
10. H.E. Schroeder Differentiation of Human Oral Stratified Epithelia 1981 Karger Basel 35 152
11. D. Harris, and J.R. Robinson Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity J. Pharm. Sci. 81 1992 1 10
12. R.B. Gandhi, and J.R. Robinson Oral cavity as a site for bioadhesive drug delivery Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 13 1994 43 74
13. Y. Rojanasakul, L.-Y. Wang, M. Bhat, D.D. Glover, C.J. Malanga, and J.K.H. Ma The transport barrier of epithelia: a comparative study on membrane permeability and charge selectivity in the rabbit Pharm. Res. 9 1992 1029 1034
14. A.V. Gore, A.C. Liang, and Y.W. Chien Comparative biomembrane permeation of tacrine using yucatan minipigs and domestic pigs as the animal model J. Pharm. Sci. 87 1998 441 447
15. A.H. Shojaei Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1 1998 15 30
16. C.A. Squier, and P.W. Wertz Structure and function of the oral mucosa and implications for drug delivery M.J. Rathbone Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery 1996 Marcel Dekker New York 1 26
17. A.F. Hayward Membrane-coating granules Int. Rev. Cytol. 59 1979 97 127
18. G.F. Odland A submicroscopic granular component in human epidermis J. Invest. Dermatol. 34 1960 11 15
19. A.G. Matoltsy, and P.F. Parakkal Membrane-coating granules of keratinizing epithelia J. Cell Biol. 24 1965 297 307
20. A.F. Hayward Ingestion of colloid in a keratinized epithelium and its localization in membrane-coating granules J. Anat. 121 1976 313 321
21. C.A. Squier Membrane coating granules in nonkeratinizing oral epithelium J. Ultrastruct. Res. 60 1977 212 220
22. C.A. Squier Zinc iodide-osmium staining of membrane-coating granules in keratinized and non-keratinized mammalian oral epithelium Arch. Oral Biol. 27 1982 377 382
23. R.M. Lavker Membrane coating granules: the fate of the discharged lamellae J. Ultrastruct. Res. 55 1976 79 86
24. W. Meyer, C. Schlesinger, and K. Neurand Membrane-coating granules (MCGs) in porcine epidermis Schweiz. Arch. Tierh.kd. 129 1987 133 137
25. L. Landmann Epidermal permeability barrier: transformation of lamellar granule-disks into intercellular sheets by a membrane-fusion process, a freeze-fracture study J. Invest. Dermatol. 87 1986 202 209
26. D.C. Swartzendruber Studies of epidermal lipids using electron microscopy Semin. Dermatol. 11 1992 157 161
27. P.W. Wertz, D.C. Swartzendruber, and C.A. Squier Regional variation in the structure and permeability of oral mucosa and skin Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 12 1993 1 12
28. S. Law, P.W. Wertz, D.C. Swartzendruber, and C.A. Squier Regional variation in content, composition and organization of porcine epithelial barrier lipids revealed by thin-layer chromatography and transmission electron microscopy Arch. Oral. Biol. 40 1995 1085 1091
29. C.A. Squier, and B.K. Hall The permeability of skin and oral mucosa to water and horseradish peroxidase as related to the thickness of the permeability barrier J. Invest. Dermatol. 84 1985 176 179
30. C.A. Squier The permeability of keratinized and nonkeratinized oral epithelium to horseradish peroxidase J. Ultrastruct. Res. 43 1973 160 177
31. C.A. Squier, and L. Rooney The permeability of keratinized and nonkeratinized oral epithelium to lanthanum in vivo J. Ultrastruct. Res. 54 1976 286 295
32. T. Tanaka Transport pathway and uptake of microperoxidase in the junctional epithelium of healthy rat gingiva J. Periodontal Res. 19 1984 26 39
33. A.W. Romanowski, C.A. Squier, and C.A. Lesch Permeability of rodent junctional epithelium to exogenous protein J. Periodontal Res. 23 1989 81 86
34. C.A. Squier, O. Fejerskov, and A. Jepsen The permeability of a keratinizing squamous epithelium in culture J. Anat. 126 1978 103 109
35. J.H. Lillie, D.K. MacCallum, and A. Jepsen Fine structure of subcultivated stratified squamous epithelium grown on collagen rafts Exp. Cell Res. 125 1980 153 165
36. P.M. Elias, B.E. Brown, P. Fritsch, J. Goerke, G.M. Gray, and R.J. White Localization and composition of lipids in neonatal mouse stratum granulosum and stratum corneum J. Invest. Dermatol. 73 1979 339 348
