메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 59, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 379-395

Neonatal Circumcision: A Review of the World's Oldest and Most Controversial Operation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETAMETHASONE; BICARBONATE; CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE; EMLA; LIDOCAINE; PARACETAMOL; PRILOCAINE; SUCROSE;

EID: 1942445368     PISSN: 00297828     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00006254-200405000-00026     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (135)

References (208)
  • 2
    • 0033019778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of circumcision
    • Dunsmuir WD, Gordon EM. The history of circumcision. BJU Int 1999;83(suppl 1):1-12.
    • (1999) BJU Int , vol.83 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 1-12
    • Dunsmuir, W.D.1    Gordon, E.M.2
  • 3
    • 0032987538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary poll of men circumcised in infancy or childhood
    • Hammond T. A preliminary poll of men circumcised in infancy or childhood. BJU Int 1999;83(suppl 1):85-92.
    • (1999) BJU Int , vol.83 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 85-92
    • Hammond, T.1
  • 4
    • 1942530152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith, (Sir) Grafton Elliot (1871-1937)
    • Spencer F, ed. New York: Garland Publishing
    • Armelagos GJ. Smith, (Sir) Grafton Elliot (1871-1937). In: Spencer F, ed. History of Physical Anthropology, vol 1. New York: Garland Publishing; 1997:955-957.
    • (1997) History of Physical Anthropology , vol.1 , pp. 955-957
    • Armelagos, G.J.1
  • 6
    • 1942465910 scopus 로고
    • Elliot Smith, Grafton
    • Gillispie CC, ed. New York: Scribner
    • Simpkins DM. Elliot Smith, Grafton. In: Gillispie CC, ed. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol 4. New York: Scribner, 1980:353-354.
    • (1980) Dictionary of Scientific Biography , vol.4 , pp. 353-354
    • Simpkins, D.M.1
  • 7
    • 76549255415 scopus 로고
    • The fate of the foreskin: A study of circumcision
    • Gairdner D. The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision. BMJ 1949;2:1443-1447.
    • (1949) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1443-1447
    • Gairdner, D.1
  • 10
    • 0014673294 scopus 로고
    • Ritualistic surgery-circumcision and tonsillectomy
    • Bolande RP. Ritualistic surgery-circumcision and tonsillectomy. N Engl J Med 1969;280:591-596.
    • (1969) N Engl J Med , vol.280 , pp. 591-596
    • Bolande, R.P.1
  • 11
    • 1942465909 scopus 로고
    • Robert Appleton Co. [online edition]
    • Tierney JJ. The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol III. Robert Appleton Co. 1908:777 [online edition, 2003]. Available at: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03777a.htm. Accessed January 15, 2004.
    • (1908) The Catholic Encyclopedia , vol.3 , pp. 777
    • Tierney, J.J.1
  • 12
    • 0030872894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic neonatal surgery and infectious disease
    • Weiss GN. Prophylactic neonatal surgery and infectious disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:727-734.
    • (1997) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.16 , pp. 727-734
    • Weiss, G.N.1
  • 13
    • 0035462186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: Male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and kynodesme
    • Hodges FM. The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and kynodesme. Bull Hist Med 2001;75:375-405.
    • (2001) Bull Hist Med , vol.75 , pp. 375-405
    • Hodges, F.M.1
  • 14
    • 0038353460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unknown methods of uncircumcision according to Oribasius (4th century AD)
    • Lascratos J, Kostakopoulos A, Liapi E, et al. Unknown methods of uncircumcision according to Oribasius (4th century AD). Urology 2003;62:193-196.
    • (2003) Urology , vol.62 , pp. 193-196
    • Lascratos, J.1    Kostakopoulos, A.2    Liapi, E.3
  • 15
    • 0031718313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision: Assessment of health benefits and risks
    • Moses S, Bailey RC, Allan RR. Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74:368-373.
    • (1998) Sex Transm Infect , vol.74 , pp. 368-373
    • Moses, S.1    Bailey, R.C.2    Allan, R.R.3
  • 16
    • 0019429175 scopus 로고
    • Surgical circumcision of neonates: A history of its development
    • Grossman E, Posner NA. Surgical circumcision of neonates: a history of its development. Obstet Gynecol 1981;52:241-246.
