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1
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0032761456
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Low-frequency ambient sound in the North Pacific: Long time series observations
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K. B. Curtis, B. M. Howe, and J. A. Mercer, "Low-frequency ambient sound in the North Pacific: Long time series observations," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 3189-3200 (1999).
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Curtis, K.B.1
Howe, B.M.2
Mercer, J.A.3
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2
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0002538613
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Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960's with the 1990's for a receiver off the California coast
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R. K. Andrew, B. M. Howe, J. A. Mercer, and M. A. Dzieciuh, "Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960's with the 1990's for a receiver off the California coast," ARLO 3, 65-72 (2002).
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(2002)
ARLO
, vol.3
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Andrew, R.K.1
Howe, B.M.2
Mercer, J.A.3
Dzieciuh, M.A.4
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4
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0003752967
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2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York
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R. J. Urick, Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967); 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975).
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(1975)
Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers
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5
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14844356538
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Vertical directionality of noise in the deep ocean at a site near Bermuda
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E. H. Axelrod, B. A. Schoomer, and W. A. Von Winkle, "Vertical directionality of noise in the deep ocean at a site near Bermuda," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 77-83 (1965).
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Axelrod, E.H.1
Schoomer, B.A.2
Von Winkle, W.A.3
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6
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33646645088
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note
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Note that cross-spectra estimates across sensors can be a very subtle measurement since it is very easy to smear the phase estimates in frequency domain methods made popular by the Fast Fourier Transform. This is a very common error in forming sample spectral covariances for array processing algorithms.
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7
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0001340491
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A method of range and depth estimation by modal decomposition
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T. C. Yang, "A method of range and depth estimation by modal decomposition," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1736-1745 (1987).
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Yang, T.C.1
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8
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0027677564
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An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics
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A. B. Baggeroer, W. A., Kuperman, and P. N. Mikhalevsky, "An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 18, 401-425 (1993).
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(1993)
IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.
, vol.18
, pp. 401-425
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Baggeroer, A.B.1
Kuperman, W.A.2
Mikhalevsky, P.N.3
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9
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1542732540
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Environmental correlates of pack ice noise
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N. C. Makris, and I. Dyer, "Environmental correlates of pack ice noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 1434-1440 (1986).
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, vol.79
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Makris, N.C.1
Dyer, I.2
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10
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0006948202
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Acoustic emission from the Arctic ice sheet
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A. J. Langley, "Acoustic emission from the Arctic ice sheet," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 692-701 (1989).
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Langley, A.J.1
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11
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0034934241
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Turning point filters: Analysis of sound propagation on a gyre-scale
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M. Dzieciuch, P. F. Worcester, and W. H. Munk, "Turning point filters: Analysis of sound propagation on a gyre-scale," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 135-149 (2001).
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Dzieciuch, M.1
Worcester, P.F.2
Munk, W.H.3
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12
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0019024276
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Spatial correlation of surface generated noise in a stratified ocean
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W. A. Kuperman and F. Ingenito, "Spatial correlation of surface generated noise in a stratified ocean," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 1988-1996 (1990).
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Kuperman, W.A.1
Ingenito, F.2
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13
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85052450314
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Special Issue on Sea Surface-Generated Ambient Noise: 20-2000 Hz
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Oct.
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W. M. Carey and E. C. Monahan, "Special Issue on Sea Surface-Generated Ambient Noise: 20-2000 Hz," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 15, issue 4 (Oct. 1990).
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IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.
, vol.15
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Carey, W.M.1
Monahan, E.C.2
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15
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0025503033
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Measuring the vertical directional spectra caused by sea surface sound
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R. M. Kennedy and Teri V. Goodnow, "Measuring the vertical directional spectra caused by sea surface sound," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 90, 299-310 (1990).
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(1990)
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, vol.90
, pp. 299-310
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Kennedy, R.M.1
Goodnow, T.V.2
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16
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0025507580
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Deep-ocean vertical noise directionality
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W. M. Carey, R. B. Evans, J. A. Davis, and G. Botseas, "Deep-ocean vertical noise directionality," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 15, 324-335 (1990).
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Carey, W.M.1
Evans, R.B.2
Davis, J.A.3
Botseas, G.4
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17
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0025502516
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Vertical directionality of ambient noise at 32° N as a function of longitude and wind speed
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W. H. Hodgkiss, Jr. and F. Fisher, "Vertical directionality of ambient noise at 32° N as a function of longitude and wind speed," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 90, 335-340 (1990).
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Hodgkiss Jr., W.H.1
Fisher, F.2
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18
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0028163842
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A theoretical study of low-frequency oceanic ambient noise
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H. N. Oguz, "A theoretical study of low-frequency oceanic ambient noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1895-1912 (1994).
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Oguz, H.N.1
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19
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0030921723
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Modeling the environmental influence on the vertical directionality of ambient noise in shallow water
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T. C. Yang and K. Yoo, "Modeling the environmental influence on the vertical directionality of ambient noise in shallow water," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 2541-2554 (1996).
