Formation of ice-block obstacle marks during the November 1996 glacier-outburst flood (jökulhlaup), Skeioarársandur, southern Iceland

International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications

Volumn , Issue 32, 2002, Pages 85-97

  Fay, H ^a  

^a KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLOOD; ICE; JOKULHLAUP; OUTBURST; OUTWASH;

ARCTIC; ICELAND; SKEIOARARSANDUR;

EID: 1942539067     PISSN: 00370746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. ACARLAR, M.S. & SMITH, C.R. (1987) A study of hairpin vortices in a laminar boundary layer. Part 1. Hairpin vortices generated by a hemisphere protuberance. J. Fluid Mech. 175, 1-41.
2. ALLEN, J.R.L. (1966) On bedforms and palaeocurrents. Sedimentology 6, 150-190.
3. ALLEN, J.R.L. (1984) Sedimentary Structures, their Character and Physical Basis, Vols 1 & 2, 611 pp. & 679pp. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
4. ALLEN, J.R.L. (1985) Principles or Physical Sedimentology. Allen and Unwin, London.
5. BAKER, V.R. (1973a) Erosional forms and processes for the catastrophic Pleistocene Missoula floods in eastern Washington. In: Fluvial Geomorphology (Ed. Morisawa, M.), pp. 123-148. Allen and Unwin, London.
6. BAKER, V.R. (1973b) Palaeohydrology and sedimentology of Lake Missoula flooding in eastern Washington. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 144, 1-79.
7. BAKER, V.R. (1978a) Large-scale erosional and depositional features of the Channelled Scabland. In: The Channelled Scabland: Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference Guidebook, Columbia Basin (Eds Baker, V.R. & Nummedal, D.), pp. 17-35. National Aeronautics Space Administration, Washington, DC.
8. BAKER, V.R. (1978b) Palaeohydraulics and hydrodynamics of scabland floods. In: The Channelled Scabland: Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference Guidebook, Columbia Basin (Eds Baker, V.R. & Nummedal, D.), pp. 59-79. National Aeronautics Space Administration, Washington, DC.
9. BARWIS, J.H. & HAYES, M.O. (1985) Antidunes on modern and ancient washover fans. J. sediment. Petrol. 55, 907-916.
10. BENEDIKTSSON, P. & AXELSSON, A.L. (1996) Eruption at the Ice Cap (Video). Sjónvarpi, Reykjavík.
11. BENN, D.I. & EVANS, D.J.A. (1998) Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold, London.
12. BEST, J.L. (1993) On the interactions between turbulent flow structure, sediment transport and bedform development: some considerations from recent experimental research. In: Turbulence: Perspectives on Flow and Sediment Transport (Eds Clifford, N.J., French, J.R. & Hardisty, J.), pp. 61-92. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
13. BJÖRNSSON, H. (1997) Grimsvatnahlaup Fyrr og Nú. In: Vatnajökull: Gos og Hlaup (Ed. Haraldson, H.), pp. 61-77. Vegager∂oin, Reykjavík.
14. BLUCK, B.J. (1979) Structure of coarse grained braided stream alluvium, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 70, 181-221.
15. BOGACKI, M. (1973) Geomorphological and geological analysis of the proglacial area of Skei∂oarájökull. Central western and eastern sections. Geogr. Pol. 26, 57-88.
16. BRADLEY, J.B. & MCCUTCHEON, S.C. (1987) Influence of large suspended sediment concentrations in rivers. In: Sediment Transport in Gravel Bed Rivers (Eds Thorne, C.R., Bathurst, J.D. & Hey, R.D.), 995pp. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
17. BREUSERS, H.N.C. (1991a) Scour around spur dikes and abutments. In: Scouring Hydraulic Structures Design Manual 2 (Eds Breusers, H.N.C. & Raudkivi, A.J.), Bull. int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., pp. 51-59. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
18. BREUSERS, H.N.C. (1991b) Scour in rivers and river constrictions. In: Scouring Hydraulic Structures Design Manual 2 (Eds Breusers, H.N.C. & Raudkivi, A.J.), Bull. int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., pp. 37-50. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
19. BROOME, R. & KOMAR, P.D. (1979) Undular hydraulic jumps and the formation of backwash ripples on beaches. Sedimentology 26, 543-559.
20. CARLING, P.A. (1999) Subaqueous gravel dunes. J. sediment. Res. 69, 534-545.
21. CARSTENS, T. & SHARMA, H.R. (1975) Local scour around large objects. In: Proc. int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., pp. 251-262. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
