The adrenergic stress response in fish: Control of catecholamine storage and release

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - C Pharmacology Toxicology and Endocrinology

Volumn 120, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-27

  Reid, Stephen G ^a,b   Bernier, Nicholas J ^a   Perry, Steve F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adrenaline; Catecholamines; Cholinergic release; Chromaffin cells; Fish; Non cholinergic release; Noradrenaline; Stress

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ADRENALIN; ANGIOTENSIN; CATECHOLAMINE DERIVATIVE; CORTICOTROPIN; NORADRENALIN; SEROTONIN;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE; CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS; CHROMAFFIN CELL; EXERCISE; FISH; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPOXIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STRESS;

EID: 0031684491     PISSN: 07428413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)00037-1     Document Type: Article

References (308)

1. Abelli L, Gallo VP, Civinni A, Mastrolia L. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evidence of adrenal chromaffin cell subtypes in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1996;102:113-22.
2. Abrahamsson T. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity and catecholamine storage and release from chromaffin tissue of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1979;64:169-72.
3. Abrahamsson T. The effect of SK and F64139, an inhibitor of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), on adrenaline and noradrenaline content in sympathetic neurons of the cod, Gadus morhua. Comp. Biochem Physiol C 1980;67:49-54.
4. Abrahamsson T, Holmgren S, Nilsson S. On the chromaffin system in the lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. Acta Physiol Scand 1979;107:135-9.
5. Abrahamsson T, Jönsson AC, Nilsson S. Catecholamine synthesis in the chromaffin tissue of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. Acta Physiol Scand 1979;107:149-51.
6. Abrahamsson T, Jönsson AC, Nilsson S. Activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in heart, lung and chromaffin tissue from the Florida spotted gar, Lepisosterus platyrhincus (Holostei). Acta Physiol Scand 1981;111:431-3.
7. Abrahamsson T, Nilsson S. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity and catecholamine content in chromaffin tissue and sympathetic neurons in the cod, Gadus morhua. Acta Physiol Scand 1976;96:94-9.
8. Accordi F. The chromaffin cells of Siren lacertina (Amphibia, Urodela): cytological characteristics and evidence of exocytosis. J Anat 1987;156:169-76.
9. Accordi F. The adrenal gland of Amphibia tridactylum (Amphibia, Urodela). Comp Endocrinol (Life Sciences Advances) 1988;7:55-8.
10. Accordi F. The chromaffin cells of urodele amphibians. J Anat 1991;179:1-8.
11. Accordi F, Gallo VP. Adrenaline-, noradrenaline-, and small granule containing-cells in the adrenal gland of Discoglossus pictus (Amphibia, Anura). J Anat 1982;135:5-12.
12. Accordi F, Grassi Milano E. Catecholamine-secreting cells in the adrenal gland of Bufo bufo during metamorphosis and in the adult. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977;33:187-95.
13. Accordi F, Grassi Milano E, Gallo VP. Adrenal gland of Euproctus (Urodela, salamandridae): comparison among three species and phylogenetic inferences. J Anat 1984;139:209-14.
14. Aota S, Holmgren KD, Gallaugher P, Randall DJ. A possible role for catecholamines in the ventilatory responses associated with internal acidosis or external hypoxia in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Exp Biol 1990;151:57-70.
15. Augustinsson KB, Fänge R, Johnels A, Östlund E. Histological, physiological and biochemical studies on the heart of two cyclostomes, hagfish (Myxine) and lamprey (Lampetra). J Physiol 1956;131:257-76.
16. Avella M, Masoni A, Bornancin M, Mayer-Gostan N. Gill morphology and sodium influx in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated to artificial freshwater environments. J Exp Zool 1987;241:159-69.
17. Axelrod J, Reisine TD. Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science 1984;224:452-9.
18. Axelsson M, Nilsson S. Blood pressure control during exercise in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J Exp Biol 1986;126:225-36.
19. Axelsson M, Abe AS, Bicudo JEPW, Nilsson S. On the cardiac control in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa. Comp Biochem Physiol 1989;93A:297-316.
20. Balashov NV, Fänge R, Govyrin VA, Leont'eva GR, Nilsson S, Prozorovskaya MP. On the adrenergic system of ganoid fish: the beluga, Huso huso (Chondrostei). Acta Physiol Scand 1981;111:435-40.
21. Ballesta JJ, Borges R, Garcia AG, Hidalgo MJ. Secretory and radioligand binding studies on muscarinic receptors in bovine and feline chromaffin cells. J Physiol 1989;418:411-26.
22. Balm PHM, Pottinger TG. Corticotrope and melanotrope POMC-derived peptides in relation to interrenal function during stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1995;98:279-88.
23. Barton BA, Schreck CB. Fasting and diet content affect stress-induced changes in plasma glucose and cortisol in juvenile Chinook salmon. Prog Fish Culturist 1988;50:16-22.
24. Belpaire F, Laduron P. Tissue fractionation and catecholamines: III Intracellular distribution of endogenous inhibitors of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in adrenal medulla. Biochem Pharmacol 1970;19:1223-31.
25. Bernier NJ, Perry SF. Control of catecholamine and serotonin release from the chromaffin tissue of the Atlantic hagfish. J Exp Biol 1996;199:2485-97.
26. Bernier NJ, Perry SF. Angiotensins stimulate catecholamine release from the chromaffin tissue of the rainbow trout. Am J Physiol 1997;273:R49-57.
27. Bernier NJ, Fuentes J, Randall DJ. Adenosine receptor blockade and hypoxia tolerance in rainbow trout and Pacific hagfish: II Effects on plasma catecholamines and erythrocytes. J Exp Biol 1996;199:497-507.
28. Bernier NJ, Harris J, Lessard J, Randall DJ. Adenosine receptor blockade and hypoxia tolerance in rainbow trout and Pacific hagfish: I Effects on anaerobic metabolism. J Exp Biol 1996;199:485-95.
29. Betito K, Diorio J, Boska P. Brief cortisol exposure elevates adrenal phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase after a necessary lag period. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;238:273-82.
30. Blaschko H. The specific action of L-DOPA decarboxylase. J Physiol (London) 1939;96:50-1.
31. Block M, Part P. Increased availability of cadmium to perfused rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) gills in the presence of the complexing agents diethyldithiocarbamate and amylxanthate. Aquat Toxicol 1986;16:1-8.
32. Bloom G, Östlund E, von Euler US. A specific granular secretory cell in the heart of cyclostomes. Mem Soc Endocrinol 1962;12:255-63.
33. Bloom G, Östlund E, von Euler US, Lishajko F, Ritzen M, Adams-Ray J. Studies on catecholamine-containing granules of specific cells in cyclostome hearts. Acta Physiol Scand 1961;53(185):1-34.
