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As recently remarked by R. Gläser, R. Jos, J. Willardt, Topics in Catal. 2003, 22, 31, a critical point can only be defined for a single-component fluid and the term "supercritical" in heterogeneous catalysis refers to a dense multi-component, but single, reaction phase.
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2 as reaction medium c) : M. McCoy, Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77 (24), 11;
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2 is exploited in catalysis by fluorination of the ligands: a) P. Jessop, T. Ikariya, R. Noyori, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 475; by fluorine modification of the encapsulating material: b) V. Chechik, R. M. Crooks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 1243; or by employing fluorinated surfactants: c) J. Zhu, A. Robertson, S. C. E. Tsang, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2044.
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2 is exploited in catalysis by fluorination of the ligands: a) P. Jessop, T. Ikariya, R. Noyori, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 475; by fluorine modification of the encapsulating material: b) V. Chechik, R. M. Crooks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 1243; or by employing fluorinated surfactants: c) J. Zhu, A. Robertson, S. C. E. Tsang, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2044.
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2 is exploited in catalysis by fluorination of the ligands: a) P. Jessop, T. Ikariya, R. Noyori, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 475; by fluorine modification of the encapsulating material: b) V. Chechik, R. M. Crooks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 1243; or by employing fluorinated surfactants: c) J. Zhu, A. Robertson, S. C. E. Tsang, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2044.
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2 in perfluorocarbons are available in: M. F. Dias, J. A. P. Coutinho, I. M. Marrucho, http:// symp15.nist.gov/pdf/p193.pdf, Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, Boulder, CO, USA, June 22-27, 2003.
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For example, recently fluorinated silica gels have been introduced as effective organic pollutants adsorbers: a) L. W. Hrubesh, P. R. Coronado, J. H. Satcher, Jr., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2001, 285, 328; as low dielectric constant semiconductors: b) B. P. Gorman, R. A. Orozco-Teran, J. A. Roepsch, H. Dong, R. F. Reidy, D. W. Mueller, App. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 410; and as super water repellent coatings: c) K. Satoh, H. Nakazumi, M. Morita, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2003, 27, 327.
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For example, recently fluorinated silica gels have been introduced as effective organic pollutants adsorbers: a) L. W. Hrubesh, P. R. Coronado, J. H. Satcher, Jr., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2001, 285, 328; as low dielectric constant semiconductors: b) B. P. Gorman, R. A. Orozco-Teran, J. A. Roepsch, H. Dong, R. F. Reidy, D. W. Mueller, App. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 410; and as super water repellent coatings: c) K. Satoh, H. Nakazumi, M. Morita, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2003, 27, 327.
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For example, recently fluorinated silica gels have been introduced as effective organic pollutants adsorbers: a) L. W. Hrubesh, P. R. Coronado, J. H. Satcher, Jr., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2001, 285, 328; as low dielectric constant semiconductors: b) B. P. Gorman, R. A. Orozco-Teran, J. A. Roepsch, H. Dong, R. F. Reidy, D. W. Mueller, App. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 410; and as super water repellent coatings: c) K. Satoh, H. Nakazumi, M. Morita, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2003, 27, 327.
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Such stability is consistent with both the high solubilities of organics in supercritical carbon dioxide (preventing catalyst deactivation by the adsorbed species acting as cage blocking agents), and with the stability towards leaching of sol-gel encapsulated metal "onium" ion pairs. See, for instance: J. Blum, D. Avnir, H. Schumann, Chemtech 1999, 29, 32.
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