Botulinum toxin-physiology and applications in head and neck disorders

Head and Neck

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 525-535

  Keir, James ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Botulinum; ENT; Toxin

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BOTULINUM TOXIN; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; PENICILLAMINE; QUININE;

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DYSTONIA; ECCHYMOSIS; EDEMA; ERYTHEMA; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; FATIGUE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; HEAD AND NECK DISEASE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERESTHESIA; HYPERSALIVATION; INJECTION SITE REACTION; MALAISE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDLINE; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NAUSEA; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PTOSIS; RASH; REVIEW; RHINORRHEA; TREATMENT INDICATION;

BOTULINUM TOXINS; HUMANS; OTOLARYNGOLOGY; OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC DISEASES;

EID: 20044377612     PISSN: 10433074     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hed.20247     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin type A: history and current cosmetic use in the upper face. Dis Mon 2002; 48:299-322.
2. Jankovic J, Hallett M. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1994.
3. Carruthers J, Stubbs HA. Botulinum toxin for benign essential blepharospasm hemifacial spasm and age related lower eye lid entropion. Can J Neurol Sci 1987;14: 42-45.
4. Van Ermengem E. Ueber einen neuen anaeroben Bacillus und seine Beizehungen zum Botulismus. Zeitschrift Hygiene Infektionkrankheiten 1897;26:1-56.
5. Burke GS. Notes on the Bacillus botulinus. J Bacteriol 1919;4:555-565.
6. Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Preparation and characterization of botulinum toxin type A for human treatment. In: Jankovic J, Hallet M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1994. p 41.
7. Snipe PT, Sommer H. Studies on botulinus toxin. 3. Acid precipitation of botulinus toxin. J Infect Dis 1928;43: 152-160.
8. Schantz EJ, Johnson EA. Botulinum toxin: the story of its development for the treatment of human disease. Persp Biol Med 1997;40:317-327.
9. Schantz EJ. Historical perspective. In: Jankovic J, Hallet M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1994. p xxii-xxvi.
10. Scott AB, Rosenbaum A, Collins CC. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol 1973;12:924-927.
11. Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology 1980;87:1044-1049.
12. Montecucco C, Shiavo G. Mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Mol Microbiol 1994;13:1-8.
13. Sakaguchi G. Clostridium botulinum toxins. Pharmacol Ther 1983;19:165-194.
14. Das Gupta BR, Sugiyama H. A common subunit structure in Clostridium botulinum type A, B and E toxins. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1972;48:108-112.
15. Binz T, Blasi J, Yamasaki S, et al. Proteolysis of SNAP-25 by types E and A botulinum neurotoxins. J Biol Chem 1994;269:1617-1620.
16. Schiavo G, Benefenati F, Poulain B, et al. Tetanus and botulinum-B neurotoxins block transmitter release by proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin. Nature 1992;359: 832-835.
17. DePaiva A, Meunier FA, Molgo J, et al. Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;53:1439-1446.
18. Brashear A, Lew MF, Dykstra DD, et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A responsive cervical dystonia. Neurology 1999;53: 1439-1446.
19. Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, et al. Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology 1999;53:1431-2438.
20. Borodic GE, Mills L, Joseph M. Botulinum A toxin for the treatment of adult onset spasmodic torticollis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87:285-289.
21. Brans JW, Lindeboom R, Snoek JW, et al. Botulinum toxin versus trihexyphenidyl in cervical dystonia: a prospective, randomised, double-blind controlled trial. Neurology 1996;46:1066-1072.
22. Nussgens Z, Roggenkamper P. Comparison of two botulinum-toxin preparations in the treatment of essential blepharospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1997;235:197-199.
23. Odergren T, Hjaltason H, Kaakkola S, et al. A double blind, randomised, parallel group study, to investigate the dose equivalence of Dysport and Botox in the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:6-12.
24. Nussgens Z, Roggenkamper P. Comparison of two botulinum-toxin preparations in the treatment of essential blepharospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1997;235:197-199.
25. Odergren T, Hjalston H, Kaakkola S, et al. A double blind, randomised, parallel group study to investigate the dose equivalence of Dysport and Botox in the treatment of cervical dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:6-12.
