Strategies and methods for research on sex differences in brain and behavior

Endocrinology

Volumn 146, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1650-1673

  Becker, Jill B ^a   Arnold, Arthur P ^c   Berkley, Karen J ^d   Blaustein, Jeffrey D ^e   Eckel, Lisa A ^d   Hampson, Elizabeth ^f   Herman, James P ^g   Marts, Sherry ^h   Sadee, Wolfgang ⁱ   Steiner, Meir ^j   Taylor, Jane ^k   Young, Elizabeth ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h Society for Women's Health Research   (United States)

ⁱ OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^k YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANDROGEN; BUSERELIN; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DIHYDROEQUILIN; EQUILIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL BENZOATE; ESTRADIOL DIPROPIONATE; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; ESTROGEN; ESTRONE; ESTRONE SULFATE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FADROZOLE; GESTAGEN; GONADORELIN DERIVATIVE; HORMONE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HORMONE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; LEUPRORELIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MEGESTROL ACETATE; MIFEPRISTONE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROGESTERONE; SEX HORMONE; TAMOXIFEN; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGICAL TRAIT; BRAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTRACEPTION; DEVELOPMENT; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG EFFECT; EXPERIMENT; HEALTH; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OVARY CYCLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTRUS; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MALE; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; PHARMACOKINETICS; RESEARCH DESIGN; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEX CHROMOSOMES;

EID: 20144378738     PISSN: 00137227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1142     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Wizemann TM, Pardue ML 2001 Exploring the biological contributions to human health: does sex matter? Washington, DC: Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine
2. Whalen RE 1982 Current issues in the neurobiology of sexual differentiation. In: Vernadakis A, Timaras PS, eds. Hormones in development and aging. New York: Spectrum Publications; 273-304
3. Arnold AP 2002 Concepts of genetic and hormonal induction of vertebrate sexual differentiation in the twentieth century, with special reference to the brain. In: Pfaff D, Arnold A, Etgen A, Fahrbach S, Rubin R, eds. Hormones, brain, and behavior. San Diego: Academic Press
4. Goodfellow PN, Lovell-Badge R 1993 SRY and sex determination in mammals. Annu Rev Genet 27:71-92
5. Jost A 1970 Hormonal factors in the sex differentiation of the mammalian foetus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 259:119-130
6. Nef S, Parada LF 2000 Hormones in male sexual development. Genes Dev 14:3075-3086
7. Goy RW, McEwen BS 1980 Sexual differentiation of the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
8. MacLusky NJ, Naftolin F 1981 Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science 211:1294-1302
9. Arnold AP, Gorski RA 1984 Gonadal steroid induction of structural sex differences in the central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 7:413-442
10. Breedlove S, Hampson E 2002 Sexual differentiation of brain and behavior. In: Becker J, Breedlove S, Crews D, McCarthy M, eds. Behavioral endocrinology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books; 75-114
11. Moore C, Power K 1992 Variation in maternal care and individual differences in play, exploration, and grooming of juvenile Norway rat offspring. Dev Psychobiol 25:165-182
12. Moore CL 1982 Maternal behavior of rats is affected by hormonal condition of pups. J Comp Physiol Psychol 96:123-129
13. Moore CL 1986 A hormonal basis for sex differences in the self-grooming of rats. Horm Behav 20:155-165
14. Phoenix CH, Goy RW, Gerall AA, Young WC 1959 Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology 65:369-382
15. Arnold AP, Breedlove SM 1985 Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids on brain and behavior: a reanalysis. Horm Behav 19:469-498
16. Arnold AP, Agate RJ, Carruth LL 2003 Hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain. In: Legato M, ed. Principles of gender-specific medicine. San Diego: Elsevier