34. Borges R. Histamine H1 receptor activation mediates the preferential release of adrenaline in the rat adrenal gland. Life Sci 1994;54:631-40.
35. Boutilier RG, Iwama GK, Randall DJ. The promotion of catecholamine release in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by acute acidosis: Interactions between red cell pH and haemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity. J Exp Biol 1986;123:145-57.
36. Boutilier RG, Dobson GP, Hoeger U, Randall DJ. Acute exposure to graded hypoxia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): metabolic and respiratory adaptations. Respir Physiol 1988;71:69-82.
37. Burgoyne RD. Control of exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochem Biophys Acta 1991;1071:174-202.
38. 2+ and secretory-vesicle dynamics. Trends Neurosci 1995;18:191-6.
39. Burgoyne RD, Morgan A, Robinson I, Cheek TR. Exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. J Anat 1993;183:309-14.
40. Busacker GP, Chavin W. Uptake, distribution, and turnover of catecholamine radiolabel in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. Can J Zool 1977;55:1656-70.
41. Butler PJ, Taylor EW, Capra MF, Davison W. The effect of hypoxia on the levels of circulating catecholamines in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. J Comp Physiol B 1978;127:325-30.
42. Butler PJ, Taylor EW, Davison W. The effects of long term, moderate hypoxia on acid-base balance, plasma catecholamines and possible anaerobic end products in the unrestrained dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. J Comp Physiol B 1979;132:297-303.
43. Butler PJ, Metcalfe JD, Ginley SA. Plasma catecholamines in the lesser spotted dogfish and rainbow trout at rest and during different levels of exercise. J Exp Biol 1986;123:409-21.
44. Butler PJ, Axelsson M, Ehrenström F, Metcalfe JD, Nilsson S. Circulating catecholamines and swimming performance in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J Exp Biol 1989;141:377-87.
45. Butler DG, Oudit GY, Cadinouche MZA. Angiotensin I and II, and norepinephrine-mediated pressor responses in an ancient holostean fish, the bowfin (Amia calva). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1995;98:289-302.
46. Carroll RG, Opdyke DF. Evolution of angiotensin II-induced catecholamine release. Am J Physiol 1982;243:R54-69.
47. 2b subtype. J Neurochem 1992;59:425-31.
48. Chaouloff F. Physiopharmacological interactions between stress hormones and central serotonergic systems. Brain Res Rev 1993;18:1-32.
49. Cheek TR, Burgoyne RD. Effect of activation of muscarinic receptors on intracellular free calcium and secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985;846:167-73.
50. Chen YM, Dixon WR. The effect of etorphine on nicotine- and muscarine-induced catecholamine secretion from perfused rat adrenal gland. Life Sci 1990;46:1167-73.
51. Chern YJ, Herrera M, Kao LS, Westhead EW. Inhibition of catecholamine secretion from bovine chromaffin cells by adenine nucleotides and adenosine. J Neurochem 1987;48:1573-6.
52. 6-L-phenylisopropyladenosine inhibits catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medulla cells by inhibiting calcium influx. J Neurochem 1992;59:1399-404.
53. Chopin LK, Bennett MB. Cellular ultrastructure and catecholamine histofluorescence of the heart of the Australian Lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. J Morphol 1995;223:191-201.
54. Chowdhury PS, Guo X, Wakade TD, Przywara DA, Wakade AR. Exocytosis from a single rat chromaffin cell by cholinergic and peptidergic neurotransmitters. Neuroscience 1994;59(1):1-5.
55. Ciaranello RD, Wooten GF, Axelrod J. Regulation of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in rat adrenal glands. J Biol Chem 1975;250:3204-11.
56. Colleti AE, Olson KR. Catecholamine metabolism by the perfused rainbow trout gill. J Exp Zool 1988;248:177-84.
57. Collins S, Caron MG, Lefkowitz R. Regulation of adrenergic receptor responsiveness through modulation of gene expression. Annu Rev Physiol 1991;53:497-508.
58. Coupland RE. The Natural History of the Chromaffin Cell. London: Longman, 1965.
59. Coupland RE. Observations on the form and size distribution of the chromaffin granules and on the identity of adrenaline and noradrenaline-storing chromaffin cells in vertebrates and man. Mem Soc Endocrinol 1971;19:611-35.
60. Coupland RE. The chromaffin system. In: Blaschko H, Muscholl E, editors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 33. Catecholamines. Berlin: Springer, 1972:16-45;
61. Coupland RE. On the fixation of catecholamines including adrenaline in tissue sections. J Anat 1976;122:403-13.
62. Coupland RE. Ultrastructural features of the mammalian adrenal medulla. In: Motta PM, editor. Ultrastructure of Endocrine Cells and Tissues. Boston, MA: Nijhoff, 1984.
63. Cubbeddu LX, Barbella YR, Marrero A, Trifaro J, Israel AS. Circulating pool and adrenal soluble content of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH), in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and humans: their role in determining acute stress-induced changes in plasma enzyme levels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979;211:271-9.
64. 5]enkephalin and catecholamines from dog adrenal medulla. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;258:277-9.
65. Dashow L, Epple A. Effects of exogenous catecholamines on plasma catecholamines and glucose in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J Comp Physiol B 1983;152:35-41.
66. Dashow L, Epple A. Plasma catecholamines in the lamprey: intrinsic cardiovascular messengers? Comp Biochem Physiol C 1985;82:119-22.
67. Davison W, Axelsson M, Forster M, Nilsson S. Cardiovascular responses to acute handling stress in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii are not mediated by circulating catecholamines. Fish Physiol Biochem 1995;14:253-7.
68. Delarue C, Leboulenger F, Morra M, Hery F, Verhofstad A J, Berod A, Denoroy L, Pelletier G, Vaudry H. Immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence for the presence of serotonin in amphibian adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res 1988;459:17-26.
69. Delarue C, Becquet D, Idres S, Hery F, Vaudry H. Serotonin synthesis in adrenochromaffin cells. Neuroscience 1992;46(2):495-500.
70. Derome G, Tseng R, Mercier P, Lemaire I, Lemaire S. Possible muscarinic regulation of catecholamine secretion by cyclic GMP in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1981;30:855-60.
71. Donaldson EM. The pituitary-interrenal axis as an indicator of stress in fish. In: Pickering AD, editor. Stress and Fish. London: Academic Press, 1981:11-48.
72. Douglas WW, Poisner AM, Rubin RP. Efflux of adenine nucleotides from perfused adrenal glands exposed to nicotine and other chromaffin cell stimulants. J Physiol (London) 1965;179:130-7.
