Turkey's EU candidacy and civil-military relations: Challenges and prospects

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 439-462

  Güney, Aylin ^a   Karatekelioǧlu, Peter ^a  

^a BILKENT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 19744363983     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0503100306     Document Type: Review

References (72)

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12. Robin Luckham, in his article "A Comparative Typology of Civil-Military Relations," has referred to the Turkish case as a "covert guardianship." Here we borrow his definition of covert guardianship as well to denote the basic characteristic of the traditional guardianship role of the Turkish military. He states that in this model "more indirect still, the military may act in such a way as to support over the long run a political order that it considers capable of following the national interest and providing it with adequate support in the pursuit of national security. The military may submerge itself politically for a considerable time and yet retain the capacity for direct political action when so required." The article has been reproduced in
13. The Sociology of the Military, ed. Giuseppe Caforio (Cheltenham, Northampton: An Elgar Reference Collection, 1998), 480.
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20. Birand, Shirts of Steel, 59.
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23. Birand, Shirts of Steel, 75.
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29. Ahmet Evin, "Demilitarization and Civilianization of the Regime," in Politics in the Third Turkish Republic (see note 26), 33-34.
30. The military officials also stated that in the Constitution, they are held accountable to the Council of Ministers and the prime minister is the head of the Council. Therefore, there is not an undemocratic practice as it has been claimed. Radikal, January 11, 2004.
31. Ş. İba, Milli Güvenlik Devleti: Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Belgeleriyle Milli Güvenlik İdeolojisi ve Kurumlaşma (İstanbul: Çiviyazilari, 1998).
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41. Later on, in a January 2001 television program, a former military commander (Erol Özkasnak) labeled this intervention as a "post-modern coup."
42. The WSG was established to monitor reactionary activities and plan necessary measures. Among other things, the WSG was to find out which groups might support the military and which groups would support the militant Islamists if an Islamic uprising did take place. The military had decided that if such an uprising took place, it would act unilaterally, under the provisions of Act 35 of the 1961 Internal Service Act of the Turkish Armed Forces. That act stipulated that "the Armed Forces are responsible for looking after and safeguarding ⋯ the Turkish Republic and the characteristics of which are delineated in the Constitution."
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46. Milliyet, April 6, 2000.
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55. Çevikcan, Serpil, "MGK Genişleyebilir," Milliyet, July 25, 2000.
56. Çakirözer, Utku, "Ordu-Basm Beyin Firtinasi," [Military-Media Brainstorming] Milliyet, September 23, 2000.
57. Evren, Deǧer, "Genelkurmay AB için Çalişma Grubu Kurdu," Radikal, January 11, 2000.
58. European Commission, Regular Report on Turkey's Progress towards Accession, November 8, 2000.
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65. "Controversy at MGK Expected Today," Turkish Daily News, August 20, 2002.
66. "Controversy at MGK Expected Today," Turkish Daily News, 2002.
67. European Commission, 2003 Regular Report on Turkey's Progress towards Accession, avail able online at http://europa/eu/int/comm/enlargement/ report_2003/pdf/rr_tk_final.pdf
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70. Tanel Demirel, "The Turkish Military's Decision to Intervene: 12 September 1980," Armed Forces & Society 29, 2 (Winter 2003): 275.
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72. Cottey, Edmunds, and Forster, "The Second Generation Problematic," 49.