17. Becker J, Robinson T, Lorenz K 1982 Sex differences and estrous cycle variations in amphetamine-elicited rotational behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 80: 65-72
18. McClintock M 1971 Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature 229:244-245
19. McClintock M 1998 On the nature of mammalian and human pheromones. Ann NY Acad Sci 855:390-392
20. McClintock M 1984 Estrous synchrony: modulation of ovarian cycle length by female pheromones. Physiol Behav 32:701-705
21. Camp DM, Becker JB, Robinson TE 1986 Sex differences in the effects of gonadectomy on amphetamine-induced rotational behavior in rats. Behav Neural Biol 46:491-495
22. De Vries GJ 2004 Sex differences in adult and developing brains: compensation, compensation, compensation. Endocrinology 145:1063-1068
23. Bradshaw W, Baum M, Awh C 1981 Attenuation of 5α-reductase inhibitor of the activational effects of testosterone propionate on penile erections in castrated male rats. Endocrinology 109:1047-1051
24. Breedlove SM, Arnold AP 1983 Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. I. Complete demasculinization of the male rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus using the anti-androgen flutamide. J Neurosci 3:417-423
25. Etgen AM 1979 Antiestrogens: effects of tamoxifen, nafoxidine, and CI-628 on sexual behavior, cytoplasmic receptors, and nuclear binding of estrogen. Horm Behav 13:97-112
26. Brown TJ, Blaustein JD 1984 Inhibition of sexual behavior in female guinea pigs by a progestin receptor antagonist. Brain Res 301:343-349
27. Brown TJ, Moore MJ, Blaustein JD 1987 Maintenance of progesterone- facilitated sexual behavior in female rats requires continued hypothalamic protein synthesis and nuclear progestin receptor occupation. Endocrinology 121:298-304
28. Azcoitia I, Sierra A, Veiga S, Honda S, Harada N, Garcia-Segura LM 2001 Brain aromatase is neuroprotective. J Neurobiol 47:318-329
29. Korach KS 1994 Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor. Science 266:1524-1527
30. Hampson E 2002 Sex differences in human brain and cognition: the influence of sex steroids in early and adult life. In: Becker JB, Breedlove SN, Crews D, McCarthy MM, eds. Behavioral endocrinology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books; 579-628
31. Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM 1995 Ageing of the hypothalamo-pituitary- testicular axis in men. Horm Res 43:25-28
32. Nieschlag E 1974 Circadian rhythm of plasma testosterone. In: Aschoff J, Ceresa F, Halberg F, eds, Chronobiological aspects of endocrinology. Stuttgart, Germany: Schattauer Verlag; pp 117-128.
33. Smals AG, Kloppenborg PW, Benraad TJ 1976 Circannual cycle in plasma testosterone levels in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:979-982
34. Sherwin BB 1988 Estrogen and/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 13:345-357
35. Salminen E, Portin R, Korpela J, Backman H, Parvinen LM, Helenius H, Nurmi M 2003 Androgen deprivation and cognition in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 89:971-976
36. Duff SJ, Hampson E 2000 A beneficial effect of estrogen on working memory in postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy. Horm Behav 38:262-276
37. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, Mencl WE, Constable RT, Naftolin F, Palter SF, Marchione KE, Katz L, Shankweiler DP, Fletcher JM, Lacadie C, Keltz M, Gore JC 1999 Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks. J Am Med Assoc 281:1197-1202
38. Olster DH, Blaustein JD 1989 Development of steroid-induced lordosis in female guinea pigs: effects of different estradiol and progesterone treatments, clonidine, and early weaning. Horm Behav 23:118-129
39. Breedlove S, Arnold A 1983 Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. II. Sensitive periods for the androgen-induced masculinization of the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus. J Neurosci 3:424-432
40. Nordeen EJ, Nordeen KW, Sengelaub DR, Arnold AP 1985 Androgens prevent normally occurring cell death in a sexually dimorphic spinal nucleus. Science 229:671-673
41. De Vries GJ, Rissman EF, Simerly RB, Yang LY, Scordalakes EM, Auger CJ, Swain A, Lovell-Badge R, Burgoyne PS, Arnold AP 2002 A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits. J Neurosci 22:9005-9014
42. Fitch RH, Denenberg VH 1998 A role for ovarian hormones in sexual differentiation of the brain. Behav Brain Sci 21:311-327; discussion 327-352
