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There are two reasons why peaks observed in UPS come only from Pd bonded to Nb(0 0 1) and not from Nb in deeper layers: (i) the UPS-intensity: for HeI-excitation (21.22 eV), Pd has a three times larger photo-ionisation cross section than Nb [49], and (ii) the escape depth: the HeI-excited photoelectrons from the valence states have in Nb(0 0 1) the escape depth of less than 3 MLs [50].
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20344403863
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An exception would be the broad signal enhancement around θ = 57°which is caused by forward scattering on the atoms situated in the second ML of the 1.3 ML coverage.
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