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J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
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Yang, T.C.1
Yoo, K.2
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20
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0242499299
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Measurement of vertical noise directionality with a mixed polarity vertical array
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N. O. Booth, R. Judd, and H. Bucker, "Measurement of vertical noise directionality with a mixed polarity vertical array," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 28, 537-543 (2003).
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(2003)
IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.
, vol.28
, pp. 537-543
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Booth, N.O.1
Judd, R.2
Bucker, H.3
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23
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14844354797
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North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory
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P. F. Worcester, R. C. Spindel, and the NPAL Group, "North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1499-1510 (2005).
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Worcester, P.F.1
Spindel, R.C.2
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24
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0003964055
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Wiley-Interscience, New York, Chap. 5
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H. L. Van Trees, Optimum Array Processing, Part IV of Detection, Estimation and Modulation Theory (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2002), Chap. 5.
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(2002)
Optimum Array Processing, Part IV of Detection, Estimation and Modulation Theory
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Van Trees, H.L.1
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25
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33646651024
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note
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Because of the NPAL array configuration, Sensor numbers 1, 10, and 19 on VLAs 1-4 have nearly equal depths of 400, 720, and 1030 m. VLAs 5 and 6 were configured vertically as a large aperture array. We refer to sensors 1, 10, and 19 on any VLA as "top," "middle," and "bottom." Consequently, depths for these sensors on VLA-5 were as follows: Channel 1-200 m, Channel 10-520 m, Channel 19-830 m. For VLA-6, depths were as follows: Channel 1-900 m, Channel 10-1200 m, Channel 19-1530 m. See Worcester and Spindel (Ref. 22) for details of the layout and sensor labeling.
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26
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33646668052
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note
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Note that the presence or absence of the NPAL signal had a very marginal impact on the noise levels because so much pulse compression gain and averaging are needed to raise its level above the ambient noise. Moreover, it was not present in the band below 60 Hz.
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27
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0027959448
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Vertical array reception of the Heard Island transmissions
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A. B. Baggeroer, B. Sperry, K. Lashkari, C. S. Chiu, J. H. Miller, P. N. Mikhalevsky, and K. von der Heydt, "Vertical array reception of the Heard Island transmissions," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 2395-2413 (1994).
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(1994)
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
, vol.96
, pp. 2395-2413
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Baggeroer, A.B.1
Sperry, B.2
Lashkari, K.3
Chiu, C.S.4
Miller, J.H.5
Mikhalevsky, P.N.6
Von Der Heydt, K.7
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29
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33646652877
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note
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The definition can vary, depending upon whether or not the "3" is subtracted (or "2" for complex data); e.g., see Press et al.
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31
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33646658517
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note
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The sinc function is defined here by sinc(x) = sin x/x. Note that other definitions include a factor of π.
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-
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32
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0015731229
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Spatial correlation of arbitrary noise fields with applications to ambient ocean noise
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H. Cox, "Spatial correlation of arbitrary noise fields with applications to ambient ocean noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 (1973).
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(1973)
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
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Cox, H.1
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33
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84953687005
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Space-time processes and optimal array processing
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Navy Undersea Center, San Diego, CA, December
-
A. B. Baggeroer, "Space-time processes and optimal array processing," Technical Report 506, Navy Undersea Center, San Diego, CA, December, 1976.
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(1976)
Technical Report
, vol.506
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-
Baggeroer, A.B.1
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34
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84953650133
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Spatial correlation functions for various noise models
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B. F. Cron and C. H. Sherman, "Spatial correlation functions for various noise models," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 1732-1736 (1962).
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(1962)
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, pp. 1732-1736
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Cron, B.F.1
Sherman, C.H.2
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36
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33646642947
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note
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There are four, and sometimes more, dark stripes on the displays. These correspond to "dead" or erratic sensors for the recording segment being used.
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37
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33646653243
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note
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delay> 0 represents a replica of x(t) occurring later in time.
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38
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0034094393
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Matched field processing, source signature recovery and geoacoustic inversion of blue whale vocalizations
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A. M. Thode, G. L. D'Spain, and W. A. Kuperman, "Matched field processing, source signature recovery and geoacoustic inversion of blue whale vocalizations," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107, 1286-1300 (2000).
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(2000)
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
, vol.107
, pp. 1286-1300
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Thode, A.M.1
D'Spain, G.L.2
Kuperman, W.A.3
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39
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33646668606
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personal communication
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P. N. Mikhalevsky (personal communication).
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Mikhalevsky, P.N.1
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40
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33646670308
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H. Schmidt, OASES User's Manual available at URL: 〈http:// acoustics.mit.edu/faculty/henrik/oases.html〉 Last viewed online 2/14/ 2005.
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OASES User's Manual
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Schmidt, H.1
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41
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0004129715
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American Institute of Physics, New York
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F. B. Jensen, W. A. Kuperman, M. B. Porter, and H. Schmidt, Computational Ocean Acoustics (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1994).
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(1994)
Computational Ocean Acoustics
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Jensen, F.B.1
Kuperman, W.A.2
Porter, M.B.3
Schmidt, H.4
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