43. Berenbaum SA, Duck SC, Bryk K 2000 Behavioral effects of prenatal vs. postnatal androgen excess in children with 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:727-733
44. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Oliver G, Blake J, Fleming S, Hood J 1996 Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 30:300-318
45. Romeo RD, Richardson HN, Sisk CL 2002 Puberty and the maturation of the male brain and sexual behavior: recasting a behavioral potential. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:381-391
46. Nunez JL, Sodhi J, Juraska JM 2002 Ovarian hormones after postnatal day 20 reduce neuron number in the rat primary visual cortex. J Neurobiol 52:312-321
47. Cline TW, Meyer BJ 1996 Vive la difference: males vs females in flies vs worms. Annu Rev Genet 30:637-702
48. Capel B 1998 Sex in the 90s: SRY and the switch to the male pathway. Annu Rev Physiol 60:497-523
49. Burgoyne PS 1993 A Y-chromosomal effect on blastocyst cell number in mice. Development 117:341-345
50. Renfree MB, Short RV 1988 Sex determination in marsupials: evidence for a marsupial-eutherian dichotomy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 322: 41-53
51. Reisert I, Pilgrim C 1991 Sexual differentiation of monoaminergic neurons: genetic or epigenetic? Trends Neurosci 14:468-473
52. Carruth LL, Reisert I, Arnold AP 2002 Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation. Nat Neurosci 5:933-934
53. Dewing P, Shi T, Horvath S, Vilain E 2003 Sexually dimorphic gene expression in mouse brain precedes gonadal differentiation. Mol Brain Res 118:82-90
54. Mahadevaiah SK, Odorisio T, Elliott DJ, Rattigan A, Szot M, Laval SH, Washburn LL, McCarrey JR, Cattanach BM, Lovell-Badge R, Burgoyne PS1 1998 Mouse homologues of the human AZF candidate gene RBM are expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids, and map to a Y chromosome deletion interval associated with a high incidence of sperm abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet 7:715-727
55. Lovell-Badge R, Robertson E 1990 XY female mice resulting from a heritable mutation in the primary testis-determining gene, Tdy. Development 109: 635-646
56. Arnold A, Burgoyne P 2004 Are XX and XY brain cells intrinsically different? Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:6-11
57. Markham JA, Jurgens HA, Auger CJ, De Vries GJ, Arnold AP, Juraska JM 2003 Sex differences in mouse cortical thickness are independent of the complement of sex chromosomes. Neuroscience 116:71-75
58. Parker KL, Schedl A, Schimmer BP 1999 Gene interactions in gonadal development. Annu Rev Physiol 61:417-433
59. Eckel L, Houpt T, Geary N 2000 Spontaneous meal patterns in female rats with and without access to running wheels. Physiol Behav 70:397-405
60. Freeman ME 1994 The neuroendocrine control of the ovarian cycle of the rat. In: Knobil E, Neill J, eds. The physiology of reproduction. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 613-658
61. Long J, Evans H 1922 The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena. In: Leuschner A, ed. Memoirs of the University of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1-149
62. Blandau R, Boling J, Young W 1941 The length of heat in the albino rat as determined by the copulatory response. Anat Rec 79:453-463
63. McCarthy MM, Becker JB 2002 Neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior in the female. In: Becker JB, Breedlove SM, Crews D, McCarthy MM, eds. Behavioral endocrinology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books; 117-151
64. Lucas P, Donohoe S, Thody A 1982 The role of estrogen and progesterone in the control of preputial gland sex attractant odors in the female rat. Physiol Behav 28:601-607
65. Freeman M, Smith M, Nazian S, Neill J 1974 Ovarian and hypothalamic control of the daily surges of prolactin secretion during pseudopregnancy in the rat. Endocrinology 94:875-882
66. Freeman M, Butcher R, Fugo N 1970 Alterations of oocytes and follicles by delayed ovulation. Biol Reprod 2:209-215
67. Feder HH 1981 Estrous cyclicity in mammals. In: Adler NT, ed. Neuroendocrinology of reproduction: physiology and behavior. New York: Plenum Press; 279-348
68. Frick K, Berger-Sweeney J 2001 Spatial reference memory and neocortical neurochemistry vary with the estrous cycle in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Neurosci 115:229-237