37. P.M. Elias Lipids and the epidermal permeability barrier Arch. Dermatol. Res. 270 1981 95 117
38. C.A. Squier, P. Cox, and P.W. Wertz Lipid content and water permeability of skin and oral mucosa J. Invest. Dermatol. 96 1991 123 126
39. C.A. Squier, P.S. Cox, P.W. Wertz, and D.T. Downing The lipid composition of porcine epidermis and oral epithelium Arch. Oral Biol. 31 1986 741 747
40. C.A. Squier, P.W. Wertz, and P. Cox Thin-layer chromatographic analyses of lipids in different layers of porcine epidermis and oral epithelium Arch. Oral Biol. 36 1991 647 653
41. P.W. Wertz, P.S. Cox, C.A. Squier, and D.T. Downing Lipids of epidermis and keratinized and nonkeratinized oral epithelia Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B 83 1986 529 531
42. H. Zhang, and J.R. Robinson Routes of drug transport across oral mucosa M.J. Rathbone Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery 1996 Marcel Dekker New York 51 63
43. A.L. Daugherty, and R.J. Mrsny Regulation of the intestinal epithelial paracellular barrier Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 2 1999 281 287
44. M.L. Barnett, and G. Szabo Gap junctions in human gingival keratinized epithelium J. Periodontal Res. 8 1973 111 126
45. C.M. O'Driscoll Lipid-based formulations for intestinal lymphatic delivery Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 15 2002 405 415
46. A.S. Manning, and D.F. Evered The absorption of sugars from the human buccal cavity Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 51 1976 127 132
47. F. Sadoogh-Abasian, and D.F. Evered Absorption of vitamin C from the human buccal cavity Br. J. Nutr. 42 1979 15 20
48. D.F. Evered, F. Sadoogh-Abasian, and P.D. Patel Absorption of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide across human buccal mucosa in vivo Life Sci. 27 1980 1649 1651
49. N. Utoguchi, Y. Watanabe, T. Suzuki, J. Maehara, Y. Matsumoto, and M. Matsumoto Carrier-mediated transport of monocarboxylic acids in primary cultured epithelial cells from rabbit oral mucosa Pharm. Res. 14 1997 320 324
50. N. Utoguchi, Y. Watanabe, Y. Takase, T. Suzuki, and M. Matsumoto Carrier-mediated absorption of salicylic acid from hamster cheek pouch mucosa J. Pharm. Sci. 88 1999 142 146
51. C.A. Squier, and C.A. Lesch Penetration pathways of different compounds through epidermis and oral epithelia J. Oral Pathol. 17 1988 512 516
52. M.E. Dowty, K.E. Knuth, B.K. Irons, and J.R. Robinson Transport of thyrotropin releasing hormone in rabbit buccal mucosa in vitro Pharm. Res. 9 1992 1113 1122
53. A.J. Hoogstraate, C. Cullander, J.F. Nagelkerke, S. Senel, J.C. Verhoef, H.E. Junginger, and H.E. Boddé Diffusion rates and transport pathways of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled model compounds through buccal epithelium Pharm. Res. 11 1994 83 89
54. A.J. Hoogstraate, S. Senel, C. Cullander, J. Verhoef, H.E. Junginger, and H.E. Boddé Effects of bile salts on transport rates and routes of FITC-labelled compounds across porcine buccal epithelium in vitro J. Control. Release 40 1996 211 221
55. B.W. Barry Mode of action of penetration enhancers in human skin J. Control. Release 6 1987 85 97
56. S.S. Davis, and L. Illum Absorption enhancers for nasal drug delivery Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42 2003 1107 1128
57. B.J. Aungst Intestinal permeation enhancers J. Pharm. Sci. 89 2000 429 442
58. A.H. Beckett, R.N. Boyes, and E.J. Triggs Kinetics of buccal absorption of amphetamines J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20 1968 92 97
59. A.H. Beckett, and A.C. Moffat Correlation of partition coefficients in n-heptane-aqueous systems with buccal absorption data for a series of amines and acids J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 21 1969 144S 150S
60. S. Bergman, I.A. Siegel, and S. Ciancio Absorption of carbon-14 labeled lidocaine through the oral mucosa J. Dent. Res. 47 1968 1184
61. S. Bergman, D. Kane, I.A. Siegel, and S. Ciancio In vitro and in situ transfer of local anaesthetics across the oral mucosa Arch. Oral Biol. 14 1969 35 43
62. A.G. Arbab, and P. Turner Influence of pH on absorption of thymoxamine through buccal mucosa in man Br. J. Pharmacol. 43 1971 479P 480P