73. Douglas WW, Kanno T, Sampson SR. Effects of acetylcholine and other medullary secretagogues and antagonists on the membrane potential of adrenal chromaffin cells: an analysis employing techniques of tissue culture. J Physiol (London) 1967;188:107-20.
74. Eble JN, Gowdey CW, Vane JR. Blood concentrations of adrenaline in dogs after intravenous administration of 5-hy-droxytryptamine. Nature New Biol 1972;238:254-6.
75. Edwards AV, Jones CT. Autonomic control of adrenal function. J Anat 1993;183:291-307.
76. Egginton S. Stress response in two Antarctic teleosts (Chaenocephalus aceratus Lonnberg and Notothenia coriiceps Richardson) following capture and surgery. J Comp Physiol B 1994;164:482-91.
77. Egginton S. A comparison of the response to induced exercise in red- and white-blooded Antarctic fishes. J Comp Physiol B 1997;167:129-34.
78. Epple A, Vogel W, Nibbio B. Catecholamines in the head and body blood of eels and rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1982;71:111-8.
79. Epple A, Nibbio B. Catecholaminotropic effects of catecholamines in a teleost fish, Anguilla rostrata. J Comp Physiol B 1985;155:285-90.
80. Epple A, Heim K, Vogel H. Single doses of catecholamines in the rat: catecholaminotropic, but not hyperglycemic. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1988;89:83-6.
81. Epple A, Bertoni JM, Hathaway CB. Physiological doses of epinephrine in the human: chronotropic but not hyperglycemic or catecholaminotropic. J Exp Zool 1989;250:67-72.
82. Epple A, Navarro I, Horak P, Spector S. Endogenous morphine and codeine: release by the chromaffin cells of the eel. Life Sci 1993;52:117-21.
83. Epple A, Nibbio B, Spector S, Brinn JE. Endogenous codeine: autocrine regulator of catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. Life Sci 1994;54:695-702.
84. Evinger MJ, Towle AC, Park DH, Lee P, Joh TH. Glucocorticoids stimulate transcription of the rat phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) gene in vivo and in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1992;12(3):193-215.
85. Falcioni G, Grelloni F, Gabbianelli R, Bonfigli AR, Colosimo A. Adrenaline effects on the oxygen binding to trout haemoglobin. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1991;98:451-3.
86. Feniuk W, Hare J, Humphrey PPA. An analysis of the mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced vasopressor responses in ganglion-blocked anaesthetized dogs. J Pharm Pharmacol 1980;33:155-60.
87. Fernandez BE, Dominguez AE, Gonzalez MA, Okobori R. Role of atrial natriuretic peptide on calcium channel mechanisms involved in catecholamine release from bovine adrenal medulla. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 1992;316:105-13.
88. Fernandez-Vivero J, Rodriguez-Sanchez F, Verastequi C, Moriano FC, Romero A, de Castro JM. Immunocytochemical distribution of serotonin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in mouse adrenal gland. Histol Histopathol 1993;8:509-20.
89. Fievet B, Caroff J, Motais R. Catecholamine release controlled by blood oxygen tension during deep hypoxia in trout: effect on red blood cell Na/H exchanger activity. Respir Physiol 1990;79:81-90.
90. Forsberg EJ, Rojas E, Pollard HB. Muscarinic receptor enhancement of nicotinic-induced catecholamine secretion may be mediated by phosphoinositide metabolism in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J Biol Chem 1986;261:4915-20.
91. Fritsche R, Nilsson S. Autonomic nervous control of blood pressure and heart rate during hypoxia in the cod, Gadus morhua. J Comp Physiol 1990;160:287-92.
92. Fritsche R, Nilsson S. Cardiovascular and ventilatory control during hypoxia. In: Rankin JC, Jensen FB, editors. Fish Ecophysiology. London: Chapman and Hall, 1993:180-206.
93. Fritsche R, Reid SG, Thomas S, Perry SF. Serotonin-mediated release of catecholamines in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Exp Biol 1993;178:191-204.
94. Fuchs DA, Albers C. Effects of adrenaline and blood gas conditions on red cell volume and intraerythrocytic electrolytes in the carp, Cyprinus carpio. J Exp Biol 1988;137:457-77.
95. Fuller RW, Hunt JM. Substrate specificity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Biochem Pharmacol 1965;14:1896-7.
96. Fuller RW, Hunt JM. Inhibition of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase by its product, epinephrine. Life Sci. 1967;6:1107-12.
97. Fuller RW, Roush BW. Substrates and inhibitors of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase from human adrenal glands. Int J Biochem 1972;3:225-8.
98. Fujiwara N, Warashina A, Shimoji K. Characterization of low pH-induced catecholamine secretion in the rat adrenal medulla. J Neurochem 1994;62:1809-15.
99. Furimsky M, Moon TW, Perry SF. Calcium signalling in isolated single chromaffin cells of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Comp Physiol 1997;166(6):396-404.
100. Gallo VP, Civinini A, Mastrolia L, Leitner G, Porta S. Cytological and biochemical studies on chromaffin cells in the head kidney of Gasterosteus aculeatus (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1993;92:13-142.
101. Gamperl AK, Vijayan MM, Boutilier RG. Experimental control of stress hormone levels in fishes: techniques and applications. Rev Fish Biol Fish 1994;4:215-55.
102. Gershengorn MC. Excessive stimulation is bad, so desensitization is ubiquitous - editorial. Endocrinology 1994;134:5-6.
103. Giacomini E. Sulla esistenza della sostanza midollare nelle capsule surrenale del Teleostei. Monit Zool Ital 1902;13:183-9.
104. Giacomini E. Contributo alla conscenza delle capsule surrenale dei Ganoidi e particularmente sull'esistenza delle coro sostanza midollare. Monit Zool Ital 1905;15:19-32.
105. Giacomini E. Sulle capsule surrenali e sul simpatico dei Dipnoi: Ricerche in Protopterus annectens. RC Acad Lincei 1906;15:394-8.
106. Giacomini E. Anatomia microscopica e sviluppo del sistema interrenale e del sistema cromaffines (sistema feocromo) dei Salmonidi. I. Anatomia microscopica. Mem R Accad Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna. Classe di Scienze fisiche, Serie 6. 1912:8;367-387.
107. Giacomini E. Sul sistema interrenale e sul sistema chromaffine di alcuni Teleostei abissali (Argyropelecuse scopelus). RC Accad Bologna. Classe di Scienza Fisiche, Nuova Serie 1921:25;130-135.
108. Grassi Milano E, Accordi F. Comparative morphology of the adrenal gland of anuran amphibia. J Anat 1983;136:165-74.
109. Grassi Milano E, Accordi F. Evolutionary trends in the adrenal gland of anurans and urodeles. J Morphol 1986;189:249-59.
