Validity of Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale: A systematic review

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

Volumn 59, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 460-466

  Eriksson, Monica ^a   Lindström, Bengt ^a  

^a NORDIC SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METHODOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY;

CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CULTURAL FACTOR; DATA BASE; EVALUATION; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; META ANALYSIS; PREDICTION; PUBLICATION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SENSE OF COHERENCE SCALE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VALIDATION PROCESS; WELLBEING;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 20344396377     PISSN: 0143005X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jech.2003.018085     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Antonovsky A. Health, stress and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
2. Antonovsky A. Unraveling the mystery of health. How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987.
3. Strümpfer D. The origins of health and strength: from "salutogenesis" to "fortigenesis". South African Journal of Psychology 1995;25:81-9.
4. Antonovsky A. The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:725-33.
5. Langius A, Björvell H. Salutogenic model and use of the wense of coherence scale in nursing research-a methodological report. Vård i Norden 1996;16:28-32.
6. Hansson K, Olsson M. Sense of coherence-a human endeavour. Nordisk Psykologi 2001;53:238-55.
7. Strümpfer D, Wissing M. Review of South African data on the sense of coherence scale as a measure of fortigenesis and salutogenesis. Psychological Society of South Africa, Cape Town, Sep 1998.
8. Bengel J, Strittmatter R, Willman H. What keeps people healthy? The current state of discussion and the relevance of Antonovsky's salutogenic model of health. Cologne: Federal Centre for Health Education (FCHE), 1999.
9. Cooper H. Synthesizing research. A guide for literature review. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1998.
10. Hunt M. How science takes stock. The story of meta-analysis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999.
11. Abramson JH, Abramson ZH. Survey methods in community medicine. Epidemiological research programme evaluation clinical trials. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.
12. Steiner A, Raube K, Stuck AE, et al. Measuring psychosocial aspects of well-being in older community residents: performanace of four short scales. Gerontologist 1990;36:54-62.
13. Lee JW, Jones PS, Mineayama Y, et al. Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale. Res Nurs Health 2002;25:295-306.
14. Benzein E, Norberg A, Saveman B-I. Limitations of the sense of coherence scale in a Swedish Pentecostal population. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 1997;11:139-44.
15. Langius A, Björvell H. The applicability of the Antonovskys sense of coherence scale to a group or Pentecostalists. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 2001;15:190-2.
16. Sandell R, Blomberg J, Lazar A. The factor structure of Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale in Swedish clinical and nonclinical samples. Personality and Individual Differences 1998;24:701-11.
17. Feldt T. Sense of coherence. Structure, stability and health promoting role in working life. Jyväskylä studies in education, psychology and social research. (Doctoral thesis.) Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2000.
18. Cohen O, Savaya R. Sense of coherence and adjustment to divorce among Muslim Arab citizens of Israel. European Journal of Personality 2003;17:309-26.
19. Dalbokova D, Tzenova B, Ognjanova V. Stress states in nuclear operators under conditions of shiftwork. Work and Stress 1995;9:305-13.
20. Ying Y-W, Akutsu PD, Zhang X, Huang LN. Psychological dysfunction in Southeast Asian refugees as mediated by sense of coherence. Am J Community Psychol 1997;25:839-59.
21. Shiu AT-Y. The significance of sense of coherence for the perceptions of task characteristics and stress during interruptions amongst a sample of public health nurses in Hong Kong: implications for nursing management. Public Health Nursing 1998;15:273-80.
22. Ying Y-W. Strengthening intergenerational/intercultural ties in migrant families: a new intervention for parents. Am J Community Psychol 1999;27:89-96.
23. Cai D, Giles H, Noels K. Elderly perceptions of communication with older and younger adults in China: implications for mental health. Journal of Applied Communication Research 1998;26:32-51.
24. Tang ST, Dixon J. Instrument translation and evaluation of equivalence and psychometric properties: the Chinese sense of coherence scale. J Nurs Meas 2002;10:59-76.
25. Yam BMC, Shiu ATY. Perceived stress and sense of coherence among critical care nurses in Hong Kong: a pilot study. J Clin Nurs 2003;12:144-6.
26. Due EP, Holstein BE. "Sense of coherence", socialgruppe og helbred i en dansk befolkningsundersøgelse. Ugeskr Laeger 1998;160:7424-9.
27. Karlsson I, Rasmussen C, Ravn J, et al. Chest pain after coronary artery bypass: relation to coping capacity and quality of life. Scand Cardiovasc J 2002;36:41-7.
