Parks and landmarks: Planning the Eastern Capital along western lines

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-16

  Waley, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Capital city; Parks; Recreational space; Symbolic landscapes; Tokyo; Westernisation

Indexed keywords

PUBLIC SPACE; URBAN HISTORY; URBAN PLANNING; WESTERN WORLD;

ASIA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; FAR EAST; HONSHU; JAPAN; KANTO; TOKYO [KANTO]; TOKYO [TOKYO (PRF)]; WORLD;

EID: 19544390479     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2003.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. The theme is developed by Jeffrey Hanes in his The City as Subject: Seki Hajime and the Reinvention of Modern Osaka, Berkeley, 2002, 181.
2. G. Rozman Edo's importance in the changing Tokugawa society Journal of Japanese Studies 1 1974 98
3. D. Strand Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics in the 1920s 1989 Berkeley 5
4. J. Esherick Modernity and nation in the Chinese city in: J. Esherick (Ed.) Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 2000 Hawaii 4
5. Released from the pressure to figure among the world capitals, the rethinking about the city under Yuan Liang's leadership was characterized by a clear and conscious effort to define Beiping as a city of Chinese traditional culture. So writes Madeleine Dong in her chapter entitled, Defining Beiping: Urban reconstruction and national identity, 1928-1936, in: J. Esherick (Ed.) Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950 2000 Hawaii 132
6. M. Gavin Nihon fūkeiron (Japanese Landscape): Nationalistic or imperialistic? Japan Forum 12 2000 219-231
7. J. Stobart Culture versus commerce: Societies and spaces for elites in eighteenth-century Liverpool Journal of Historical Geography 28 2002 471-485 doi: 10.1006/jhge.2002.0443
8. On the transformation of space and social pastimes wrought by modernity, see M. Ogborn Spaces of Modernity: London's Geographies, 1680-1780 1998 New York
9. See also M. Girouard Cities and People 1985 New Haven 192
10. R. Fishman Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier 1982 Boston 94
11. H. Meller Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914 1976 London 162
12. M. Girouard Cities and People 1985 New Haven 296
13. H. Meller Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planne 1990 London 162
14. J. Carré The public park in: B. Ford (Ed.) Victorian Britain: The Cambridge Cultural History 1992 Cambridge, MA
15. P. Rabinow French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment 1982 Cambridge, MA 76
16. L. Mumford The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects 1961 New York 541
17. Quoted from Shizheng tongbao (1917-18) by Mingzheng Shi in a recent paper on the creation of parks in the Chinese capital
18. M. Shi From imperial gardens to public parks: The transformation of urban space in early twentieth-century Beijing, Modern China 24 247
19. B. Yeoh Contesting Space: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment in Colonial Singapore 1996 Oxford 165
20. J. Carré The public park in: B. Ford (Ed.) Victorian Britain: The Cambridge Cultural History 1992 Cambridge, MA
21. H. Meller Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914 1976 London 166
22. See Hanna Lewi's chapter on the making of Kings Park in Perth, The commemorative landscape of a colonial park, in: J. Birksted (Ed.) Landscapes of Memory and Experience 2000 London
23. P. Waley On the far bank of the river: Places of recreation on the periphery of Japan's pre-modern cities Ecumene 3 1996 384-407
24. Y. Kobayashi Ueno Kōen (Ueno Park) 1980 Tokyo 17. Kobayashi's book is one of a specialist series on Tokyo's parks and gardens published in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Like the other books in the series, it includes extensive quotations from contemporary documents
25. For a generalised treatment of the changing nature of Tokyo's city centre during the period of modernisation; see T. Machimura Building a capital for emperor and enterprise: The changing urban meaning of central Tokyo in: K.W. Bae M. Douglass S.-C. Choe K.C. (Eds.) Ho Culture and the City in East Asia 1997 Oxford 150-166
26. P. Waley Tokyo, City of Stories 1991 New York
27. C. Schorske Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture 1961 London
28. The debate is summarised in H. Ishizuka Nihon kindai toshi ron-Tōkyō: 1868-1923 (Urban Theories in Modern Japan: Tokyo, 1868-1923) 1991 Tokyo 65
29. J. Hanes, The City as Subject: Seki Hajime and the Reinvention of Modern Osaka, 178.
30. A similar process is described for Beijing and other Chinese cities in Esherick, Modernity and nation in the Chinese city, and M. Dong, Defining Beiping: Urban reconstruction and national identity, 1928-1936
31. On Cairo, see D. Stewart's paper: 'Changing Cairo: The political economy of urban form.' International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (1999) 134