63. W. Schürmann, and P. Turner Membrane model of the human oral mucosa as derived from buccal absorption performance and physicochemical properties of the beta-blocking drugs atenolol and propranolol J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 30 1978 137 147
64. B.J. Davis, and A. Johnston Buccal absorption of verapamil-evidence for membrane storage Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 65 1979 434P
65. J.A. Henry, K. Ohashi, J. Wadsworth, and P. Turner Drug recovery following buccal absorption of propranolol Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10 1980 61 65
66. M.J. Rathbone Human buccal absorption: II. A comparative study of the buccal absorption of some parahydroxybenzoic acid derivatives using the buccal absorption test and a buccal perfusion cell Int. J. Pharm. 74 1991 189 194
67. A. Coutel-Egros, Y. Maitani, M. Veillard, Y. Machida, and T. Nagai Combined effects of pH, cosolvent and penetration enhancers on the in vitro buccal absorption of propranolol through excised hamster cheek pouch Int. J. Pharm. 84 1992 117 128
68. A.H. Shojaei, B. Berner, and L. Xiaoling Transbuccal delivery of acyclovir: I. In vitro determination of routes of buccal transport Pharm. Res. 15 1998 1182 1188
69. L.L. Chen, D.J. Chetty, and Y.W. Chien A mechanistic analysis to characterize oramucosal permeation properties Int. J. Pharm. 184 1999 63 72
70. C.A. Squier, M.J. Kremer, A. Bruskin, A. Rose, and J.D. Haley Oral mucosal permeability and stability of transforming growth factor beta-3 in vitro Pharm. Res. 16 1999 1557 1563
71. D.J. Chetty, L.H. Chen, and Y.W. Chien Characterization of captopril sublingual permeation: determination of preferred routes and mechanisms J. Pharm. Sci. 90 2001 1868 1877
72. V.H.M. Deneer, G.B. Drese, P.E.H. Roemelé, J.C. Verhoef, L. Lie-A-Huen, J.H. Kingma, J.R.B.J. Brouwers, and H.E. Junginger Buccal transport of flecainide and sotalol: effect of a bile salt and ionization state Int. J. Pharm. 241 2002 127 134
73. S. Senel, Y. Capan, M.F. Sargon, G. Ikinci, D. Solpan, O. Güven, H.E. Boddé, and A.A. Hincal Enhancement of transbuccal permeation of morphine sulfate by sodium glycodeoxycholate in vitro J. Control. Release 45 1997 153 162
74. S. Senel, D. Duchêne, A.A. Hincal, Y. Capan, and G. Ponchel In vitro studies on enhancing effect of sodium glycocholate on transbuccal permeation of morphine hydrochloride J. Control. Release 51 1998 107 113
75. A.J. Hoogstraate, J.C. Verhoef, A. Pijpers, L.A.M.G. van Leengoed, J.H.M. Verheijden, H.E. Junginger, and H.E. Boddé In vivo buccal delivery of the peptide drug buserelin with glycodeoxycholate as an absorption enhancer in pigs Pharm. Res. 13 1996 1233 1237
76. I.A. Siegel, and H.P. Gordon Effects of surfactants on the permeability of canine oral mucosa in vitro Toxicol. Lett. 26 1985 153 157
77. I.A. Siegel, and H.P. Gordon Surfactant-induced increases of permeability of rat oral mucosa to non-electrolytes in vivo Arch. Oral Biol. 30 1985 43 47
78. I.A. Siegel, and H.P. Gordon Surfactant-induced alterations of permeability of rabbit oral mucosa in vitro Exp. Mol. Pathol. 44 1986 132 137
79. B.J. Aungst, N.J. Rogers, and E. Shefter Comparison of nasal, rectal, buccal, sublingual and intramuscular insulin efficacy and the effects of a bile salt absorption promoter J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244 1988 23 27
80. C.K. Oh, and W.A. Ritschel Biopharmaceutic aspects of buccal absorption of insulin Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 12 1990 205 212
81. J. Xiang, X. Fang, and X. Li Transbuccal delivery of 2′,3′- dideoxycytidine: in vitro permeation study and histological investigation Int. J. Pharm. 231 2002 57 66
82. J.A. Nicolazzo, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin Assessment of the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the buccal permeability of caffeine and estradiol J. Pharm. Sci. 93 2004 431 440
83. C.L. Froebe, F.A. Simion, R.H. Rhein, R.H. Cagan, and A. Kligman Stratum corneum lipid removal by surfactants: relation to in vivo irritation Dermatologica 181 1990 277 283