28. Albertsen K, Nielsen ML, V. Borg. The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence, Work and Stress 2001;15:241-53.
29. Avlund K, Vass M, Hendriksen C. Onset of mobility disability among community-dwelling old men and women. The role of tiredness in daily activities. Age Ageing 2003;32:579-84.
30. Berntsson L. Health and well-being of children in the five Nordic countries in 1984 and 1990. (Doctoral thesis.) Gothenburg: The Nordic School of Public Health, 2000.
31. Groøholt E-K, Stigum H, Nordhagen R, et al. Is parental sense of cohrence associated with child health? Eur J Public Health 2003;13:195-201.
32. Loon AJMv, Tijhuis M, Surtees PG, et al. Personality and coping: their relationship with lifestyle risk factors for cancer. Personality and Individual Differences 2001;31:541-53.
33. Gallagher TJ, Wagenfeld MO, Baro F, et al. Sense of coherence, coping and caregiver role overload. Soc Sci Med 1994;39:1615-22.
34. Bayard-Burfield L, Sundquist J, Johansson S-E. Ethnicity, self reported psychiatric illness, and intake of psychotropic drugs in five ethnic groups in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:657-64.
35. Sundquist J, Bayard-Bufield L, Johansson LM, et al. Impact of ethnicity, violence and acculturation on displaced migrants. Psychological distress and psychosomatic complaints among refugees in Sweden. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000;188:357-65.
36. Gana K, Garnier S. Latent structure of the sense of coherence scale in a French sample. Personality and Individual Differences 2001;31:1079-90.
37. Giotakos O. Suicidal ideation, substance use, and sense of coherence in Greek male conscripts. Mil Med 2003;168:447-50.
38. Tselebis A, Moulou A, Ilias I. Burnout versus depression and sense of coherence: study of Greek nursing staff. Nursing and Health Sciences 2001;3:69-71.
39. Svavarsdottir EK, McCubbin MA, Kane JH. Well-being of parents of young children with asthma. Res Nurs Health 2000;23:346-58.
40. Svavarsdottir EK, Ravens MK. American and Icelandic parents' perceptions of the health status of their young children with chronic asthma. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2003;35:351-8.
41. Wydler H, Walter T, Hättich A, et al. Die Gesundheit 20jähriger in der Schweitz. Ergebnisse der PRP 1993. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Sauerländer, 1996.
42. Nasermoaddeli A, Sekine M, Hamanishi S, et al. Job strain and sleep quality in Japanese civil servants with special reference to sense of coherence. Journal of Occupational Health 2002;44:337-42.
43. Nakamura H, Ogawa Y, Nagase H, et al. Natural killer cell activity and its related psychological factor, sense of coherence in male smokers. Journal of Occupational Health 2001;43:191-8.
44. Nakamura H, Matsuzaki I, Sasahara S, et al. Enhancement of a sense of coherence and natural killer cell activity which occurred in subjects who improved their exercise habits through health education in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health 2003;45:278-85.
45. Matsuura E, Ohta A, Kanegae F, et al. Frequency and analysis of factors closely associated with the development of depressive symptoms in patients with scleroderma. J Rheumatol 2003;30:1782-7.
46. Nasermoaddeli A, Sekine M, Hamanishi S, et al. Associations of sense of coherence with sickness absence and reported symptoms of illness in Japanese civil servants. Journal of Occupational Health 2003;45:231-3.
47. Kristenson M, Kucinskienë Z, Bergdahl B, et al. Increased psychosocial strain in Lithuanian versus Swedish men: the LiVicordia study. Psychosom Med 1998;60:277-82.
48. Dudek B, Makowska Z. Psychometric characteristics of the orientation to life questionnaire for measuring the sense of coherence. Polish Psychological Bulletin 1993;24:309-18.
49. Dudek B, Koniarek J. Relationship between sense of coherence and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among firefighters. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2000;13:299-305.
50. Freire MCM, Sheiham A, Hardy R. Adolescents' sense of coherence, oral health status, and oral health-related behaviours. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:204-12.
51. Freire MdCM, Hardy R, Sheiham A. Mothers' sense of coherence and their adolescent children's oral health status and behaviours. Community Dent Health 2002;19:24-31.
52. Botha KF, Du Plessis WF, van Rooyen J, et al. Biopsychosocial determinants of self-management in culturally diverse South African patients with essential hypertension. Journal of Health Psychology 2002;7:519-31.