69. Snell GD 1941 Biology of the laboratory mouse. Philadelphia: The Blakiston Co.
70. Allen E 1922 The oestrous cycle of the mouse. Am J Anat 30:297-371
71. Katzenellenbogen BS 1984 Biology and receptor interactions of estriol and estriol derivatives in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem 20:1033-1037
72. Moss RL, McCann SM 1973 Induction of mating behavior in rats by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. Science 181:177-179
73. Smith ER, Damassa DA, Davidson JM 1977 Hormone administration: peripheral and intracranial implants. In: Myers RD, ed. Methods in psychobiology. New York: Academic Press; 259-278
74. Johnston PG, Davidson JM 1979 Priming action of estrogen: minimum duration of exposure for feedback and behavioral effects. Neuroendocrinology 28:155-159
75. Martucci CP, Fishman J 1979 Impact of continuously administered catechol estrogens on uterine growth and luteinizing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 105:1288-1292
76. Jezierski MK, Sohrabji F 2001 Neurotrophin expression in the reproductively senescent forebrain is refractory to estrogen stimulation. Neurobiol Aging 22:309-319
77. Patisaul HB, Aultman EA, Bielsky IF, Young LJ, Wilson ME 2003 Immediate and residual effects of tamoxifen and ethynylestradiol in the female rat hypothalamus. Brain Res 978:185-193
78. Garcia-Segura LM, Baetens D, Naftolin F 1986 Synaptic remodelling in arcuate nucleus after injection of estradiol valerate in adult female rats. Brain Res 366:131-136
79. Hlinak Z 1993 Social recognition in ovariectomized and estradiol-treated female rats. Horm Behav 27:159-166
80. Young WC 1969 Psychobiology of sexual behavior in the guinea pig. In: Lehrman DS, Hinde RA, Shaw E, eds. Advances in the study of behavior. New York: Academic Press; 1-110
81. Baum MJ 2002 Neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior in the male. In: Becker JB, Breedlove SM, Crews D, McCarthy MM, eds. Behavioral endocrinology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books; 153-203
82. Sodersten P, Eneroth P, Hansen S 1981 Induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats by pulse administration of oestradiol-17β. J Endocrinol 89:55-62
83. Clark AS, Roy EJ 1987 Effective intervals for the administration of estradiol pulses and the induction of sexual behavior in female rats. Physiol Behav 39:665-667
84. Davidson JM, Rodgers CH, Smith ER, Bloch GJ 1968 Stimulation of female sex behavior in adrenalectomized rats with estrogen alone. Endocrinology 82:193-195
85. Powers JB 1970 Hormonal control of sexual receptivity during the estrous cycle of the rat. Physiol Behav 5:831-835
86. Blaustein JD, Erskine MS 2002 Feminine sexual behavior: cellular integration of hormonal and afferent information in the rodent forebrain. In: Pfaff DW, Arnold AP, Etgen AM, Fahrbach SE, Rubin RT, eds. Hormones, brain and behavior. New York; Academic Press; 139-214
87. Leavitt WW, Bosley CG, Blaha GC 1971 Source of ovarian preovulatory progesterone. Nat New Biol 234:283-284
88. Asarian L, Geary N 2002 Cyclic estradiol treatment normalizes body weight and restores physiological patterns of spontaneous feeding and sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. Horm Behav 42:461-471
89. Dziuk PJ, Cook B 1966 Passage of steroids through silicone rubber. Endocrinology 78:208-211
90. Wise PM, Rance N, Barraclough CA 1981 Effects of estradiol and progesterone on catecholamine turnover rates in discrete hypothalamic regions in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 108:2186-2193
91. McGinnis MY, Krey LC, MacLusky NJ, McEwen BS 1981 Steroid receptor levels in intact and ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats: an examination of quantitative, temporal and endocrine factors influencing the efficacy of an estradiol stimulus. Neuroendocrinology 33:158-165
92. Legan SJ, Coon GA, Karsch FJ 1975 Role of estrogen as initiator of daily LH surges in the ovariectomized rat. Endocrinology 96:50-56
93. Henderson SR, Baker C, Fink G 1977 Oestradiol-17β and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone releasing factor in the rat: a study using rectangular pulses of estradiol-17β monitored by non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay. J Endocrinol 73:441-453
94. Parsons B, McEwen BS, Pfaff DW 1982 A discontinuous schedule of estradiol treatment is sufficient to activate progesterone-facilitated feminine sexual behavior and to increase cytosol receptors for progestins in the hypothalamus of the rat. Endocrinology 110:613-619