26. Blitzer A, Binder WJ. Cosmetic uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Arch Fascial Plast Surg 2002;4: 214-220.
27. Blitzer A, Sulica L. Botulinum toxin: basic science and clinical uses in otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 2001;111: 218-226.
28. Tsui JKC. Botulinum as a therapeutic agent. Pharmacol Ther 1996;72:13-24.
29. Brin MF. Botulinum toxin therapy: basic science overview of other therapeutic applications. In: Blitzer A, Binder WJ, Boyd JB, Carruthers A, editors. Management of facial lines and wrinkles. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p 279-302.
30. Dertzbaugh MT, West MW. Mapping of protective and cross-reactive domains of the type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum. Vaccine 1996;16:1538-1544.
31. Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology 1995;45: 1743-1746.
32. Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B. Development of resistance to botulinum toxin A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 1994;9:213-217.
33. Lange DI, Brin MF, Warner CL, et al. Distant effects of local injection of botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve 1987;10: 552-555.
34. Bhatia KP, Munchau A, Thompson PD, et al. Generalised muscular weakness after botulinum toxin injections for dystonia: a report of three cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:90-93.
35. Borodic GE, Ferrante R. Effects of repeated botulinum toxin injections on the orbicularis oculi muscle. J Clin Neuroopthalmol 1992;12:121-127.
36. Ansved T, Odergen T, Brog K. Muscle fibre atrophy in leg muscles after botulinum toxin type A treatment of cervical dystonia. Neurology 1997;48:1440-1442.
37. Sanders DB, Massey EW, Buckley EG. Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm: single-fiber EMG studies. Neurology 1986;36:545-547.
38. Lange DJ, Rubin M, Greene PE, et al. Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: a double blind study of single fiber EMG changes. Muscle Nerve 1991;14: 672-675.
39. Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Adv Dermatol 1997;12:325-347.
40. Report of the Therapeutics in Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology: Assessment: the clinical usefulness of botulinum toxin A in treating neurologic disorders. Neurology 1990;40: 1132-1335.
41. Klein AW. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of botulinum toxin. Diso Mon 2002;5:336-356.
42. Scott AH, Suzuki D. Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey. Mov Disord 1988;3:333-335.
43. Spiro RH, Martin H. Gustatory sweating following parotid surgery and radical neck dissection. Ann Surg 1967;165:118-127.
44. Laage-Hellman JE. Treatment of gustatory sweating and flushing. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 1958;49:132.
45. Ford FR, Woodhall R. Phenomena due to misdirection of regenerating fibres of cranial, spinal and automatic nerves, clinical observations. Arch Surg 1938;69:54.
46. Bjerkhoel A, Trobbe O. Frey's syndrome: treatment with botulinum toxin. J Laryngol Otol 1997;111:839-844.
47. Selin LC. The action of botulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction. Med Biol 1981;59:11-20.
48. Drobik C, Laskawi R. Frey's syndrome treatment with botulinum toxin. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 1995;115: 459-461.
49. Ein neues Verfahren zu der klinischen Untersuchung der Schweibadbondersung. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde 1927;101:302-306.
50. Laskawi R, Rohrbach S. Treatment of gustatory sweating with botulinum toxin: special aspects. ORL 2001;63: 294-297.
51. Laccourreye O, Aki E, Gutierrez-Fonseca R, Garcia D, Brasnu D, Bonan B. Recurrent gustatory sweating (Frey syndrome) after intracutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A: incidence, management, and outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:283-286.
52. Laskawi R, Drobik C, Schonebeck C. Up-to-date report of botulinum toxin type A in patients with gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome). Laryngoscope 1998;108: 381-384.
53. Arad-Cohen A, Blitzer A. Botulinum toxin treatment for symptomatic Frey's syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:237-240.
54. Shaari CM, Sanders I, Wu BL, Biller HF. Rhinorrhea is decreased in dogs after nasal application of botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;112:566-571.
55. Traube L. Zur Lehre von den Lerynxaffectionen beim Ileotyphus. Berlin: Verlag Von August Hisschwald; 1871. p 647-678.
56. Gowers WR. Manual of diseases of the nervous system. London: Churchill; 1899.