    • (1981) Obstet Gynecol , vol.52 , pp. 241-246
    • Grossman, E.1    Posner, N.A.2
  • 18
    • 84963003146 scopus 로고
    • From ritual to science: The medical transformation of circumcision in America
    • Gollaher DL. From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America. J Soc Hist 1994;28:5-36.
    • (1994) J Soc Hist , vol.28 , pp. 5-36
    • Gollaher, D.L.1
  • 19
    • 0015238504 scopus 로고
    • Circumcision as a hygiene measure
    • Circumcision as a hygiene measure. Med J Aust 1971;2:175.
    • (1971) Med J Aust , vol.2 , pp. 175
  • 22
    • 0016825528 scopus 로고
    • Report of the ad hoc task force on circumcision
    • Thompson HC, King LR, Knox E, et al. Report of the ad hoc task force on circumcision. Pediatrics 1975;56:610-611.
    • (1975) Pediatrics , vol.56 , pp. 610-611
    • Thompson, H.C.1    King, L.R.2    Knox, E.3
  • 24
    • 0024404109 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Task Force of Circumcision
    • American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Circumcision. Report of the Task Force of Circumcision. Pediatrics 1989;84:388-391.
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.84 , pp. 388-391
  • 25
    • 0033027654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision Policy Statement
    • American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision Policy Statement. Pediatrics 1999;103: 686-693.
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.103 , pp. 686-693
  • 26
    • 0035489007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACOG Committee Opinion No. 260
    • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Circumcision
    • ACOG Committee Opinion No. 260. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Circumcision. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:707-708.
    • (2001) Obstet Gynecol , vol.98 , pp. 707-708
  • 29
    • 0030910040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision in the United States: Prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice
    • Laumann EO, Masi CM, Zuckerman EW. Circumcision in the United States: prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice. JAMA 1997;277:1052-1057.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 1052-1057
    • Laumann, E.O.1    Masi, C.M.2    Zuckerman, E.W.3
  • 30
    • 0346556986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatrics and Child Health Division. September
    • Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Paediatrics and Child Health Division. Policy Statement on Circumcision [RACP web site]. September 2002. Available at: http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/index.htm. Accessed January 13, 2004.
    • (2002) Policy Statement on Circumcision [RACP Web Site]
  • 32
    • 0034734885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys: Survey of trends in practice
    • Rickwood AM, et al. Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys: survey of trends in practice. BMJ 2000;321: 792-793.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.321 , pp. 792-793
    • Rickwood, A.M.1
  • 33
    • 0028794006 scopus 로고
    • Falling incidence of penile cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90)
    • Frisch M, et al. Falling incidence of penile cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90). BMJ 1995; 311:1471.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 1471
    • Frisch, M.1
  • 34
    • 0036164550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extraordinary high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: History and underlying causes
    • Pang MG, Kim DS. Extraordinary high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes. BJU Int 2002;89:48-54.
    • (2002) BJU Int , vol.89 , pp. 48-54
    • Pang, M.G.1    Kim, D.S.2
  • 35
    • 0038639892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes and practices regarding circumcision in Turkey
    • Sahin F, Beyazova U, Akturk A. Attitudes and practices regarding circumcision in Turkey. Child Care Health Dev 2003; 29:275-280.
    • (2003) Child Care Health Dev , vol.29 , pp. 275-280
    • Sahin, F.1    Beyazova, U.2    Akturk, A.3
  • 36
    • 0041315434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of healthcare coverage on circumcision rates among newborns
    • Quayle SS, Coplen DE, Austin PF. The effect of healthcare coverage on circumcision rates among newborns. J Urol 2003;170:1533-1536.
    • (2003) J Urol , vol.170 , pp. 1533-1536
    • Quayle, S.S.1    Coplen, D.E.2    Austin, P.F.3
  • 37
    • 0032088870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision practice patterns in the United States
    • Stang HJ, Snellman LW. Circumcision practice patterns in the United States. Pediatrics 1998;101:E5.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.101
    • Stang, H.J.1    Snellman, L.W.2
  • 38
    • 0015883815 scopus 로고
    • Human subpreputial collection: Its nature and formation
    • Parkash S, Jeyakumar S, Subramanyan K, et al. Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation. J Urol 1973; 110:211-212.
    • (1973) J Urol , vol.110 , pp. 211-212
    • Parkash, S.1    Jeyakumar, S.2    Subramanyan, K.3
  • 39
    • 0033058624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prepuce
    • Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int 1999;83(suppl 1):34-44.