95. Rissman EF, Early AH, Taylor JA, Korach KS, Lubahn DB 1997 Estrogen receptors are essential for female sexual receptivity. Endocrinology 138:507-510
96. Blaustein JD, Dudley SD, Gray JM, Roy EJ, Wade GN 1979 Long-term retention of estradiol by brain cell nuclei and female rat sexual behavior. Brain Res 173:355-359
97. Micevych P, Eckersell CB, Holland K, Smith A 1996 Induction of CCK mRNA levels in the limbic-hypothalamic circuit: time course and site-specific effects of estrogen. J Neurobiol 30:465-479
98. Tapper CM, Greig F, Brown-Grant K 1974 Effects of steroid hormones on gonadotrophin secretion in female rats after ovariectomy during the oestrous cycle. J Endocrinol 62:511-525
99. Goodman RL 1978 A quantitative analysis of the physiological role of estradiol and progesterone in the control of tonic and surge secretion of luteinizing hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 102:142-150
100. Attardi B 1981 Facilitation and inhibition of the estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in the rat by progesterone: effects on cytoplasmic and nuclear estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus-preoptic area, pituitary, and uterus. Endocrinology 108:1487-1496
101. Karsch FJ, Dierschke DK, Weick RF, Yamaji T, Hotchkiss J, Knobil E 1973 Positive and negative feedback control by estrogen of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 92:799-804
102. Schwartz SM, Blaustein JD, Wade GN 1979 Inhibition of estrous behavior by progesterone in rats: role of neural estrogen and progestin receptors. Endocrinology 105:1078-1082
103. Walker WA, Feder HH 1977 Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of various anti-estrogens on the induction of female sexual behavior by estradiol benzoate in guinea pigs. Brain Res 134:455-465
104. Blaustein JD, Feder HH 1979 Cytoplasmic progestin-receptors in guinea pig brain: characteristics and relationship to the induction of sexual behavior. Brain Res 169:481-497
105. Parsons B, MacLusky NJ, Krey L, Pfaff DW, McEwen BS 1980 The temporal relationship between estrogen-inducible progestin receptors in the female rat brain and the time course of estrogen activation of mating behavior. Endocrinology 107:774-779
106. Mani SK, Allen JM, Clark JH, Blaustein JD, O'Malley BW 1994 Convergent pathways for steroid hormone- and neurotransmirter-induced rat sexual behavior. Science 265:1246-1249
107. Rubin BS, Barfield RJ 1983 Induction of estrous behavior in ovariectomized rats by sequential replacement of estrogen and progesterone to the ventromedial hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 37:218-224
108. Green R, Luttge WG, Whalen RE 1970 Induction of receptivity in ovariectomized female rats by a single intravenous injection of estradiol-17. Physiol Behav 5:137-141
109. Meyerson B 1972 Latency between intravenous injection of progestins and the appearance of estrous behavior in estrogen-treated ovariectomized rats. Horm Behav 3:1-9
110. McGinnis MY, Parsons B, Rainbow TC, Krey LC, McEwen BS 1981 Temporal relationship between cell nuclear progestin receptor levels and sexual receptivity following intravenous progesterone administration. Brain Res 218:365-371
111. Glaser JH, Rubin BS, Barfield RJ 1983 Onset of the receptive and preceptive components of feminine sexual behavior in rats following the intravenous administration of progesterone. Horm Behav 17:18-27
112. Beach FA 1938 Sex reversals in the mating pattern of the rat. J Genet Psychol 53:225-262
113. Ball J 1939 Male and female mating behavior in prepubertally castrated male rats receiving estrogens. J Comp Psychol 28:273-283
114. Grady KL, Phoenix CH, Young WC 1965 Role of the developing rat testis in differentiation of the neural tissues mediating mating behavior. J Comp Physiol Psychol 59:176-182
115. Baum MJ 1979 Differentiation of coital behavior in mammals: a comparative analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 3:265-284
116. Sodersten P, Pettersson A, Eneroth P 1983 Pulse administration of estradiol-17β cancels sex difference in behavioral estrogen sensitivity. Endocrinology 112:1883-1885
117. Ulster DH, Blaustein JD 1988 Progesterone facilitation of lordosis in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats following priming with estradiol pulses. Horm Behav 22:294-304
118. Olster DH, Blaustein JD 1990 Biochemical and immunocytochemical assessment of neural progestin receptors following estradiol treatments that eliminate the sex difference in progesterone-facilitated lordosis in guinea-pigs. J Neuroendocrinol 2:79-86