53. Nintachan P, Sompongse P. The sense of coherence and trait-anxiety of nursing students at Romathibodi School of Nursing: a four year follow up study during academic year 1994-1997. Rama Nursing Journal 2000;6:119-32.
54. Cederblad M, Pruksachatkunakorn P, Boripunkul T, et al. Behaviour problems and competence in Thai children and youths: teachers', parents' and subjects' perspectives. Transcultural Psychiatry 2001;38:64-79.
55. Cederblad M, Pruksachatkunakorn P, Boripunkul T, et al. Sense of coherence in a Thai sample. Transcultural Psychiatry 2003;40:585-600.
56. Ruiselová Z. Self-evaluation of coping in the context of personal intelligence. Studia Psychologica 1995;37:149-53.
57. Kivimäki M, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, et al. Sense of coherence as a mediator between hostility and health. Seven-year prospective study on female employees. J Psychosom Res 2002;52:239-47.
58. Forsgärde M, Westman B, Nygren L. Ethical discussion groups as an intervention to improve the climate in interprofessional work with the elderly and disabled. Journal of Interprofessional Care 2000;14:351-61.
59. Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Schnyder U. Sense of coherence in adolescents. Soz Präventivmed 2001;46:404-10.
60. Feldt T, Leskinen E, Kinnunen U, et al. The stability of sense of coherence: comparing two age groups in a 5-year follow-up study. Personality and Individual Differences 2003;35:1151-65.
61. Nilsson B, Holmgren L, Stegmayr B, et al. Sense of coherence-stability over time and relation to health, disease, and psychosocial changes in a general population: a longitudinal study. Scand J Public Health 2003;31:297-304.
62. Smith PM, Breslin CF, Beaton DE. Questioning the stability of sense of coherence. The impact of socio-economic status and working conditions in the Canadian population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003;38:475-84.
63. Virtanen P, Koivisto A-M. Wellbeing of professionals at entry into the labour market: a follow up survey of medicine and architecture students. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:831-5.
64. Suominen S, Helenius H, Blomberg H, et al. Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health. Results of 4 years of follow-up of adults. J Psychosom Res 2001;50:77-86.
65. Kuuppelomäki M, Utriainen P. A 3 year follow-up study of health care students' sense of coherence and related smoking, drinking and physical exercise factors. Int J Nurs Stud 2003;40:383-8.
66. Cederfjäll C, Langius-Eklöf A, Lidman K, et al. Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral treatment and degree of sense of coherence in a group of HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care and STDS 2002;16:609-16.
67. Karlsson I, Berglin E, Larsson PA. Sense of coherence: quality of life before and after coronary artery bypass surgery-a longitudinal study. J Adv Nurs 2000;31:1383-92.
68. Pålsson M-B, Hallberg IR, Norberg A, et al. Burnout, empathy and sense of coherence among Swedish district nurses before and after systematic clinical supervision. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 1996;10:19-26.
69. Malmgren-Olsson E-B, Bränholm I-B. A comparison between three physiotherapy approaches with regard to health-related factors in patients with non-specific musculoskeletal disorders. Disabil Rehabil 2002;24:308-17.
70. Fiorentino LM. Sense of coherence and the stress-illness relationship among employees: a prospective study. In: McCubbin HI, Thompson TE, Thompson AI, et al, eds. Stress, coping, and health in families. Sense of coherence and resiliency. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1998:91-106.
71. Zhang J, Vitaliano PP, Lutgendorf SK, et al. Sense of coherence buffers relationships of chronic stress with fasting glucose levels. J Behav Med 2001;24:33-55.
72. Coe RM, Romeis JC, Hall MM. Sense of coherence and survival in the chronically ill elderly. A five-yar follow-up. In, McCubbin HI, Thompson EA, Thompson AI, et al, eds. Stress, coping, and health in families. Sense of coherence and resiliency. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 1998:265-75.
73. Kivimäki M, Feldt T, Vahtera J, et al. Sense of coherence and health: evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal samples. Soc Sc Med 2000;50:583-97.
74. Kalimo R, Pahkin K, Mutanen P, et al. Staying well or burning out at work: work characteristics and personal resources as long-term predictors. Work and Stress 2003;17:109-22.
75. Andershed B, Ternestedt B-M. Development of a theoretical framework describing relatives' involvement in palliative care. J Adv Nurs 2001;34:554-62.
76. Bryant LL, Corbett KK, Kutner JS. In their own words: a model of healthy aging. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:927-41.