57. Blitzer A, Brin MF, Fahn S, Lange D, Lovelace RE. Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) for the treatment of 'spastic dysphonia' as part of a trial of toxin injections for the treatment of other cranial dystonias. Laryngoscope 1986; 96:1300-1301.
58. Blitzer A, Lovelace RE, Brin MF, et al. Electromyographic findings in focal laryngeal dystonia (spasmodic dysphonia). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;94:591-594.
59. Hertegard S, Granqvist S, Lindestad P. Botulinum toxin injections for essential voice tremor. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000;109:204-209.
60. Brin MF, Fahn S, Blitzer A, et al: Movement disorders of the larynx. In: Blitzer A, Brin MF, Sasake CT, editors. Neurological disorders of the larynx. New York: Thieme; 1992. p 240-810.
61. Gibbs SR, Blitzer A. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000; 4:879-894.
62. Brin MF, Stewart C, Blitzer A, Diamond B. Laryngeal botulinum toxin injections for disabling stuttering in adults. Neurology 1994;44:2262-2266.
63. Salloway S, Stewart CF, Israeli L, et al. Botulinum toxin for refractory vocal tics. Mov Disord 1996;11:746-748.
64. Scott BL, Jankovic J, Donovan DT. Botulinum toxin injected into the vocal cord in the treatment of malignant coprolalia associated with Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord 1996;11:431-433.
65. Trimble MR, Whurr R, Brookes G, Robertson MM. Vocal tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated with botulinum toxin injections. Mov Disord 1998;13:617-619.
66. Brin MF, Blitzer A, Herman S, Stewart C. Oromandibular and lingual dystonia (Meige syndrome). In: Moore P, editor. Handbook of botulinum toxin treatment. London: Blackwell Science; 1995. p 151-163.
67. Moore AP, Wood GD. Medical treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation using botulinum A. Br Dent J 1997;183:415-417.
68. Freund B, Schwartz M, Symington JM. The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: preliminary findings. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999;57:916-921.
69. Saeed SR, Brooks GB. The use of clostridium botulinum toxin in palatal myoclonus: a preliminary report. J Laryngol Otol 1993;107:208-210.
70. Bryce GE, Morrison MD. Botulinum toxin treatment of essential palatal myoclonus tinnitus. J Otolaryngol 1998; 27:213-216.
71. Deuschl G, Lohle E, Toro C, Hallett M, Lebovics RS. Botulinum treatment of palatal tremor (myoclonus). In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1994. p 567-576.
72. Nutt JG, et al. Epidemiology of focal and generalised dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Mov Disord 1988;3: 188-194.
73. Tsui JKC, Eisen A, Stoessel AJ, Calne S. Double blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet 1986;11:245-246.
74. Poewe W, Deuschl G, Nebe A, et al. What is the optimal dose of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of cervical dystonia? Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study using Dysport. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:13-17.
75. Jankovic J. Clinical features, differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia. In: Bosniak SL, editor. Blepharospasm, advanced ophthalmology plastic reconstructive surgery, vol 4. New York: Pergamon Press; 1985. p 67-82.
76. Jankovic J. Blepharospasm and oromandibular-laryngeal-cervical dystonia: a controlled trial of botulinum a toxin therapy. Adv Neurol 1988;50:583-591.
77. Elston JS. Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1994. p 191-197.
78. Scott AB, Kennedy RA, Stubbs HA. Botulinum toxin A injection as a treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Opthalmol 1985;103:350-374.
79. Auger RG, Piepgas DG, Laws ER, Miller RH. Microvascular decompression of the facial nerve for hemifacial spasm: clinical and electrophysiologic observations. Neurology 1981;31:346-350.
80. Nielson VK. Pathophysiology of hemifacial spasm: I. Ephaptic transmission and ectopic excitation. Neurology 1984;34:418-426.
81. Nielson VK. Electrophysiology of the facial nerve in hemifacial spasm: ectopic/ephaptic excitation. Muscle Nerve 1985;8:545-555.
82. Sanders DB. Ephaptic transmission in hemifacial spasm: a single fibre EMG study. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12:690-694.
83. Cambell E, Keedy C. Hemifacial spasm: a note on the etiology in two cases. J Neurosurg 1974;4:342-347.
84. Janetta PJ, Abbasy M, Maroon JC, Ramos FM, Albin MS. Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm: operative techniques and results in 47 patients. J Neurosurg 1987;47:321-328.
85. Wang A, Jankovic J. Hemifacial spasm: Clinical findings and treatment. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:1740-1747.
86. Savino PJ, Sergott RC, Bosley TM, Schatz NT. Hemifacial spasm treated with botulinum toxin injections. Arch Opthalmol 1985;103:1305-1306.
87. Brin MF, Fahn S, Moskowitz C, et al. Localised injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm. Mov Disord 1987;2:237-254.