119. Boling JL, Blandau RJ 1939 The estrogen-progesterone induction of mating responses in the spayed female rat. Endocrinology 25:359-364
120. Joslyn WD, Feder HH, Goy RW 1971 Estrogen conditioning and progesterone facilitation of lordosis in guinea pigs. Physiol Behav 7:477-482
121. Edwards DA 1970 Induction of estrus in female mice: estrogen-progesterone interactions. Horm Behav 1:299-304
122. Thompson ML, Edwards DA 1971 Experiential and strain determinants of the estrogen-progesterone induction of sexual receptivity in spayed female mice. Horm Behav 2:299-305
123. Streng T, Li X, Lehtoranta M, Makela S, Poutanen M, Talo A, Tekmal RR, Santti R 2002 Infravesical obstruction in aromatase over expressing transgenic male mice with increased ratio of serum estrogen-to-androgen concentration. J Urol 168:298-302
124. Li X, Makela S, Streng T, Santti R, Poutanen M 2003 Phenotype characteristics of transgenic male mice expressing human aromatase under ubiquitin C promoter. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 86:469-476
125. Kato R 1974 Sex-related differences in drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 3:1-32
126. Conney AH 1967 Pharmacological implications of microsomal enzyme induction. Pharmacol. Rev 19:317-366
127. Chabbert Buffet N, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P 1998 Regulation of the human menstrual cycle. Front Neuroendocrinol 19:151-186
128. Thorneycroft I, Mishell DJ, Stone S, Kharma K, Nakamura R 1971 The relation of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone and estradiol-17-β levels during the human menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 111:947-951
129. Fehring RJ 2002 Accuracy of the peak day of cervical mucus as a biological marker of fertility. Contraception 66:231-235
130. Lasley BL, Shideler SE, Munro CJ 1991 A prototype for ovulation detection: pros and cons. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:2003-2007
131. Freeman EW, DeRubeis RJ, Rickels K 1996 Reliability and validity of a daily diary for premenstrual syndrome. Psychiatry Res 65:97-106
132. Tanner J 1962 Growth and adolescence. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
133. Angola A, Costello EJ, Worthman CM 1998 Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychol Med 28:51-61
134. Fink G 1995 The psychoprotective action of estrogen is mediated by central serotonergic as well as dopaninergic mechanisms. In: Takada A, Curzon G, eds. Serotonin in the central nervous system and periphery. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 175-187
135. Fink G, Sumner BE, Rosie R, Grace O, Quinn JP 1996 Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, and memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 16:325-344
136. PDR Staff 2004 Physicians' desk reference. 58th ed. New York: Thomson Healthcare
137. Steiner M, Yonkers KA 2003 Evidence-based treatment of mood disorders in women. Ment Fit 2:34-67
138. Bancroft J, Boyle H, Warner P, Fraser HM 1987 The use of an LHRH agonist, buserelin, in the long-term management of premenstrual syndromes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 27:171-182
139. Muse KN, Cetel NS, Futterman LA, Yen SC 1984 The premenstrual syndrome: effects of "medical ovariectomy". N Engl J Med 311:1345-1349
140. Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR 1998 Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl J Med 338:209-216
141. Mortola JF, Girton L, Fischer U 1991 Successful treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome by combined use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen/progestin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:252A-252F
142. Gandhi M, Aweeka F, Greenblatt R, Blaschke T 2004 Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44:499-523
143. Kornstein SG, Kirkwood CK 2003 Antidepressant drugs. In: Steiner M, Koren G, eds. Handbook of female psychopharmacology. London: Martin Dunitz; 1-18
144. Grigoriadis S Kennedy SH Bagby RM 2003 A comparison of antidepressant response in younger and older women. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:405-407
145. Yonkers KA, Brawman-Mintzer O 2002 The pharmacologic treatment of depression: is gender a critical factor? J Clin Psychiatry 63:610-615
146. Kimmel S, Gonsalves L, Youngs Dea 1992 Fluctuating levels of antidepressants premenstrually. J. Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 13:277-280
147. Klaiber EL, Kobayashi Y, Broverman DM, Hall F 1971 Plasma monoamine oxidase activity in regularly menstruating women and in amenorrheic women receiving cyclic treatment with estrogens and a progestin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:630-638
148. Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, Peterson LG, Snyder MB 1996 Individual differences in changes in mood and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during hormonal replacement therapy in menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21:575-592
149. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI 1984 Imipramine disposition in users of oral contraceptive steroids. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35:792-797
150. Havenaar EC, Axford JS, Brinkman-van der Linden EC, Alavi A, Van Ommen EC, van het Hof B, Spector T, Mackiewicz A, Van Dijk W 1998 Severe rheumatoid arthritis prohibits the pregnancy-induced decrease in α3-fucosylation of α1-acid glycoprotein. Glycoconj J 15:723-729
151. Stowe ZN, Strader JR, Nemeroff CB 1998 Psychopharmacology during pregnancy and lactation. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. Textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 979-996
152. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Wheeler SB 1993 Tricyclic dose requirements across pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 150:1541-1542
153. Finegan JA, Bartleman B, Wong PY 1989 A window for the study of prenatal sex hormone influences on postnatal development. J Genet Psychol 150:101-112
154. Hampson E 1995 Spatial cognition in humans: possible modulation by androgens and estrogens. J Psychiatry Neurosci 20:397-404
155. Collaer ML, Hines M 1995 Human behavioral sex differences: a role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychol Bull 118:55-107
156. Keller-Wood ME, Dallman MF 1984 Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rev 5:1-24
157. Janowsky JS, Oviatt SK, Orwoll ES 1994 Testosterone influences spatial cognition in older men. Behav Neurosci 108:325-332
158. Quissell DO 1993 Steroid hormone analysis in human saliva. Ann NY Acad Sci 694:143-145
159. Read GF 1993 Status report on measurement of salivary estrogens and androgens. Ann NY Acad Sci 694:146-160
160. Ellison PT 1993 Measurements of salivary progesterone. Ann NY Acad Sci 694:161-176
161. Taieb J, Mathian B, Millot F, Patricot MC, Mathieu E, Queyrel N, Lacroix I, Somma-Delpero C, Boudou P 2003 Testosterone measured by 10 immunoassays and by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in sera from 116 men, women, and children. Clin Chem 49:1381-1395
162. Shirtcliff EA, Granger DA, Schwartz E, Curran MJ 2001 Use of salivary biomarkers in biobehavioral research: cotton-based sample collection methods can interfere with salivary immunoassay results. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26:165-173
163. Ellison PT 1988 Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 31:115-142
164. Groschl M, Wagner R, Rauh M, Dorr HG 2001 Stability of salivary steroids: the influences of storage, food and dental care. Steroids 66:737-741
165. Hofman L 2001 Human saliva as a diagnostic specimen. J Nutr 131:1621S-1625S
166. Vining R, McGinley R 1986 Hormones in saliva. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 23:95-146
167. Kitay JI 1961 Sex differences in adrenal cortical secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 68:818-824
168. Karsch FJ, Battaglia DF, Breen KM, Debus N, Harris TG 2002 Mechanisms for ovarian cycle disruption by immune/inflammatory stress. Stress 5:101-112
169. Dobson H, Ghuman S, Prabhakar S, Smith R 2003 A conceptual model of the influence of stress on female reproduction. Reproduction 125:151-163
170. Calogero AE, Bagdy G, D'Agata R 1998 Mechanisms of stress on reproduction: evidence for a complex intra-hypothalamic circuit. Ann NY Acad Sci 851:364-370
171. Gambacciani M, Yen SS, Rasmussen DD 1986 GnRH release from the mediobasal hypothalamus: in vitro inhibition by corticotropin-releasing factor. Neuroendocrinology 43:533-536
172. Rivier C, Rivest S 1991 Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: peripheral and central mechanisms. Biol Reprod 45: 523-532
173. Bidzinska B, Petraglia F, Angioni S, Genazzani AD, Criscuolo M, Ficarra G, Gallinelli A, Trentini GP, Genazzani AR 1993 Effect of different chronic intermittent stressors and acetyl-1-carnitine on hypothalamic β-endorphin and GnRH and on plasma testosterone levels in male rats. Neuroendocrinology 57:985-990
174. Debus N, Breen KM, Barrell GK, Billings HJ, Brown M, Young EA, Karsch FJ 2002 Does cortisol mediate endotoxin-induced inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion? Endocrinology 143:3748-3758