    • (1999) BJU Int , vol.83 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 34-44
    • Cold, C.J.1    Taylor, J.R.2
  • 41
    • 0022506719 scopus 로고
    • Effects of hygiene among the uncircumcised
    • Krueger H, Osborn L. Effects of hygiene among the uncircumcised. J Fam Pract 1986;22:353-355.
    • (1986) J Fam Pract , vol.22 , pp. 353-355
    • Krueger, H.1    Osborn, L.2
  • 42
    • 0020067079 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract infections in young infants
    • Ginsberg CM, McCracken GH Jr. Urinary tract infections in young infants. Pediatrics 1982;69:409-412.
    • (1982) Pediatrics , vol.69 , pp. 409-412
    • Ginsberg, C.M.1    McCracken Jr., G.H.2
  • 43
    • 0021868980 scopus 로고
    • Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants
    • Wiswell TE, Smith FR, Bass JW. Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics 1985;75:901-903.
    • (1985) Pediatrics , vol.75 , pp. 901-903
    • Wiswell, T.E.1    Smith, F.R.2    Bass, J.W.3
  • 44
    • 0027513549 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract infections and the uncircumcised state: An update
    • Wiswell TE, Hachey WE. Urinary tract infections and the uncircumcised state: an update. Clin Pediatr 1993;32:130-134.
    • (1993) Clin Pediatr , vol.32 , pp. 130-134
    • Wiswell, T.E.1    Hachey, W.E.2
  • 45
    • 0032488306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection
    • To T, Agha M, Dick PT, et al. Cohort study on circumcision of newborn boys and subsequent risk of urinary-tract infection. Lancet 1998;352:1813-1816.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1813-1816
    • To, T.1    Agha, M.2    Dick, P.T.3
  • 46
    • 0032134997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department
    • Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics 1998;102:E16.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.102
    • Shaw, K.N.1    Gorelick, M.2    McGowan, K.L.3
  • 47
    • 0035661049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision for the prevention of significant bacteriuria in boys
    • Nayir A. Circumcision for the prevention of significant bacteriuria in boys. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:1129-1134.
    • (2001) Pediatr Nephrol , vol.16 , pp. 1129-1134
    • Nayir, A.1
  • 48
    • 0030044366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of circumcision on incidence of urinary tract infection in preschool boys
    • Craig JC, Knight JF, Sureshkumar P, et al. Effect of circumcision on incidence of urinary tract infection in preschool boys. J Pediatr 1996;128:23-27.
    • (1996) J Pediatr , vol.128 , pp. 23-27
    • Craig, J.C.1    Knight, J.F.2    Sureshkumar, P.3
  • 49
    • 0034538477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can circumcision prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants?
    • Cason DL, Carter BS, Bhatia J. Can circumcision prevent recurrent urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants? Clin Pediatr 2000;39:699-703.
    • (2000) Clin Pediatr , vol.39 , pp. 699-703
    • Cason, D.L.1    Carter, B.S.2    Bhatia, J.3
  • 50
    • 0024535368 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract infections and circumcision: A case control study
    • Herzog LW. Urinary tract infections and circumcision: a case control study. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:345-350.
    • (1989) Am J Dis Child , vol.143 , pp. 345-350
    • Herzog, L.W.1
  • 51
    • 0023760722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins
    • Fussell EN, Kaack MB, Cherry R, et al. Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins. J Urol 1998;140:997-1001.
    • (1998) J Urol , vol.140 , pp. 997-1001
    • Fussell, E.N.1    Kaack, M.B.2    Cherry, R.3
  • 52
    • 0034099773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New policy on circumcision-cause for concern
    • Schoen EJ, Wiswell TE, Moses S. New policy on circumcision-cause for concern. Pediatrics 2000;105:620-623.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105 , pp. 620-623
    • Schoen, E.J.1    Wiswell, T.E.2    Moses, S.3
  • 53
    • 84990111699 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood
    • Winberg J, Andersen HJ, Bergstrom T, et al. Epidemiology of symptomatic urinary tract infection in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 1974;Suppl 252:1-20.
    • (1974) Acta Paediatr Scand , Issue.SUPPL. 252 , pp. 1-20
    • Winberg, J.1    Andersen, H.J.2    Bergstrom, T.3
  • 54
    • 0031891653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does circumcision alter the periurethral bacterial flora?