110. Greco AM, Gilmour KM, Fenwick JC, Perry SF. The effects of softwater acclimation on respiratory gas transfer in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Exp Biol 1995;198(12):2557-67.
111. Greco AM, Fenwick JC, Perry SF. The effects of softwater acclimation on gill morphology in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Cell Tissue Res 1996;285(1):75-82.
112. Guo X, Wakade AR. Differential secretion of catecholamines in response to peptidergic and cholinergic transmitters in rat adrenals. J Physiol 1994;475(3):539-45.
113. Hagiwara H, Hirose S, Takei Y. Natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Zool Sci 1995;12:141-9.
114. Hartman FA, Knouff RA, McNutt AW, Carver JE. Chromaffin pattern in bird adrenals. Anat Rec 1947;97:211-21.
115. Hathaway CB, Epple A. The sources of plasma catecholamines in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989;74:418-30.
116. Hathaway CB, Brinn JE, Epple A. Catecholamine release by catecholamines in the eel does not require the presence of brain or anterior spinal cord. J Exp Zool 1989;249:238-42.
117. Hathaway CB, Epple A. Catecholamines, opioid peptides, and true opiates in the chromaffin cells of the eel: immunohistochemical evidence. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990;79:393-405.
118. Hausdorff WP, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. Turning off the signal-desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptor function. FASEB J 1990;4(11):2881-9.
119. Hiremagalur B, Nankova B, Nitahara J, Zeman R, Sabban EL. Nicotine increases expression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene. J Biol Chem 1993;268:23704-11.
120. Hoik K, Lykkeboe G. Catecholamine-induced changes in oxygen affinity of carp and trout blood. Respir Physiol 1995;100:55-62.
121. Holmes W. The adrenal homologues in the lungfish Protopterus. Proc R Soc London Ser B 1950;137:549-65.
122. Holtz P. Dopadecarboxylase. Naturwissenschaften 1939;43:724-5.
123. Hyde DA, Perry SF. Absence of red blood cell pH and oxygen content regulation in American eel (Anguilla rostrata) during hypercapnic acidosis in vivo and in vitro. J Comp Physiol B 1990;159:687-93.
124. Itoh A, Miwa S, Koshimura K, Akiyama Y, Takagi Y, Yamagata S, Kikuchi H, Masaki T. Ischemia-induced changes in catecholamine release and their mechanisms: a study using cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res 1994;643:266-75.
125. Iwama GK, Boutilier RG, Heming TA, Randall DJ, Mazeaud M. The effects of altering gill water flow on gas transfer in rainbow trout. Can J Zool 1987;65:2466-70.
126. Iwama GK, McGeer JC, Pawluk MP. The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid-base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol and adrenaline in rainbow trout. Can J Zool 1989;67:2065-73.
127. Jensen D. Cardioregulation in an aneural heart. Comp Biochem Physiol 1961;2:181-201.
128. Jensen D. The aneural heart of hagfish. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965;127:443-58.
129. Jiang W, Uht R, Bohn MC. Regulation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA in the rat adrenal medulla by corticosterone. Int J Dev Neurosci 1989;7:513-20.
130. Johnels AG, Palmgren A. 'Chromaffin' cells in the heart of Myxine glutinosa. Acta Zool Bb XLI 1960:314-314.
131. Jönsson AC. On the synthesis of catecholamines in chromaffin tissue of fish. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Göteborg: Department of Zoophysiology, 1982.
132. Jönsson AC. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in the axillary bodies, the heart and the splanchnic nerve in two elasmobranchs, Squalus acanthias and Etmopterus spinax. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1982;71:191-4.
133. Jönsson AC. Catecholamine formation in vitro in the systemic and portal hearts of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. Mol Physiol 1983;3:297-304.
134. 2+ on the activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase from the chromaffin tissue of the cod, Gadus morhua. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1979;62:5-8.
135. Jönsson AC, Nilsson S. Axonal transport and subcellular distribution of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in the cod, Gadus morhua. Acta Physiol Scand 1981;111:441-5.
136. Jönsson AC, Nilsson S. Catecholamine biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo in the chromaffin tissue of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1983;75:43-6.
137. Jönsson AC, Wahlqvist I, Hansson T. Effects of hypophysectomy and cortisol on the catecholamine biosynthesis and catecholamine content in chromaffin tissue from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983;51:278-85.
138. Kakuta I, Murachi S. Renal responses to hypoxia in carp, Cyprinus carpio - changes in glomerular filtration rate, urine and blood properties and plasma catecholamines of carp exposed to hypoxic conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1992;103:259-67.
139. Kao LS, Ho MY, Cragoe EJJ. Intracellular pH and catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 1991;57:1656-60.
140. Kinkead R, Fritsche R, Perry SF, Nilsson S. The role of circulating catecholamines in the ventilatory and hypertensive responses to hypoxia in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Physiol Zool 1991;64:1087-109.
141. Kloas W, Hanke W. Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on corticosteroid and catecholamine secretion by the adrenals of Xenopus laevis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992;85:269-77.
142. Kloas W, Reinecke M, Hanke W. Role of the atrial natriuretic peptide for adrenal regulation in the teleost fish Cyprinus carpio. Am J Physiol 1994;267:R1034-42.
143. Knight DE, Baker PF. Observations on the muscarinic activation of catecholamine secretion in the chicken adrenal. Neuroscience 1986;19:357-66.
144. Kobayashi S, Coupland RE. Morphological aspects of chromaffin tissue: the differential fixation of adrenaline and noradrenaline. J Anat 1993;183:223-36.
145. Kodjo MK, Leboulenger F, Conlon JM, Vaudry H. Effect of ranakinin, a novel tachykinin, on cytosolic free calcium in frog adrenochromaffin cells. Endocrinology 1995;136:4535-42.
146. Kodjo MK, Leboulenger F, Porcedda P, Lamacz M, Conlon J M, Pelletier G, Vaudry H. Evidence for the involvement of chromaffin cells in the stimulatory effect of tachykinins on corticosteroid secretion by the frog adrenal gland. Endocrinology 1995;136:3253-9.
147. Kohn A. Das chromaffin Gewebe. Ergerb Anat Entwicklungsgesch 1902;12:253-348.
148. Kruger C, Haunstetter A, Gerber S, Serf C, Kaufmann A, Kubler W, Haass M. Nicotine-induced exocytotic norepinephrine release in guinea-pig heart, human atrium and bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: modulation by single components of ischaemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995;27:1491-506.
149. Kuchel O. Stress and catecholamines. In: Jasmin G, Cantin M, editors. Stress revisited. I. Neuroendocrinology of Stress. Methods Achieve. Exp Pathol, vol. 14. Basel: Karger; 1991:80-103.