22. CASTON, G.F. (1979) Wreck marks: indicators of net sand transport. Mar. Geol. 33, 193-204.
23. CHURSKI, Z. (1973) Hydrographic features of the proglacial area ofthe Skei∂oarárjökull. Geogr. Pol. 26, 208-254.
24. COSTA, J.E. (1988) Rheologic, geomorphic, and sedimentological differentiation of water floods, hyperconcentrated flows, and debris flows. In: Flood Geomorphology (Eds Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C. & Patton, R.C.), pp. 113-122. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
25. ELFSTRÖM, A. (1987) Large catastrophic boulder deposits and catastrophic floods. Geogr. Ann. 69A, 101-121.
26. FAHNESTOCK, R.K. & BRADLEY, W.C. (1973) Knik and Matanuska rivers, Alaska: a contrast in braiding. In: Fluvial Geomorphology (Ed. Morisawa, M.), pp. 220-250. Allen and Unwin, London.
27. FRASER, G.S. & BLEUER, N.K. (1988) Sedimentological consequences of two floods of extreme magnitude in late Wisconsinan Wabash Valley. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 229, 111-125.
28. GALON, R. (1973a) A synthetic description of deposits and landforms observed on the proglacial area of Skei∂oarárjökull. Conclusions with regard to the age of the deposits and the way in which deglaciation is proceeding. Geogr. Pol. 26, 141-150.
29. GALON, R. (1973b) Geomorphological and geological analysis of the proglacial area of Skei∂oarárjökull. Geogr. Pol. 26, 15-56.
30. GUDMUNDSSON, M.T., SIGMUNDSSON, F. & BJÖRNSSON, H. (1997) Ice-volcano interaction of the 1996 Gjálp subglacial eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland. Nature 389, 954-957.
31. KARCZ, I. (1968) Fluviatile obstacle marks from the wadis of the Negev (southern Israel). J. sediment. Petrol. 38, 1000-1012.
32. KARCZ, I. (1973) Reflections on the origins of small scale longitudinal stream-bed scours. In: Fluvial Geomorphology (Ed. Morisawa, M.), pp. 149-173, Allen and Unwin, London.
33. KEHEW, A.E. (1993) Glacial lake outburst erosion of the Grand Valley, Michigan, and impacts on glacial lakes in the Lake Michigan Basin. Quat. Res. 39, 36-44.
34. KEHEW, A.E. & LORD, M.L. (1986) Origin of large-scale erosional features of glacial-lake spillways in the northern Great Plains. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 97, 162-177.
35. KEHEW, A.E. & LORD, M.L. (1987) Glacial lake outbursts along the mid-continent margins of the Laurentide ice-sheet. In: Catastrophic Flooding (Eds Mayer, L. & Nash, D.), pp, 95-121. Allen and Unwin, Boston.
36. KLIMEK, K. (1972) Present-day fluvial processes and relief of the Skei∂oarársandur plain (Iceland). Geogr. Stud., Polish Acad. Sci., Inst. Geogr. 94, 119 pp. (In Polish with English summary.)
37. KLIMEK, K. (1973) Geomorphological and geological analysis of the proglacial area of the Skei∂oarjoküll. Geogr. Pol. 26, 89-113.
38. KOMAR, P.D. (1983) Shapes or streamlined islands on Earth and Mars: experiments and analyses of the minimum-drag form. Geology 11, 651-654.
39. KRIGSTRÖM, A. (1962) Geomorphological studies of sandur plains and their braided rivers in Iceland. Geogr. Ann. 3-4, 328-346.
40. LANGFORD, R. & BRACKEN, B. (1987) Medano Creek, Colorado, a model for upper-flow-regime fluvial deposition. J. sediment. Petrol. 57, 863-870.
41. MAIZELS, J.K. (1977) Experiments on the origin of kettleholes. J. Glaciol. 18, 291-303.
42. MAIZELS, J.K. (1989a) Sedimentology, palaeoflow dynamics and flood history of jökulhlaup deposits: palaeohydrology of Holocene sediment sequences in southern Iceland sandur deposits. J. sediment Petrol. 59, 204-223.
43. MAIZELS, J.K. (1989b) Sedimentology and palaeohydrology of Holocene flood deposits in front of a jökulhlaup glacier, south Iceland. In: Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications: an Overview (Eds Beven, K. & Carling, P.), pp. 239-251. John Wiley & Sons, London.
44. MAIZELS, J.K. (1992) Boulder ring structures produced during jökulhlaup flows-origin and hydraulic significance. Geogr. Ann. 74A. 21-33.
45. MAIZELS, J.K. (1995) Sediments and landforms of modern proglacial terrestrial environments. In: Modern Glacial Environments, Processes, Dynamics and Sediments, Vol. 1 (Ed. Menzies, J.), pp. 65-416. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