77. Mackenzie ER, Rajagopal DE, Meibohm M, et al. Spiritual support and psychological well-being. Older adults' perceptions of the religion and health connection. Alternative Therapies and Health Medicine 2000;6:37-45.
78. Persson D. Aspects of meaning in everyday occupations and relationships to health-related factors. (Doctoral thesis.) Lund: Lund University, Department of clinical neuroscience, Division of occupational therapy, 2001.
79. Strang S, Strang P. Spiritual thoughts, coping and "sense of coherence" in brain tumour patients and their spouses. Palliat Med 2001;15:127-34.
80. Kasmani SS, Ow R. Worldviews and resilience in children of divorced families. Asia Pasific Journal of Social Work 2001;11(special issue):37-50.
81. Pålsson M-BE, Hallberg IR, Norberg A, et al. Systematic clinical supervision and its effects for nurses handling demanding care situations. Interviews with Swedish district nurses and hospital nurses in cancer care. Cancer Nurs 1994;17:385-94.
82. Hillert I, Savlin P, Berg AL, et al. Environmental illness-effectiveness of a salutogenic group-intervention programme. Scand J Public Health 2002;30:166-75.
83. Delbar V, Benor DE. Impact of a nursing intervention on cancer patients' ability to cope. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 2001;19:57-75.
84. Csíkszentmihályi M, Csíkszentmihalyi IS. Optimal experience. Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
85. Polewka A, Chrostek-Maj J, Kroch S. Psychosocial aspects of the suicidal attempts of Polish females. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 2001;3:51-60.
86. Berg JE, Brevik JI. Complaints that predict drop-out from a detoxification and counselling unit. Addict Behav 1998;23:35-40.
87. Hoehn-Anderson K. The relationship between family sense of coherence and family quality of life after illness diagnosis. Collective and consensus views. In, McCubbin HI, Thompson TE, Thompson AI, et al, eds. Stress, coping, and health in families. Sense of coherence and resiliency Thousand Oaks, Sage, 1998:169-87.
88. Sagy S, Antonovsky A. The family sense of coherence and the retirement transition. Journal of Marriage and Family 1992;54:983-94.
89. Sagy S. Effects of personal, family, and community characteristics on emotional reactions in a stress situation. Youth and Society 1998;29:311-30.
90. Sagy S, Dotan N. Coping resources of maltreated children in the family: a salutogenic approach. Child Abuse Negl 2001;25:1463-80.
91. Sagy S. Moderating factors explaining stress reactions: comparing chronic-without-acute-stress and chronic-with-acute-stress situations. J Psychol 2002;136:407-19.
92. Margalit M, Efrati M. Loneliness, coherence and companionship among children with learning disorder. Educational Psychology 1996;16:69-80.
93. Margalit M, Raviv A, Ankonina DB. Coping and coherence among parents with disabled children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1992;21:202-9.
94. Vinson JA. Children with asthma: initial development of the child resilience model. Pediatr Nurs 2002;28:149-58.
95. Bowen GL, Richman JM, Brewster A, et al. Sense of school coherence, perceptions of danger at school, and teacher support among youth at risk of school failure. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 1998;15:273-86.
96. Nash JK. Neighborhood effects on sense of school coherence and educational behavior in students at risk of school failure. Children and Schools 2002;24:73-89.
97. Agardh EE, Ahlbom A, Andersson T, et al. Work stress and low sense of coherence is associated with type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Swedish women. Diabetes Care 2003;26:719-24.
98. Anttila T, Poikolainen K, Uutela A, et al. Structure and determinants of worrying among adolescent girls. Journal of Youth Studies 2000;3:49-60.
99. Jahnsen R, Villien L, Stanghelle JK, et al. Coping potential and disability-sense of coherence in adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 2002;24:511-18.
100. Lundberg O, Nyström Peck M. Sense of coherence, social structure and health. Evidence from a population survey in Sweden. Eur J Public Health 1994;4:252-7.
101. Lundberg O, Nyström Peck M. A simplified way of measuring sense of coherence. Experiences from a population survey in Sweden. Eur J Public Health 1995;5:56-9.
102. Schumann A, Hapke U, Meyer C, et al. Measuring sense of coherence with only three items: a useful tool for population surveys. Br J Health Psychol 2003;8:409-21.
103. Surtees P, Wainwright N, Luben R, et al. Sense of coherence and mortality in men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk United Kingdom prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:1202-9.