150. Kuchel O, Debinski W, Racz K, Buu NT, de Lean A, Garcia R, Cantin M, Genest J. Atrial natriuretic factor is an inhibitory modulator of peripheral sympathoadrenomedullary activity. In: Brenner BM, Laragh JHL, editors. Biologically Active Atrial Peptides. Am Soc Hypertens Symp Ser 1 New York: Raven Press, 1987:318-321.
151. Kumakura K. Possible involvement of ATP and its metabolites in the function of adrenal chromaffin cells. In: Hanin I, editor. Dynamics of Neurotransmitter Function. New York:Raven Press, 1984:271-280.
152. Kumakura K, Karoum F, Guidotti A, Costa E. Modulation of nicotinic receptors by opiate receptor agonists in cultured chromaffin cells. Nature 1980;283:489-92.
153. Kuramoto H. An immunohistochemical study of chromaffin cells and nerve fibers in the adrenal gland of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Arch Histol Jap 1987;50(1):15-38.
154. Larsson A, Lewander K. Metabolic effects of starvation in the eel Anguilla anguilla L. Comp Biochem Physiol A 1973;44:367-74.
155. Laurent P, Hebibi N. Gill morphology and fish osmoregulation. Can J Zool 1989;67:3055-63.
156. Laurent P, Hobe H, Dunnel-Erb S. The role of environmental sodium chloride relative to calcium in gill morphology of freshwater salmonid fish. Cell Tissue Res 1985;240:675-92.
157. Laurent P, Dunnel-Erb S, Chevalier C, Lignon J. Gill epithelial cell kinetics in a freshwater teleost, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during adaptation to ion-poor water and hormonal treatments. Fish Physiol Biochem 1995;13:353-70.
158. Leatherland JF, Farbridge KJ. Chronic fasting reduces the response of the thyroid to growth hormone and TSH, and alters the growth hormone-related changes in hepatic 5′-monodeiodinase activity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992;87:342-53.
159. Ledbetter FH, Kirshner N. Studies of chick adrenal medulla in organ culture. Biochem Pharmacol 1975;24:967-74.
160. Le Douarin N. The Neural Crest. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1982.
161. Lee K, Sekine A. Effects of hypoxia on stimulus-release coupling mechanisms in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1993;348:275-81.
162. 2+ concentration in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 1990;55:1131-7.
163. Lee K, Ito A, Koshimura K, Ohue T, Takagi Y, Miwa S. Differential effects of hypoxia on ligand binding properties of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on cultured bovine chromaffin cells. J Neurochem 1995;64:874-82.
164. Leino RL, McCormick JH. Morphological and morphometric changes in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water. Cell Tissue Res. 1984;236:121-8.
165. Lesouhaitier O, Esneu M, Kodjo MKL, Hamel C, Contesse V, Yon L, Remy-Jouet I, Fasolo A, Fournier A, Vandesande F, Pelletier G, Conlon JM, Roubos EW, Feuilloley M, Delarue C, Leboulenger F, Vaudry H. Neuroendocrine communication in the frog adrenal. Zool Sci 1995;12:255-64.
166. Liang BT, Perlman RL. Catecholamine secretion by hamster adrenal cells. J Neurochem 1979;32:927-33.
167. Livett BG, Marley PD. Noncholinergic control of adrenal catecholamine secretion. J Anat 1993;183:277-89.
168. Loughna PT, Goldspink G. The effects of starvation on protein turnover in red and white myotomal muscle of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J Fish Biol 1984;25:223-30.
169. Lowe TE, Wells RMG. Primary and secondary responses to line capture in the blue Mao mao. J Fish Biol 1996;49:287-300.
170. Lutz BR, Wyman LC. The chromaphil tissue and interrenal bodies of elasmobranchs and the occurrence of adrenin. J Exp Zool 1927;47:295-307.
171. Marley PD, Livett BG. Effects of opioid compounds on desensitization of the nicotinic response of isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1987;36(18):2937-44.
172. Mastrolia L, Gallo V P, La Marca A. Adrenal homologue in Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Teleosti, Cyprinidae): light and electron microscopic observations. Bull Zool 1981;48:127-38.
173. Mastrolia L, Gallo VP, La Marca A. The adrenal chromaffin cells of Salmo gairdneri Richardson (Teleostei, Salmonidae). J Anat 1984;138:503-11.
174. Mastrolia L, Gallo VP, Manelli H. On the chromaffin cells in fish adrenals. In: Abstracts, XI International Symposium on Comparative endocrinology. Malaga, Spain, 1989.
175. Mazeaud MM. Epinephrine biosynthesis in Petromyzon marinus (cyclostoma) and (Salmo gairdneri teleost). Comp Gen Pharmacol 1972;3:457-68.
176. Mazeaud MM, Mazeaud F, Donaldson EM. Primary and secondary effects of stress in fish: Some new data with a general review. Trans Am Fish Soc 1977;106:201-12.
177. Metcalfe JD, Butler PJ. The use of α-methyl-p-tyrosine to control circulating catecholamines in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula: the effects on gas exchange in normoxia and hypoxia. J Exp Biol 1989;141:21-32.
178. Milligan CL, Wood CM. Regulation of blood oxygen transport and red cell pHi after exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). J Exp Biol 1987;133:263-82.
179. Molinoff PB, Axelrod J. Biochemistry of catecholamines. Ann Rev Biochem 1971;40:465-500.
180. Mommsen TP, Walsh PJ, Perry SF, Moon TW. Interactive effects of catecholamines and hypercapnia on glucose production in isolated trout hepatocytes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1988;70:63-73.
181. Moon TW, Mommsen TP. Vasoactive peptides and phenylephrine actions in isolated trout hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1990;259:E649-64.
182. Moon TW, Walsh PJ, Mommsen TP. Fish hepatocytes: a model metabolic system. Can J Fish Aqu Sci 1985;42:1772-82.
183. Moon TW, Foster GD, Plisetskaya EM. Changes in peptide hormones and liver enzymes in the rainbow trout deprived of food for 6 weeks. Can J Zool 1989;67:2189-93.
184. +-proton transport in red blood cells. In: Ritchie JM, Magistretti PJ, Bolis L, editors. Progress in Cell Research, vol 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990:179-193.
185. Mueller RA, Thoenen H, Axelrod J. Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase: compensatory increase in the activity after chemical sympathectomy. Science 1969;163:468-9.
186. Mueller RA, Thoenen H, Axelrod J. Increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity after reserpine treatment. J Pharm Exp Ther 1969;169:74-9.