88. Borodic GE. Hemifacial spasm: evaluation and management, with emphasis on botulinum toxin therapy. In: Jankovic J, Hallett M, editors. Therapy with botulinum toxin. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1994. p 331-351.
89. Elston JS. Idiopathic blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and therapeutic ptosis induction. In: Moore P, editor. Handbook of botulinum toxin treatment. London: Blackwell Science; 1995. p 90-100.
90. Borodic GE, Pearce LB, Cheney M. Botulinum toxin A for treatment of aberrant facial nerve regeneration. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993;91:1042-1045.
91. Bikhazi NB, Maas CS. Refinement in the rehabilitation of the paralysed face using botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:303-307.
92. Blitzer A, Brin M. Use of botulinum toxin for diagnosis and management of cricopharyngeal achalasia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;116:328-330.
93. Crary MA, Glowasky AL. Using botulinum toxin A to improve speech swallowing function following total laryngectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122:760-763.
94. Haapenieni JJ, et al. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia 2001;16:171-175.
95. Schneider I, Thumfart WF, Potoschnig C, Eckel HE. Treatment of dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle with botulinum A toxin: introduction of a new, non-invasive method. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994;103: 31-35.
96. Ahsan SF, Meleca RJ, Dworkin JP. Botulinum toxin injection of the cricopharyngeus muscle for the treatment of dysphagia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 122:691-695.
97. Blitzer A, Komisar A, Baredes S, Brin MF, Stewart C. Voice failure after tracheoesophageal puncture: management with botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113:668-670.
98. Huffman HT, Fischer H, VanDenmark D, et al. Botulinum toxin injection after total laryngectomy. Head Neck 1997;17:92-97.
99. Zormeier MM, Meleca RJ, Simpson ML, et al. Botulinum toxin to improve tracheoesophageal speech after total laryngectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120: 314-319.
100. Rontal E, Rontal M. Laryngeal rebalancing for the treatment of arytenoid dislocation. J Voice 1998;12:383-388.
101. Nasri S, Sercaz JA, McAlpin T, Berke GS. Treatment of vocal fold granuloma using botulinum toxin type A. Laryngoscope 1995;105:585-588.
102. Orloff LA, Goldman SN. Vocal fold granuloma: successful treatment with botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;121:410-413.
103. Nathan CO, Yin S, Stucker FJ. Botulinum toxin: adjunctive treatment for posterior glottic synechiae. Laryngoscope 1999;109:855-857.
104. Kendall KA, Leonard RJ. Treatment of ventricular dysphonia with botulinum toxin. Laryngoscope 1997; 107:948-953.
105. Cohen SR, Thompson JW, Camilon FS. Botulinum toxin for relief of bilateral abductor paralysis of the larynx: histologie study in an animal model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989;98:213-216.
106. Mathew NT, Saper JR, Silberstein SD, et al. A multicenter, double blind, placebo controlled trial of two dosages of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. Neurology 1999;52:A256.
107. Zwart JA, Bovim G, Sand T, Sjaastad O. Tension headache: botulinum toxin paralysis of temporal muscles. Headache 1994;34:458-462.
108. Schulte-Mtter WJ, Weiser T, Zierz S. Treatment of tension type headache with botulinum toxin: a pilot study. Eur J Med Res 1999;26:183-186.
109. Keen MS, Blitzer A, Aviv JE, et al. Botulinum toxin A for hyperkinetic facial lines: results of a double blind, placebo controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;94: 94-99.
110. Blitzer AB, Binder WJ, Aviv JE, Keen MS, Brin MF. The management of hyperfunctional lines with botulinum toxin. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123: 389-392.
111. Blitzer A, Binder WJ, Brin MF. Botulinum toxin injection for facial lines and wrinkles: technique. In: Blitzer A, Binder WJ, Boyd JB, Carrruthers A, editors. Management of facial lines and wrinkles. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p 303-313.
112. Frankel AS, Kamer FM. Chemical browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:321-323.
113. Matarsso A, Matarasso SL, Brandt FS, Bellman B. Botulinum A exotoxin for the management of platysma bands. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:645-652.
114. Kane MA. Nonsurgical treatment of platysma bands with injection of botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:656-663.
115. Edmund A. et al. Patient selection in the treatment of glabellar wrinkles with botulinum toxin type A injection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:321-326.