    • Wijesinha SS, Atkins BL, Dudley NE, et al. Does circumcision alter the periurethral bacterial flora? Pediatr Surg Int 1998; 13:146-148.
    • (1998) Pediatr Surg Int , vol.13 , pp. 146-148
    • Wijesinha, S.S.1    Atkins, B.L.2    Dudley, N.E.3
  • 55
    • 0027938557 scopus 로고
    • The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: A review of the epidemiological data
    • Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradley JE, et al. The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: a review of the epidemiological data. Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21:201-210.
    • (1994) Sex Transm Dis , vol.21 , pp. 201-210
    • Moses, S.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Bradley, J.E.3
  • 56
    • 0034630972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?
    • Szabo R, Short RV. How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? BMJ 2000;320:1592-1594.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.320 , pp. 1592-1594
    • Szabo, R.1    Short, R.V.2
  • 57
    • 0031910245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and infectious diseases revisited
    • Van Howe RS. Circumcision and infectious diseases revisited. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:1-6.
    • (1998) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.17 , pp. 1-6
    • Van Howe, R.S.1
  • 58
    • 0033063808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does circumcision influence sexually transmitted diseases? A literature review
    • Van Howe RS. Does circumcision influence sexually transmitted diseases? A literature review. BJU Int 1999;83(suppl 1):52-62.
    • (1999) BJU Int , vol.83 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 52-62
    • Van Howe, R.S.1
  • 59
    • 0033768085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Weiss HA, Quigley MA, Hayes RJ. Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2000;14:2361-2370.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2361-2370
    • Weiss, H.A.1    Quigley, M.A.2    Hayes, R.J.3
  • 61
    • 0022647072 scopus 로고
    • Ulcerative balanoposthitis associated with non-syphilitic spirochetal infection
    • Piot P, Duncan M, Van Dyck E, et al. Ulcerative balanoposthitis associated with non-syphilitic spirochetal infection. Genitourin Med 1986;62:44-46.
    • (1986) Genitourin Med , vol.62 , pp. 44-46
    • Piot, P.1    Duncan, M.2    Van Dyck, E.3
  • 63
    • 0028362233 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus infection in long-distance truck drivers in east Africa
    • Bwayo J, Plummer F, Omari M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in long-distance truck drivers in east Africa. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1391-1396.
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 1391-1396
    • Bwayo, J.1    Plummer, F.2    Omari, M.3
  • 65
    • 0029847919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: Association with HIV-1 and circumcision status
    • Nasio JM, Nagelkerke NJD, Mwatha A, et al. Genital ulcer disease among STD clinic attenders in Nairobi: association with HIV-1 and circumcision status. Int J STD AIDS 1996;7: 410-414.
    • (1996) Int J STD AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 410-414
    • Nasio, J.M.1    Nagelkerke, N.J.D.2    Mwatha, A.3
  • 66
    • 0023758587 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases: Experience from a center in Africa
    • Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Gakinya MN, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases: experience from a center in Africa. N Engl J Med 1988;319:274-278.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 274-278
    • Simonsen, J.N.1    Cameron, D.W.2    Gakinya, M.N.3
  • 67
    • 0024327381 scopus 로고
    • Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Risk factors for seroconversion in men
    • Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, et al. Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989;2:403-407.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 403-407
    • Cameron, D.W.1    Simonsen, J.N.2    D'Costa, L.J.3
  • 68
    • 0033495296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: A prospective cohort study on trucking company employees in Kenya
    • Lavreys L, Rakwar JP, Thompson ML, et al. Effect of circumcision on incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases: a prospective cohort study on trucking company employees in Kenya. J Infect Dis 1999;180:330-336.
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.180 , pp. 330-336
    • Lavreys, L.1    Rakwar, J.P.2    Thompson, M.L.3
  • 69
    • 0021052075 scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and sexually transmitted disease
    • Parker SW, Stewart AJ, Wren MN. Circumcision and sexually transmitted disease. Med J Aust 1983;2:288-290.
    • (1983) Med J Aust , vol.2 , pp. 288-290
    • Parker, S.W.1    Stewart, A.J.2    Wren, M.N.3
  • 70
    • 0027366464 scopus 로고
    • The association between circumcision status and human immunodeficiency virus infection among homosexual men
    • Kreiss JK, Hopkins SG. The association between circumcision status and human immunodeficiency virus infection among homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1404-1408.