84. J. Borrás-Blasco, A. López, M.J. Morant, O. Díez-Sales, and M. Herráez-Domínguez Influence of sodium lauryl sulphate on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of compounds with different lipophilicity Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 5 1997 15 22
85. A.J. Hoogstraate, P.W. Wertz, C.A. Squier, A. Bos Van Geest, W. Abraham, M.D. Garrison, J.C. Verhoef, H.E. Junginger, and H.E. Boddé Effects of the penetration enhancer glycodeoxycholate on the lipid integrity in porcine buccal epithelium in vitro Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 5 1997 189 198
86. S. Senel, A.J. Hoogstraate, F. Spies, J.C. Verhoef, A. Bos-van Geest, H.E. Junginger, and H.E. Boddé Enhancement of in vitro permeability of porcine buccal mucosa by bile salts: kinetic and histological studies J. Control. Release 32 1994 45 56
87. R.O. Potts, and M.L. Francoeur Infrared spectroscopy of stratum corneum lipids. In vitro results and their relevance to permeability K.A. Walters J. Hadgraft Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement 1993 Marcel Dekker New York 269 291
88. R. Gandhi, and J. Robinson Mechanisms of penetration enhancement for transbuccal delivery of salicylic acid Int. J. Pharm. 85 1992 129 140
89. G.M. Golden, J.E. McKie, and R.O. Potts Role of stratum corneum lipid fluidity in transdermal drug flux J. Pharm. Sci. 76 1987 25 28
90. M.L. Francoeur, G.M. Golden, and R.O. Potts Oleic acid: its effects on stratum corneum in relation to (trans)dermal drug delivery Pharm. Res. 7 1990 621 627
91. V.H. Mak, R.O. Potts, and R.H. Guy Percutaneous penetration enhancement in vivo measured by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy Pharm. Res. 7 1990 835 841
92. M. Morishita, J.M. Barichello, K. Takayama, Y. Chiba, S. Tokiwa, and T. Nagai Pluronic® F-127 gels incorporating highly purified unsaturated fatty acids for buccal delivery of insulin Int. J. Pharm. 212 2001 289 293
93. K. Tsutsumi, Y. Obata, K. Takayama, T. Loftsson, and T. Nagai Effect of cod-liver oil extract on the buccal permeation of ergotamine tartrate Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 24 1998 757 762
94. J. Lee, and I.W. Kellaway Combined effect of oleic acid and polyethylene glycol 200 on buccal permeation of [d-ala2, d-leu5]enkephalin from a cubic phase of glyceryl monooleate Int. J. Pharm. 204 2000 137 144
95. A.M. Manganaro, and P.W. Wertz The effects of permeabilizers on the in vitro penetration of propranolol through porcine buccal epithelium Mil. Med. 161 1996 669 672
96. T.M. Turunen, A. Urtti, P. Paronen, K.L. Audus, and J.H. Rytting Effect of some penetration enhancers on epithelial membrane lipid domains: evidence from fluorescence spectroscopy studies Pharm. Res. 11 1994 288 294
97. J.J. Sciubba Oral cancer. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2 2001 239 251
98. C.A. Squier, P. Cox, and B.K. Hall Enhanced penetration of nitrosonornicotine across oral mucosa in the presence of ethanol J. Oral Pathol. 15 1986 276 279
99. X. Du, C.A. Squier, M.J. Kremer, and P.W. Wertz Penetration of N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) across oral mucosa in the presence of ethanol and nicotine J. Oral Pathol. Med. 29 2000 80 85
100. N.M. Howie, T.K. Trigkas, A.T. Cruchley, P.W. Wertz, C.A. Squier, and D.M. Williams Short-term exposure to alcohol increases the permeability of human oral mucosa Oral Dis. 7 2001 349 354
101. J.A. Nicolazzo, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin Modification of buccal drug delivery following pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers J. Pharm. Sci. 93 2004 2054 2063
102. A.H. Ghanem, H. Mahmoud, W.I. Higuchi, P. Liu, and W.R. Good The effects of ethanol on the transport of lipophilic and polar permeants across hairless mouse skin: methods/validation of a novel approach Int. J. Pharm. 78 1992 137 156
103. T. Kai, V.H.W. Mak, R.O. Potts, and R.H. Guy Mechanism of percutaneous penetration enhancement: effect of n-alkanols on the permeability barrier of hairless mouse skin J. Control. Release 12 1990 103 112
104. O. Pillai, V. Nair, and R. Panchagnula Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin: IV. Influence of chemical enhancers Int. J. Pharm. 269 2004 109 120