32. H. Ishizuka Nihon kindai toshi ron-Tōkyō: 1868-1923 (Urban Theories in Modern Japan: Tokyo, 1868-1923) 1991 23
33. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tōkyō hyakunen shi (A Hundred Year History of Tokyo), Vol. 2, 1175
34. Y. Shinshi Kōen (Parks), in Edo Tōkyō gaku jiten (Dictionary of Edo Tokyo Studies) 1988 Tokyo 127
35. The four other parks were at Asakusa, site of the Kannon temple; Asukayama in the north of the city, long a favoured site for cherry blossom viewing; Shiba in the south, in the grounds of the Tokugawa tutelary temple of Zōjōji, where an elaborate flower garden was built; and Fukagawa, where the famous garden of the Eitaiji temple was dismantled. See N. Kawazoe Tōkyō no genfūkei: toshi to den'en to no kōryū (The Archetypal Landscape of Tokyo: Interchange between City and Countryside) 1979 Tokyo 123
36. S. Yoshimi Toshi no doramatourugii (The Urban Drama) 1987 Tokyo 130
37. Quoted in S. Tanaka Nihon no kōen (Japan's Parks) 1974 Tokyo 47. Tanaka's book forms part of the important series on architecture, urbanism and landscape published by Kashima Shuppankai
38. S. Tanaka Nihon no kōen (Japan's Parks) 1974 Tokyo 51
39. N. Kawazoe Tōkyō no genfūkei: Toshi to den'en to no kōryū (The Archetypal Landscape of Tokyo: Interchange between City and Countryside) 1979 Tokyo 123
40. on Beijing, see M. Shi, From imperial gardens to public parks: The transformation of urban space in early twentieth-century Beijing, Modern China 24, 247
41. Y. Kobayashi Ueno Kōen (Ueno Park) 1980 Tokyo 41
42. S. Yoshimi Toshi no doramatourugii (The Urban Drama) 1987 Tokyo 130
43. These spectacles were, as David Ley and Kris Olds remind us, very much elite projects held in carefully regulated spaces and could be contrasted with the potentially disruptive and chaotic space of the street; see D. Ley K. Olds Landscape as spectacle: World's fairs and the culture of heroic consumption Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6 1988 191-212
44. P. Goheen The ritual of the streets in mid-19th-century Toronto Society and Space 11 1993 127-145
45. S. Hashizume Meiji no meigū toshi (The Meiji Labyrinth City) 1990 Tokyo 173
46. S. Yoshimi, Ueno no hakurankai (The Ueno exhibitions) in Edo Tōkyō gaku jiten (Dictionary of Edo Tokyo Studies), 202.
47. S. Tanaka Nihon no kōen (Japan's Parks) 1974 Tokyo 208
48. S. Yoshimi Toshi no doramatourugii (The Urban Drama) 1987 Tokyo 140
49. M. Iwatake From a shogunal city to a life city: Tokyo between two fin-de-siècles in: N. Fiévé P. Waley (Eds.) Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo 2002 London 233-257
50. P. Breitling The role of the competition in the genesis urban planning: Germany and Austria in the nineteenth century in: A. Sutcliffe (Ed.) The Rise of Modern Urban Planning 1800-1914 1980 London 49
51. S. Tanaka Nihon no kōen (Japan's Parks) 1974 Tokyo 217
52. The standard account of the planning of Japan's new imperial capital remains that written by the architectural historian T. Fujimori, Meiji no Tōkyō keikaku (Meiji Plans for Tokyo), Tokyo, 1982
53. see 147. For a recent account in English, see A. Sorensen The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty-First Century 2002 London
54. N. Kawazoe Tōkyō no genfūkei: Toshi to den'en to no kōryū (The Archetypal Landscape of Tokyo: Interchange between City and Countryside) 1979 Tokyo 128-129
55. Shinsen Tōkyō meisho zue (A New Selection of Illustrated Famous Places of Tokyo). Quoted in Sumida Ward Office (Ed) Bokutō gaishi: Sumida (Sumida: An Unofficial History of the East Bank of the River), Tokyo, 1967, 1306.
56. Y. Maeshima Hibiya Kōen (Hibiya Park) 1980 Tokyo 12. Maeshima's book belongs to the same series as that of Kobayashi on Ueno Park
57. This was at a time when the governor of Tokyo was earning 4000 yen a year and when, in 1888, the first year of its imposition, revenues from the special Municipal Improvement tax stood at 87,702 yen. The former figure is taken from Shūkan Asahi (Ed), Nedan shi nenpyō: Meiji Taishō Shōwa (A Chronology of Prices: The Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa Eras), Tokyo, 1988, 148
58. the latter from Tōkyō Hyakunen Shi Henshū Iinkai (Tokyo One Hundred Year History Editorial Committee) (Ed), Tōkyō hyakunen shi, dai san kan (One Hundred Years of Tokyo History) Vol 3 Tokyo 1979 122.
59. Quoted in Y. Maeshima Hibiya Kōen (Hibiya Park) 1980 Tokyo 33
60. Quoted from the December 1897 issue of Fūzoku gahō (Illustrated Account of Customs) in Y. Maeshima Hibiya Kōen (Hibiya Park) 1980 Tokyo 42
61. Y. Maeshima Hibiya Kōen (Hibiya Park) 1980 Tokyo 44
62. Tokyo City Government, Tōkyō annai (Tokyo Guide), Tokyo 1986 (1907) Vol 1 405.
63. Quoted in M. Tsuchida Tōkyō kiroku bungaku jiten (A Literary Dictionary of Tokyo Records) Tokyo 1994 178
64. T. Machimura Building a capital for emperor and enterprise: The changing urban meaning of central Tokyo in: K.W. Bae M. Douglass S.C. Choe K.C. Ho (Eds.) Culture and the City in East Asia 1997 Oxford 151-167