104. Niemela M. Koherenssin tunne ja työmarkkina-asema. Sosiaalilääketieteellinen Aikakauslehti 2002;39:184-91.
105. Andersen S, Berg JE. The use of a sense of coherence test to predict drop-out and mortality after residential treatment of substance abuse. Addiction Research and Theory 2001;9:239-51.
106. Berg JE. Use of a sense of coherence test and Hopkins Symptom Checklist to predict completion on stay in a postdetoxification counseling unit. American Journal on Addictions 1996;5:327-33.
107. Berg JE, Andersen S, Brevik JI, et al. Drug addiction as a lifestyle. Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare 1996;5:30-4.
108. Berg JE, Andersen SBA. Mortality 5 years after detoxification and counseling as indicated by psychometric tests. Substance Abuse 2001;22:1-10.
109. Berg JE, Andersen S. Sense of coherence evaluated by treatment counsellors and substance abusers as an indication of length of stay. European Addiction Research 1997;3:99-102.
110. Cheung P, Spears G. Psychiatric morbidity among New Zealand Cambodians: the role of psychosocial factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1995;30:92-7.
111. Hall-Lord ML, Larsson G, Steen B. Chronic pain and distress in older people: a cluster analysis. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1999;5:78-85.
112. Hall-Lord ML, Steen B, Larsson G. Postoperative experiences of pain and distress in elderly patients. An explorative study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 1999;11:73-82.
113. Johansson I, Hamrin E, Larsson G. Evaluation of the prognostic value of the health assessment form among patients clinically ready for discharge. Journal of Nursing Management 1994;2:77-85.
114. Kivimäki M, Vahtera J, Thomson L, et al. Psychosocial factors predicting employee sickness absence during economic decline. J Appl Psychol 1997;82:858-72.
115. Larsson G, Johansson I, Hamrin E. Sense of coherence among elderly somatic patients: predictive power regarding future needs of care. Journal of Nursing Management 1995;3:307-11.
116. Larsson G, Kallenberg K, Setterlind S, et al. Health and loss of a family member: impact of sense of coherence. Int J Health Sci 1994;5:5-11.
117. Midanik IT, Soghikian K, Ransom LJ, et al. Alcohol problems and sense of coherence among older adults. Soc Sci Med 1992;34:43-8.
118. Vahtera J, Pentti J, Uutela A. The effect of objective job demands on registered sickness absence spells; do personal, social and job-related resources act as moderators? Work and Stress 1996;10:286-308.
119. Hellsrröm C, Jansson B, Carlsson SG. Subjective future as a mediating factor in the relation between pain, pain-related distress and depression. European Journal of Pain 1999;3:221-33.
120. Eriksson N-G, Lundin T. Early traumatic stress reactions among Swedish survivors of the m/s Estonia disaster. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:713-16.
121. Strümpfer DJW. The relation between religious motivation and work-related variables among agricultural workers. South African Journal of Psychology 1997;27:134-43.
122. Ing JD, Reutter L. Socioeconomic status, sense of coherence and health in Canadian women. Can J Public Health 2003;94:224-8.
123. Johnsen MHS, Soviknes I, Torsheim T. Salutogenic coping resources and school-related stress: a prospective study of reciprocal effects. (Mestringsressurser og opplevd skolerelatert stress: en prospektiv studie av gjensidige sammenhenger). Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening 2001;38:821-8.
124. Nyamathi AM. Relationship of resources to emotional distress, somatic complaints, and high-risk behaviors in drug recovery and homeless minority women. J Health Care Poor Undeserved 1992;3:93-106.
125. Nyamathi A. Comparative study of factors relating to HIV risk level of black homeless women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:222-8.
126. Strümpfer DJW. Sense of coherence, negative affectivity, and general health in farm supervisors. Psychol Rep 1997;80:963-6.
127. Suominen S. Perceived health and life control. A theoretical review and empirical study about the connections between health and life control determined according to the strength of the sense of coherence. (Doctoral thesis.) Jyväskylä: STAKES - National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Research Reports 26, 1993.
128. Suominen S, Blomberg H, Helenius H, et al. Sense of coherence and health-does the association depend on resistance resources? A study of 3115 adults in Finland. Psychology and Health 1999;14:937-48.
129. Vuori J. Pre-employment antecedents of health resources, job factors and health risk behaviour in men and women. Work and Stress 1994;8:263-77.
130. Chamberlain K, Zika S. Stability and change in subjective well-being over short time periods. Social Indicators Research 1992;26:101-17.