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.168 , pp. 1404-1408
    • Kreiss, J.K.1    Hopkins, S.G.2
  • 71
    • 0027762518 scopus 로고
    • A population-based study of syphilis and sexually transmitted disease syndromes in north-western Tanzania. 2. Risk factors and health seeking behavior
    • Newell J, Senkoro K, Mosha F, et al. A population-based study of syphilis and sexually transmitted disease syndromes in north-western Tanzania. 2. Risk factors and health seeking behavior. Genitourin Med 1993;69:421-426.
    • (1993) Genitourin Med , vol.69 , pp. 421-426
    • Newell, J.1    Senkoro, K.2    Mosha, F.3
  • 73
    • 84906644454 scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and common sexually transmissible diseases in a developed nation setting
    • Donovan B, Bassett I, Bodsworth NJ. Male circumcision and common sexually transmissible diseases in a developed nation setting. Genitourin Med 1994;70:317-320.
    • (1994) Genitourin Med , vol.70 , pp. 317-320
    • Donovan, B.1    Bassett, I.2    Bodsworth, N.J.3
  • 74
    • 0034534641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and STD in the United States: Cross sectional and cohort analyses
    • Diseker RA III, Peterman TA, Kamb ML, et al. Circumcision and STD in the United States: cross sectional and cohort analyses. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:474-479.
    • (2000) Sex Transm Infect , vol.76 , pp. 474-479
    • Diseker III, R.A.1    Peterman, T.A.2    Kamb, M.L.3
  • 75
    • 0035133892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for active syphilis and TPHA seroconversion in a rural African population
    • Todd J, Munguti K, Grosskurth H, et al. Risk factors for active syphilis and TPHA seroconversion in a rural African population. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:37-45.
    • (2001) Sex Transm Infect , vol.77 , pp. 37-45
    • Todd, J.1    Munguti, K.2    Grosskurth, H.3
  • 76
    • 0016539531 scopus 로고
    • Herpes genitalis and circumcision
    • Taylor PK, Rodin P. Herpes genitalis and circumcision. Br J Vener Dis 1975;51:274-277.
    • (1975) Br J Vener Dis , vol.51 , pp. 274-277
    • Taylor, P.K.1    Rodin, P.2
  • 77
    • 0028321460 scopus 로고
    • Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of heterosexual men attending a sexual health centre
    • Bassett I, Donovan B, Bodsworth NJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of heterosexual men attending a sexual health centre. Med J Aust 1994;160:697-700.
    • (1994) Med J Aust , vol.160 , pp. 697-700
    • Bassett, I.1    Donovan, B.2    Bodsworth, N.J.3
  • 78
    • 0027423055 scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with genital chlamydial and gonococcal infection in males
    • Hart G. Factors associated with genital chlamydial and gonococcal infection in males. Genitourin Med 1993;69:393-396.
    • (1993) Genitourin Med , vol.69 , pp. 393-396
    • Hart, G.1
  • 79
    • 0023136722 scopus 로고
    • Circumcision as a risk factor for urethritis in racial groups
    • Smith GL, Greenup R, Takafuji ET. Circumcision as a risk factor for urethritis in racial groups. Am J Public Health 1987;77:452-454.
    • (1987) Am J Public Health , vol.77 , pp. 452-454
    • Smith, G.L.1    Greenup, R.2    Takafuji, E.T.3
  • 80
    • 0018240445 scopus 로고
    • Cohort study of venereal disease. I: The risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men
    • Hooper RR, Reynolds GH, Jones OG, et al. Cohort study of venereal disease. I: The risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men. Am J Epidemiol 1978;108:136-144.
    • (1978) Am J Epidemiol , vol.108 , pp. 136-144
    • Hooper, R.R.1    Reynolds, G.H.2    Jones, O.G.3
  • 81
    • 0027930155 scopus 로고
    • Penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Specific clinical features correlate with histologic and virologic findings
    • Aynaud O, Ionesco M, Barrasso R. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Specific clinical features correlate with histologic and virologic findings. Cancer 1994;74:1762-1767.
    • (1994) Cancer , vol.74 , pp. 1762-1767
    • Aynaud, O.1    Ionesco, M.2    Barrasso, R.3
  • 82
    • 1642330378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization (WHO)
    • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV-1/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO). AIDS Epidemic Update-December 2003. Available at: http://www.unaids.org/. Accessed January 20, 2004.