46. MAIZELS, J.K. (1997) Jökulhlaup deposits in proglacial areas. Quat. Sci. Rev. 16, 793-819.
47. MARTINI, I.P. (1977) Gravelly flood deposits of Irvine Creek, Ontario, Canada. Sedimentology 24, 603-622.
48. MIALL, A.D. (1978) Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summery. In: Fluvial Sedimentology (Ed. Miall, A.D.), Mem. Can. Soc. petrol. Geol., Calgary, 5, 597-604.
49. MIDDLETON, G.V. (1965) Antidune cross-bedding in a large flume. J. sediment. Petrol. 35, 922-927.
50. NUMMEDAL, D., HINE, A.C. & BOOTHROYD, J.C. (1987) Holocene evolution of the south-central coast of Iceland. In: Glaciated Coasts (Eds Fitzgerald, D. & Rosen, P.S.), pp. 115-150. Academic Press, San Diego.
51. O'CONNOR, J.E. (1993) Hydrology, hydraulics, and geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 274, 83 pp.
52. PATTON, P.C. & BAKER, V.R. (1978) Origin of the Cheney-Palouse Scabland tract. In: The Channelled Scabland: Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference Guidebook, Columbia Basin (Eds Baker, V.R. & Nummedal, D.), pp. 117-128. National Aeronautics Space Administration, Washington, DC.
53. PEABODY, F.E. (1947) Current crescents in the Triassic Moenkopi Formation. J. sediment. Petrol. 17, 73-76.
54. PICKERING, K.T. & HISCOTT, R.N. (1985) Contained (reflected) turbidity currents from the Middle Ordovician Cloridorme Formation, Quebec, Canada: an alternative to the antidune hypothesis. Sedimentology 32, 373-394.
55. PRAVE, A.R. & DUKE, W.L. (1990) Small-scale hummocky cross-stratification in turbidites: a form of antidune stratification? Sedimentology 37, 531-539.
56. RAUDKIVI, A.J. (1991) Scour at bridge piers. In: Scouring Hydraulic Structures Design Manual 2 (Eds Breusers, H.N.C. & Raudkivi, A.J.), Bull. int. Assoc. Hydraul. Res., pp. 61-98. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
57. RICHARDSON, P.D. (1968) The generation of scour marks near obstacles. J. sediment. Petrol. 38, 965-970.
58. RUSSELL, A.J. (1993) Obstacle marks produced by flow around stranded ice blocks during a glacier outburst flood (jökulhlaup) in west Greenland. Sedimentology 40, 1091-1111.
59. RUSSELL, A.J. & KNUDSEN, Ó. (1999) Controls on the sedimentology of the November 1996 jökulhlaup deposits, Skei∂oarársandur, Iceland. In: Fluvial Sedimentology VI (Eds Smith, N.D. & Rogers, J.), Spec. Publs int. Ass. Sediment., No. 28, pp. 315-329. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
60. RUSSELL, A.J. & MARREN, P. (1999) Proglacial fluvial sedimentary sequences in Greenland and Iceland: a case study from active proglacial environments subject to jökulhlaups. In: The Description and Analysis of Quaternary Stratigraphic Field Sections (Eds Jones, A.P., Tucker, M.E. & Hart, J.K.), pp. 171-208. Technical Guide Number 7, Quaternary Research Association, London.
61. RUSSELL, A.J., KNUDSEN, Ó., FAY, H.J.K., MARREN, P.M., HEINZ, J. & TRONICKE, J. (2001) Morphology and sedimentology of a giant, ice-walled jökulhlaup channel, Skei∂oarárjökull, Iceland: implications for esker genesis. Global planet. Change 28, 193-216.
62. SCHOLZ, H., SCHEIBER, B. & FUNK, H. (1988) Der einfluss von Gletscherlaufen auf die schmelzwasserablagerungen des Russell-Gletschers bei Søncdre Strømfjord (WestGrönland). Z. Gletscherk. Glazialgeol. 24, 55-74.
63. SENGUPTA, S. (1966) Studies on the orientation and imbrication of pebbles with respect to cross-stratification. J. sediment. Petrol, 36, 362-369.
64. SNORRASON, Á., JÓNSSDN, P., PÁLSSON, S., et al. (1997) Hlaupi∂o Á Skei∂oarásandi Hausti∂o 1996 Útbrei∂osla, rennsli og aurbur∂our. In: Vatnajökull. Gos og Hlaup (Ed. Haraldson, R.H.), pp. 79-137. Vegager∂oin, Reykjavík.
65. SOHN, Y.K. (1997) On traction-carpet sedimentation. J. sediment. Res. 67, 502-509.
66. TODD, S.P. (1989) Stream-driven, high-density gravelly traction carpets: possible deposits in the Trabeg Conglomerate Formation. SW Ireland and some theoretical considerations of their origin. Sedimentology 36, 513-530.
67. WERNER, F. & NEWTON, R.S. (1975) The pattern of largescale bedforms in the Langeland Belt (Baltic Sea). Mar. Geol. 19, 29-59.
68. YAGISHITA, K. (1994) Antidunes and traction-carpet deposits in deep-water channel sandstones. Cretaceous, British Columbia, Canada. J. sediment Petrol. A64, 34-41.
69. YAGISHITA, K. & TAIRA, A. (1989) Grain fabric of a laboratory antidune. Sedimentology 36, 1001-1005.