175. Shors TJ, Chua C, Falduto J 2001 Sex differences and opposite effects of stress on dendritic spine density in the male versus female hippocampus. J Neurosci 21:6292-6297
176. Wood GE, Beylin AV, Shors TJ 2001 The contribution of adrenal and reproductive hormones to the opposing effects of stress on trace conditioning in males versus females. Behav Neurosci 115:175-187
177. Viau V, Meaney MJ 1991 Variations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress during the estrous cycle in the rat. Endocrinology 129: 2503-2511
178. Carey MP, Deterd CH, de Koning J, Helmerhorst F, de Kloet ER 1995 The influence of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation in the female rat. J Endocrinol 144:311-321
179. Schmidt ED, Binnekade R, Janszen AW, Tilders FJ 1996 Short stressor induced long-lasting increases of vasopressin stores in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in adult rats. J Neuroendocrinol 8:703-712
180. Prewitt CM, Herman JP 1997 Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation following lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala. Stress 1:263-280
181. Reul JM, de Kloet ER 1985 Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 117:2505-2511
182. Reame NE, Sauder SE, Case GD, Kelch RP, Marshall JC 1985 Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea: evidence that reduced frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion is the mechanism of persistent anovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:851-858
183. Suh BY, Liu JH, Berga SL, Quigley ME, Laughlin GA, Yen SS 1988 Hypercortisolism in patients with functional hypothalamic-amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:733-739
184. Berga SL, Mortola JF, Girton L, Suh B, Laughlin G, Pham P, Yen SS 1989 Neuroendocrine aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:301-308
185. Loucks AB, Mortola JF, Girton L, Yen SS 1989 Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:402-411
186. Young EA, Carlson NE, Brown MB 2001 Twenty-four-hour ACTH and cortisol pulsatility in depressed women. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:267-276
187. Young EA, Midgley AR, Carlson NE, Brown MB 2000 Alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in depressed women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1157-1162
188. Sakakura M, Takebe K, Nakagawa S 1975 Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion induced by synthetic LRH by long-term treatment with glucocorticoids in human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:774-779
189. Morgan 3rd CA, Wang S, Mason J, Southwick SM, Fox P, Hazlett G, Charney DS, Greenfield G 2000 Hormone profiles in humans experiencing military survival training. Biol Psychiatry 47:891-901
190. Jaffe RB, Plosker S, Marshall L, Martin MC 1990 Neuromodulatory regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatile discharge in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1727-1731
191. Arnold A 2004 Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:701-705
192. Berkley K, Hoffman G, Murphy A, Holdcroft A 2002 Pain: sex/gender differences. In: Pfaff D, Arnold A, Etgen A, Fahrbach S, Rubin R, eds. Hormones, brain and behavior. New York: Academic Press; 409-442
193. Vining R, McGinley R, Maksvytis J 1983 Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem 20:329-335
194. Vittek J 1985 Direct RIA of salivary testosterone. Life Sci 37:711-716
195. Young E, Korszun A 1998 Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Psychiatr Clin North Am 21:309-323
196. Price D, Astin M, Chard C, Addison G 1979 Assay of hydroxyprogesterone in saliva. Lancet 2:368-369
197. Vining R, McGinley R, Rice B 1983 Saliva estriol measurements: an alternative to the assay of serum unconjugated estriol in assessing fetoplacental function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:454-460
198. Vining R, McGinley R, Simons R 1983 Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation. Clin Chem 29.
199. DeBoever J, Kohen F, Vanderkerckhove D 1986 Direct solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay for salivary progesterone. Clin Chem 32:763-767
200. Worthman C, Stallings J, Hofman L 1990 Sensitive salivary estradiol assay for monitoring ovarian function. Clin Chem 36:1769-1773
201. Smith MS, Freeman ME, Neill JD 1975 The control of progesterone secretion during the estrous cycle and early pseudopregnancy in the rat: prolactin, gonadotropin and steroid levels associated with rescue of the corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy. Endocrinology 96:219-226