105. A. López, F. Llinares, C. Cortell, and M. Herráez Comparative enhancer effects of Span®20 with Tween®20 and Azone® on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of compounds with different lipophilicities Int. J. Pharm. 202 2000 133 140
106. O. Díez-Sales, A.C. Watksinson, M. Herráez- Domínguez, C. Javaloyes, and J. Hadgraft A mechanistic investigation of the in vitro human skin permeation enhancing effect of Azone® Int. J. Pharm. 129 1996 33 40
107. J.A. Bouwstra, L.J.C. Peschier, J. Brussee, and H.E. Boddé Effect of n-alkyl-azocycloheptan-2-ones including Azone on the thermal behaviour of human stratum corneum Int. J. Pharm. 52 1989 44 54
108. Y. Kurosaki, S.I. Hisaichi, L.Z. Hong, T. Nakayama, and T. Kimura Enhanced permeability of keratinized oral-mucosa to salicylic acid with 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone): in vitro studies in hamster cheek pouch Int. J. Pharm. 49 1989 47 55
109. Y. Kurosaki, S. Hisaichi, T. Nakayama, and T. Kimura Enhancing effect of 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone) on the absorption of salicylic acid from keratinized oral mucosa and the duration of enhancement in vivo Int. J. Pharm. 51 1989 47 54
110. Y. Kurosaki, T. Takatori, H. Nishimura, T. Nakayama, and T. Kimura Regional variation in oral mucosal drug absorption: permeability and degree of keratinization in hamster oral cavity Pharm. Res. 8 1991 1297 1301
111. J.A. Nicolazzo, B.L. Reed, B.C. Finnin, Enhancing the buccal mucosal uptake and retention of triamcinolone acetonide. J. Control. Release (in press).
112. T.M. Morgan, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin Enhanced skin permeation of sex hormones with novel topical spray vehicles J. Pharm. Sci. 87 1998 1213 1218
113. T.M. Morgan, H.M. O'Sullivan, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin Transdermal delivery of estradiol in postmenopausal women with a novel topical aerosol J. Pharm. Sci. 87 1998 1226 1228
114. T.M. Morgan, R.A. Parr, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin Enhanced transdermal delivery of sex hormones in swine with a novel topical aerosol J. Pharm. Sci. 87 1998 1219 1225
115. E.L. White, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin Effect of padimate O, octyl salicylate and laurocapram on the thermal profile of a model stratum corneum lipid mixture Proceedings of the Australasian Pharmaceutical Science Association Annual Conference, Sydney, Australia 1997 45
116. B.D. Traversa, B.L. Reed, and B.C. Finnin An ATR-FTIR spectroscopic investigation on the effect of octyl salicylate and padimate O on stratum corneum surface lipids Proceedings of the Australasian Pharmaceutical Sciences Association Annual Conference, Melbourne, Australia 2002 86
117. J.E. Harrison, P.W. Groundwater, K.R. Brain, and J. Hadgraft Azone® induced fluidity in human stratum corneum. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy investigation using the perdeuterated analogue J. Control. Release 41 1996 283 290
118. N.G.M. Schipper, S. Olsson, J.A. Hoogstraate, A.G. deBoer, K.M. Vårum, and P. Artursson Chitosans as absorption enhancers for poorly absorbable drugs: 2. Mechanism of absorption enhancement Pharm. Res. 14 1997 923 929
119. L. Illum, I. Jabbal-Gill, M. Hinchcliffe, A.N. Fisher, and S.S. Davis Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 51 2001 81 96
120. M.J. Kremer, S. Senel, S.H. Kas, P.W. Wertz, A.A. Hincal, and C.A. Squier Oral mucosal drug delivery: chitosan as vehicle and permeabilizer J. Dent. Res. 77 1999 718
121. S. Senel, M.J. Kremer, S. Kas, P.W. Wertz, A.A. Hincal, and C.A. Squier Enhancing effect of chitosan on peptide drug delivery across buccal mucosa Biomaterials 21 2000 2067 2071
122. A. Portero, C. Remunán-López, and H.M. Nielsen The potential of chitosan in enhancing peptide and protein absorption across the TR146 cell culture model-an in vitro model of the buccal epithelium Pharm. Res. 19 2002 169 174
123. I.G. Needleman, F.C. Smales, and G.P. Martin An investigation of bioadhesion for periodontal and oral mucosal drug delivery J. Clin. Periodontol. 24 1997 394 400