187. Mueller RA, Thoenen H, Axelrod J. Effect of pituitary and ACTH on the maintenance of basal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the rat adrenal gland. Endocrinology 1970;86:751-5.
188. Nakano T, Tomlinson N. Catecholamine and carbohydrate concentrations in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to physical disturbances. J Fish Res Bd Can 1967;24:1701-15.
189. Nandi J. New arrangement of internal and chromaffin tissues of teleost fish. Science 1961;134:389-90.
190. 3H-norepinephrine binding sites in the trout gill. J Exp Zool 1985;235:309-13.
191. 3H-labeled catecholamines in trout. Am J Physiol 1986;259:R519-25.
192. Nekvasil NP, Olson KR. Extraction and metabolism of circulating
193. Nikinmaa M. Adrenergic regulation of haemoglobin oxygen affinity in rainbow trout red cells. J Comp Physiol 1983;259B:R519-25.
194. Nikinmaa M. Vertebrate red blood cells. Zoophysiology, vol 28. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
195. Nikinmaa M. Membrane transport and control of haemoglobin-oxygen affinity in nucleated erythrocytes. Physiol Rev 1992;72:301-21.
196. Nilsson GE. Effects of anoxia on catecholamine levels in brain and kidney of the crucian carp. Am J Physiol 1989;257:R10-4.
197. Nilsson GE. Long-term anoxia in the crucian carp: changes in the levels of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain, catecholamines in the chromaffin tissue, and liver glycogen. J Exp Biol 1990;150:295-320.
198. Nilsson GE, Block M. Decreased norepinephrine and epinephrine contents in the chromaffin tissue of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to diethyldithiocarbamate and amylxanthate. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1991;98:391-4.
199. Nilsson S. Fluorescent histochemistry and cholinesterase staining of sympathetic ganglia in a teleost, Gadus morhua. Acta Zool (Stockholm) 1976;57:69-77.
200. Nilsson S. On the adrenergic system of ganoid fish: the Florida spotted gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus (Holostei). Acta Physiol Scand 1981;111:447-54.
201. Nilsson, S. Autonomic Nerve Function in Vertebrates. Zoophysiology, vol. 13. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983.
202. Nilsson S. Review - adrenergic control systems in fish. Mar Biol Lett 1984;5:127-46.
203. Nilsson S, Abrahamsson T, Grove DJ. Sympathetic nervous control of adrenaline release from the head kidney of the cod, Gadus Morhua. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1976;55:123-7.
204. Nishimura H, Norton VM, Bumpus FM. Lack of specific inhibition of angiotensin II in eels by angiotensin antagonists. Am J Physiol 1978;235:H95-H103.
205. Olson KR, Duff DW. Cardiovascular and renal effects of eel and rat atrial natriuretic peptide in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J Comp Physiol B 1992;162:408-15.
206. Opdyke DF, Carroll RC, Keller NE. Systemic arterial pressor responses induced by potassium in dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Am J Physiol 1981;241:R228-32.
207. Opdyke DF, Carroll RG, Keller NE, Taylor AA. Angiotensin II releases catecholamines in dogfish. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1981;70:131-4.
208. Opdyke DF, Carroll RG, Keller NE. Catecholamine release and blood pressure changes induced by exercise in dogfish. Am J Physiol 1982;242:R306-10.
209. Opdyke DF, Bullock J, Keller NE, Holmes K. Dual mechanism for catecholamine secretion in the dogfish shark Squalus acanthias. Am J Physiol 1983;244:R641-5.
210. Opdyke DF, Carroll RG, Keller NE, Holmes K. Effect of ganglionic blockade on catecholamine secretion in exercised dogfish. Am J Physiol 1983;245:R915-9.
211. Orezzoli AA, Nicolini VG, Bilinski M, Villar MJ, Hokfelt T, Tramezzani JH. Immunohistochemical localization of neurotensin in a subpopulation of noradrenergic chromaffin cells of the adrenal band of the flat snake (Waglerophis merremii). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1995;97:179-87.
212. Östlund E. The distribution of catecholamines in lower animals and their effect on the heart. Acta Physiol Scand 1954;31(112):1-67.
213. Östlund E, Bloom G, Adams-Ray J, Ritzen M, Siegman M, Nordenstam H, Lishajko F, von Euler US. Storage and release of catecholamines, and the occurrence of a specific submicroscopic granulation in hearts of cyclostomes. Nature 1960;188:324-5.
214. Ottolenghi C, Puviana AC, Gravioli ME, Brighenti L. Epinephrine effect on carbohydrate metabolism in isolated and perfused catfish liver. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985;59:219-29.
215. Ottolenghi C, Puviana AC, Gravioli ME, Brighenti L. Epinephrine effect on glycogen phosphorylase activity in catfish liver and muscles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986;61:469-75.
216. Oudit GY, Butler DG. Angiotensin II and cardiovascular regulation in a freshwater teleost, Anguilla rostrata LeSueur. Am J Physiol 1995;269:R726-35.
217. Parker TL, Kesse WK, Mohamed AA, Afework M. The innervation of the mammalian adrenal gland. J Anat 1993;183:265-76.
218. Perry SF, Vermette MG. The effects of prolonged epinephrine infusion on the physiology of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. I. Blood respiratory, acid-base and ionic states. J Exp Biol 1987;128:235-53.
219. Perry SF, Fritsche R, Kinkead R, Nilsson S. Control of catecholamine release in vivo and in situ in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during hypoxia. J Exp Biol 1991;155:549-66.
220. Perry SF, Fritsche R, Thomas S. Storage and release of catecholamines from the chromaffin tissue of the Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa. J Exp Biol 1993;183:165-84.
221. Perry SF, Kinkead R. The role of catecholamines in regulating arterial oxygen content during acute hypercapnic acidosis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Respir Physiol 1989;77:365-78.
222. Perry SF, Kinkead R, Gallaugher P, Randall DJ. Evidence that hypoxemia promotes catecholamine release during hypercapnic acidosis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Respir Physiol 1989;77:351-64.
223. Perry SF, Laurent P. Adaptational responses of rainbow trout to lowered external NaCl concentration: contribution of the branchial chloride cell. J Exp Biol 1989;147:147-68.
224. Perry SF, Malone S, Ewing D. Hypercapnic acidosis in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): I. Branchial ionic fluxes and blood acid-base status. Can J Zool 1987;65:888-95.
225. Perry SF, Reid SD. Relationship between blood oxygen content and catecholamine levels during hypoxia in rainbow trout and American eel. Am J Physiol 1992;263:R240-9.
226. Perry SF, Reid SG. The effects of acclimation temperature on the dynamics of catecholamine release in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Exp Biol 1994;186:289-307.