131. Charlton BG. Senescence, cancer and "endogenous parasites": a salutogenic hypothesis. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1996;30:10-12.
132. Neikrug S. Worrying about a frightening old age. Aging and Mental Health 2003;7:320-33.
133. Frenz AW, Carey MP, Jorgensen RS. Psychometric evaluation of Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale. Psychological Assessment 1993;5:145-53.
134. Gana K. Is sense of coherence a mediator between adversity and psychological well-being in adults? Stress and Health 2001;17:77-83.
135. Büchi S, Sensky T, Allard S, et al. Sense of coherence-a protective factor for depression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1998;25:869-75.
136. Flannery R, Perry C, Penk WE, et al. Validating Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale. J Clin Psychol 1994;50:575-7.
137. Larsson G, Kallenberg K. Dimensional analysis of sense of coherence using structural equation modelling. European Journal of Personality 1999;13:51-61.
138. Germano D, Misajon R, Cummins RA. Quality of life and sense of coherence in people with arthritis. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2001;8:253-61.
139. Feldt T. Sense of coherence. Structure, stability and health promoting role in working life. Jyväskylä studies in education, psychology and social research158. (Doctoral thesis). Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2000.
140. Bothmer von M, Fridlund B. Self-rated health among university students in relation to sense of coherence and other personality traits. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 2003;17:347-57.
141. Cohen L, Morrisson K, Manion L. Research methods in education. London: Falmer Press, 2000.
142. Gibson LM, Cook MJ. Neuroticism and sense of coherence. Psychol Rep 1996;79:343-9.
143. Snekkevik H, Anke AG, Stanghelle JK, et al. Is sense of coherence stable after multiple trauma? Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17:443-53.
144. Forsberg C, Björvell H, Cedermark B. Well-being and its relation to coping ability in patients with colo-rectal and gastric cancer before and after surgery. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 1996;10:35-44.
145. Cederfjäll C, Langius-Eklöf A, Lidman K, et al. Gender differences in perceived health-related quality of life among patients with HIV infection. AIDS Patient Care and STDS 2001;15:31-9.
146. Ingram KM, Corning AF, Schmidth LD. The relationship of victimization experiences to psychological well-bering among homeless women and low-income housed women. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1996;43:218-27.
147. Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Rosenvinge JH, et al. A new ratinq scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2003;12:05-70.
148. Florian V, Dangoor N. Personal and familial adaptation of women with severe physical disabilities: a further validation of the double ABCX model. Journal of Marriage and Family 1994;56:735-46.
149. Greenhalg T. How to read a paper. Statistics for non-statistician II: significant relations and their pitfalls. BMJ 1997;315:422-5.
150. Rismer G, Andersson R, Johansson LM, et al. Sense of coherence and lack of control in relation to outcome after orthopaedic injuries. Injury 2000;31:751-6.
151. Ray EC, Nickels MW, Sayeed S, et al. Predicting success after gastric bypass: the role of psychosocial and behavioral factors. Surgery 2003;134:555-04.
152. Bengtsson-Tops A, Hansson L. The validity of Antonovsky's sense of coherence measure in a sample of schizophrenic patients living in the community. J Adv Nurs 2001;33:432-8.
153. Melin R, Fugl-Meyer AR. On prediction of vocational rehabilitation outcome at a Swedisn employability institute. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2003;35:284-9.
154. Santovirta N, Björvell B, Konttinen YT, et al. Sense of coherence and outcome of anterior low-back fusion. A 5- to 13-year follow-up of 85 patients. Arch Orthopediatr Trauma Surg 1996;115:280-5.
155. Hittner JB. Novel methods for analyzing multifaceted personality scales: sense of coherence and depression as an example. J Psychol 2000;134:199-210.
156. Nesbitt BJ, Heidrich SM. Sense of coherence and illness appraisal in older women's quality of life. Res Nurs Health 2000;23:25-34.
157. Lewis JS. Sense of coherence and the strengths perspective with older persons. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 1996;26:99-112.
158. Cronboch LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951;16:297-334.
159. Thorell-Ekstrand I, Björvell H. Preparedness for clinical nursing education. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science 1993;8:17-24.
160. Hawley DJ, Wolfe F, Cathey MA. The sense of coherence questionnaire in patients with rheumatic disorders. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1912-18.
161. Takkinen S, Ruoppila I. Meaning in life in three samples of elderly persons with high cognitive functioning. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2001;53:51-73.
162. Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment 1995;7:309-19.