227. Perry SF, Reid SG. Injection techniques. In: Hochachka PW, Mommsen TP, editors. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes, vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994:85-92.
228. Perry SF, Reid SG, Salama A. The effects of repeated physical stress on the β-adrenergic response of the rainbow trout red blood cell. J Exp Biol 1996;199:549-62.
229. Perry SF, Reid SG, Wankiewicz E, Iyer V, Gilmour KM. Physiological responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to prolonged exposure to softwater. Physiol Zool 1996;69(6):1419-41.
230. Perry SF, Wood CM. Kinetics of branchial calcium uptake in the rainbow trout: effects of acclimation to various external calcium levels. J Exp Biol 1985;116:411-33.
231. Perry SF, Wood CM. Control and coordination of gas transfer in fishes. Can J Zool 1989;67:2961-70.
232. Petterson K, Nilsson S. Nervous control of the branchial vascular resistance of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. J Comp Physiol 1979;129:179-83.
233. Pickering AD, Pottinger TG, Sumpter JP, Carragher JF, Le Bail PY. Effects of acute and chronic stress on the levels of circulating growth hormone in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1991;83:86-93.
234. Primmett DRN, Randall DJ, Mazeaud M, Boutilier RG. The role of catecholamines in erythrocyte pH regulation and oxygen transport in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during exercise. J Exp Biol 1986;122:139-48.
235. Randall DJ, Perry SF. Catecholamines. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, Farrell AP, editors. Fish Physiology, vol XIIB. New York: Academic Press, 1992:255-300.
236. Reid G. Circulatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine. J Physiol 1952;118:435-53.
237. Reid SG, Fritsche R, Jönsson AC. Immunohistochemical localization of bioactive peptides and amines associated with the chromaffin tissue of five species of fish. Cell Tissue Res 1995;280:499-512.
238. Reid SG, Furimsky M, Perry SF. The effects of repeated physical stress or fasting on catecholamine storage and release in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Fish Biol 1994;45:365-78.
239. Reid SG, Perry SF. Storage and differential release of catecholamines in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Physiol Zool 1994;67:216-37.
240. Reid SG, Perry SF. Cholinergic release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is mediated exclusively through the nicotinic receptor. J Comp Physiol 1996;165(6):464-70.
241. Reid SG, Vijayan MM, Perry SF. Modulation of catecholamine storage and release by the pituitary-interrenal axis in the rainbow trout. J Comp Physiol 1996;165(8):665-76.
242. Reinecke M, Heym C, Forssmann WG. Distribution patterns and coexistence of neurohormonal peptides (ANP, BNP, NPY, SP, CGRP, enkephalins) in chromaffin cells and nerve fibers of the anuran adrenal organ. Cell Tissue Res 1992;268:247-56.
243. Reinecke M, Maake C. A phylogenetic survey of pancreastatin and chromogranin immunoreactivity in chromaffin (TH-, DβH-, and PNMT-immunoreactive) cells of the adrenal organ of vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1993;90:251-65.
244. Rieker S, Fischer-Colbrie R, Eiden L, Winkler H. Phylogenetic distribution of peptides related to chromogranins A and B. J Neurochem 1988;50:1066-73.
245. Ristori MT, Laurent P. Plasma catecholamines and glucose during moderate exercise in the trout: comparisons with bursts of violent activity. J Exp Biol 1985;44:247-53.
246. Ristori MT, Laurent P. Plasma catecholamines in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during hypoxia. Exp Biol 1989;48:285-90.
247. Root RW. The respiratory function of the blood of marine fishes. Biol Bull 1931;61:427-52.
248. Ross ME, Evinger MJ, Hyman SE, Carroll JM, Mucke L, Comb M, Reis DJ, Joh TH, Goodman HM. Identification of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase promoter using fusion genes introduced into chromaffin cells in primary culture. J Neurosci 1990;10:520-30.
249. Scheuermann DW. Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der Innervation des Sinus venosus und des Aurikels von Protopterus annectens. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 1979;17:231-2.
250. Scheuermann DW. Comparative morphology, cytochemistry and innervation of chromaffin tissue in vertebrates. J Anat 1993;183:327-42.
251. Schreck CB. Physiological, behavioral, and performance indicators of stress. Am Fish Soc Symp 1990;8:29-37.
252. Shepard DM, West GB. Differentiation of chromaffin cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 1953;5:216.
253. Shepard DM, West GB, Erspamer V. Chromaffin bodies of various species of dogfish. Nature 1953;172:509.
254. Sigaffos J, Chestnut WG, Merrill BN, Taylor LCE, Diliberto EJ, Viveros OH. Novel peptides from adrenomedullary chromaffin vesicles. J Anat 1993;183:253-64.
255. Spector S, Gordon R, Sjoerdsma A, Udenfriend S. Endproduct inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase as a possible mechanism for regulation of norepinephrine synthesis. Mol Pharmacol 1967;3:549-55.
256. Spry DJ, Wood CM. Zinc influx across the isolated, perfused head preparation of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in hard and soft water. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 1988;45:2206-15.
257. Stabrovskii EM. Adrenaline and noradrenaline in organs of the carp, Cyprinus carpio, at rest and under functional stresses. J Evol Biochem Physiol 1968;4:337-41.
258. Stachowiak MK, Jiang HK, Poisner AM, Tuominen RK, Hong JS. Short and long term regulation of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes by angiotensin in cultured adrenal medullary cells. J Biol Chem 1990;265:4694-702.
259. Storch V, Juario JV. The effect of starvation and subsequent feeding on hepatocytes of Chanos chanos (Forsskal) fingerlings and fry. J Fish Biol 1983;23:95-103.
260. Sumpter JP, Dye HM, Benfey TJ. The effects of stress on plasma ACTH, α-MSH, and cortisol levels in salmonid fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1986;62:377-85.
261. Sumpter JP, Le Bail PY, Pickering AD, Pottinger TG, Carragher JF. The effect of starvation on growth and plasma growth hormone concentrations of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1991;83:94-102.
262. Swilem AMF, Hawthorne JN. Catecholamine secretion by perfused bovine adrenal medulla in response to nicotinic activation is inhibited by muscarinic receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1983;32:3873-4.
263. Tang Y, Boutilier RG. Correlation between catecholamine release and degree of acidotic stress in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Am J Physiol 1988;255:R395-9.
264. Thoenen H, Mueller RA, Axelrod J. Transsynaptic induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. J Pharm Exp Ther 1969;169:249-54.
265. Thoenen H, Mueller RA, Axelrod J. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity after drug-induced alteration of sympathetic transmission. Nature 1969;221:1264.
266. Thomas S, Fievet B, Claireaux G, Motais R. Adaptive respiratory responses of trout to acute hypoxia: I Effects of water ionic composition on blood acid-base status response and gill morphology. Respir Physiol 1988;74:77-90.
267. + exchange on blood oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in fish. J Exp Zool 1992;263:160-75.
268. Thomas S, Perry SF, Pennee Y, Maxime V. Metabolic alkalosis and the response of the trout, Salmo fario, to acute severe hypoxia. Respir Physiol 1992;87:91-104.
269. + channels modulate muscarinic secretion in cat chromaffin cells. J Physiol 1992;454:213-30.
270. Ungar A, Phillips JH. Regulation of the adrenal medulla. Physiol Rev 1983;63:787-843.
271. 3H]noradrenaline in various tissues of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1985;81:25-8.
272. 3H]noradrenaline into neuronal and extraneuronal compartments in the perfused gas gland of the swimbladder of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Comp Biochem Physiol C 1985;64:137-41.
273. Unsicker K. The chromaffin cell: paradigm in cell, developmental and growth factor biology. J Anat 1993;183:207-21.
274. Van Dijk PLM, Wood CM. The effect of β-adrenergic blockade on the recovery process after strenuous exercise in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J Fish Biol 1988;32:557-70.
275. Van Leeuwen CJ, Helder T, Seinen W. Aquatic toxicological aspects of dithiocarbamates and related compounds: IV Teratogenicity and histopathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquat Toxicol 1986;9:147-59.
276. Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG, Fernandez BE. Influence of atrial natriuretic factor on uptake, intracellular distribution, and release of norepinephrine in rat adrenal medulla. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1993;71:195-200.
277. Verhofstad AAJ. Kinetics of adrenal medullary cells. J Anat 1993;183:315-26.
278. Voigt JP, Kaufmann G, Hirsch B, Leonhardt S, Jarry H, Oehme P, Wuttke W. In vivo-effect of intraadrenal nicotine and substance P application on rat adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1994;102:111-7.
279. Vijayan MM, Leatherland JF. Cortisol-induced changes in plasma glucose, protein, and thyroid hormone levels and liver glycogen content of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum). Can J Zool 1989;67:2746-50.
280. Vijayan MM, Moon TW. Acute handling stress alters hepatic glycogen metabolism in food-deprived rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 1992;49:2260-6.
281. von Euler US, Fänge R. Catecholamines in nerves and organs of Myxine glutinosa, Squalus acanthias, and Gadus callarias. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1961;1:191-4.
282. Wahlqvist I. Branchial vascular effects of catecholamines released from the head kidney, Gadus morhua. Mol Physiol 1981;1:235-41.
283. Wahlqvist I, Nilsson S. Adrenergic control of the cardio-vascular system of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua during 'stress'. J Comp Physiol B 1980;137:145-50.
284. Wakade TD, Blank MA, Malhotra RK, Pourcho R, Wakade AR. The peptide VIP is a neurotransmitter in rat adrenal medulla: Physiological role in controlling catecholamine secretion. J Physiol 1991;444:349-62.
285. Watanabe T, Masuo Y, Matsumoto H, Suzuki N, Ohtaki T, Masuda Y, Kitada C, Tsuda M, Fujino M. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide provokes cultured rat chromaffin cells to secrete adrenaline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;182:403-11.
286. Watanabe T, Shimamoto N, Takanashi A, Fujino M. PACAP stimulates catecholamine release from adrenal medulla: a novel noncholinergic secretagogue. Am J Physiol 1995;269:E903-9.
287. Weber RE, Jensen FB. Functional adaptations in haemoglobins from ectothermic vertebrates. Annu Rev Physiol 1988;50:161-79.
288. Weber RE, Wood SC, Lomholt JP. Temperature acclimation and oxygen-binding properties of blood and multiple haemoglobins of rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 1976;65:333-45.
289. Weinshilboum R, Axelrod J. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in the rat after hypophysectomy. Endocrinology 1970;87:894-9.
290. Wessels-Reiker M, Haycock JW, Howlett AC, Strong R. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 1991;266:9347-50.
291. Wan DCC, Livett BG. Induction of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mRNA expression by glucocorticoids in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;172:107-15.
292. Wilson RW, Egginton S. Assessment of maximum sustainable swimming performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 1994;192:299-305.
293. Winkler H. The adrenal chromaffin granule: a model for large dense core vesicles of endocrine and nervous tissue. J Anat 1993;183:237-52.
294. Wood CM. Acid-base and ion balance, metabolism, and their interactions, after exhaustive exercise in fish. J Exp Biol 1991;160:285-308.
295. 3-dehydration by the blood of rainbow trout following exhaustive exercise. Respir Physiol 1994;98:305-18.
296. Wood CM, Munger RS. Carbonic anhydrase injection provides evidence for the role of blood acid-base status in stimulating ventilation after exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 1994;194:225-53.
297. Wood CM, Walsh PJ, Thomas S, Perry SF. Control of red blood cell metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exhaustive exercise. J Exp Biol 1990;154:491-507.
298. Wright A, Jones IC. Chromaffin tissue in the lizard adrenal gland. Nature 1955;175:1001-2.
299. Wright A, Jones IC. The adrenal gland of lizards and snakes. J Endocrinol 1957;15:83-99.
300. Wurtman RJ, Axelrod J. Control of enzymatic synthesis of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla by adrenal cortical steroids. J Biol Chem 1966;241:2301-5.
301. Wurtman RJ, Noble EP, Axelrod J. Inhibition of enzymatic synthesis of epinephrine by low doses of glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1967;80:825-8.
302. Yamaguchi N. In vivo evidence for adrenal catecholamine release mediated by nonnicotinic mechanism: local medullary effect of VIP. Am J Physiol 1993;265:R766-71.
303. Yamamoto KR. Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Ann Rev Genet 1985;19:209-52.
304. Ye X, Randall DJ, He X. The effect of acid water on oxygen consumption,circulating catecholamines and blood ionic and acid-base status in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, (Richardson). Fish Physiol Biochem 1991;9:23-30.
305. Yoakim EG, Grizzle JM. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the interrenal and chromaffin cells of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque. J Fish Biol 1980;17:477-94.
306. Yon L, Chartrel N, Feuilloley M, De Marchis S, Fournier A, De Rijk E, Pelletier G, Roubos E, Vaudry H. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide stimulates both adrenocortical cells and chromaffin cells in the frog adrenal gland. Endocrinology 1994;135:2749-58.
307. Youson JH. Fine structure of granulated cells in the posterior cardinal and renal veins of Amia calva L. Can J Zool 1976;54:843-51.
308. Zigmond RE. Biochemical consequences of synaptic stimulation: the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by multiple transmitters. Trends Neurosci 1985;8:63-9.