    • (2003) AIDS Epidemic Update-December
  • 83
    • 0022976629 scopus 로고
    • A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS
    • Fink AJ. A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1167.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 1167
    • Fink, A.J.1
  • 84
    • 0033376142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual behaviors and other HIV risk factors in circumcised and uncircumcised men in Uganda
    • Bailey RC, Neema S, Othieno R. Sexual behaviors and other HIV risk factors in circumcised and uncircumcised men in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;22:294-301.
    • (1999) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.22 , pp. 294-301
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Neema, S.2    Othieno, R.3
  • 85
    • 0034732201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 2000;342:921-929.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 921-929
    • Quinn, T.C.1    Wawer, M.J.2    Sewankambo, N.3
  • 86
    • 0033758498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: Cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda
    • Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Quinn TC, et al. Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 2000;14:2371-2381.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2371-2381
    • Gray, R.H.1    Kiwanuka, N.2    Quinn, T.C.3
  • 87
    • 18844479980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV infection in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Auvert B, Buve A, Lagarde E, et al. Male circumcision and HIV infection in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2001; 15(suppl 4):S31-S40.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Auvert, B.1    Buve, A.2    Lagarde, E.3
  • 88
    • 0035970705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A and risk of HIV-seroconversion among Kenyan men with genital ulcers
    • MacDonald KS, Malonza I, Chen DK, et al. Vitamin A and risk of HIV-seroconversion among Kenyan men with genital ulcers. AIDS 2001;15:635-639.
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 635-639
    • MacDonald, K.S.1    Malonza, I.2    Chen, D.K.3
  • 89
    • 0033017798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: The contribution of other sexually transmitted disease to sexual transmission of HIV infection
    • Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted disease to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 1999;75:3-17.
    • (1999) Sex Transm Infect , vol.75 , pp. 3-17
    • Fleming, D.T.1    Wasserheit, J.N.2
  • 90
    • 0028296874 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for HIV-1 infection in adults in a rural Ugandan community: A case-control study
    • Malamba SS, Wagner HU, Maude G, et al. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection in adults in a rural Ugandan community: a case-control study. AIDS 1994;8:253-257.
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 253-257
    • Malamba, S.S.1    Wagner, H.U.2    Maude, G.3
  • 91
    • 0026518177 scopus 로고
    • Association between HIV-2 infection and genital ulcer diseases among male sexually transmitted disease patients in the Gambia
    • Pepin J, Quigley M, Todd J, et al. Association between HIV-2 infection and genital ulcer diseases among male sexually transmitted disease patients in the Gambia. AIDS 1992;6: 489-493.
    • (1992) AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 489-493
    • Pepin, J.1    Quigley, M.2    Todd, J.3
  • 92
    • 0027454205 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 seroconversion in patients with and without genital ulcer disease
    • Telzalk EE, Chiasson MA, Bevier PJ, et al. HIV-1 seroconversion in patients with and without genital ulcer disease. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:1181-1186.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.119 , pp. 1181-1186
    • Telzalk, E.E.1    Chiasson, M.A.2    Bevier, P.J.3
  • 93
    • 0030478936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for high prevalence and rapid transmission of HIV among individuals attending STD clinics in Pune, India
    • Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Divekar AD, et al. Evidence for high prevalence and rapid transmission of HIV among individuals attending STD clinics in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 1996;104:327-335.
    • (1996) Indian J Med Res , vol.104 , pp. 327-335
    • Mehendale, S.M.1    Shepherd, M.E.2    Divekar, A.D.3
  • 94
    • 0032969724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age of male circumcision and risk of prevalent HIV infection in rural Uganda
    • Kelly R, Kiwanuka N, Wawer MJ, et al. Age of male circumcision and risk of prevalent HIV infection in rural Uganda. AIDS 1999;13:399-405.
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 399-405
    • Kelly, R.1    Kiwanuka, N.2    Wawer, M.J.3
  • 95
    • 0035522562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV prevention: Current knowledge and future research directions
    • Bailey RC, Plummer FA, Moses S. Male circumcision and HIV prevention: current knowledge and future research directions. Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:223-231.
    • (2001) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.1 , pp. 223-231
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Moses, S.3
  • 96
    • 0037192532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: Rakai, Uganda
    • Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Kiwanuka N, et al. Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 2002;16:809-810.
    • (2002) AIDS , vol.16 , pp. 809-810
    • Gray, R.H.1    Wawer, M.J.2    Kiwanuka, N.3
  • 97
    • 19044385675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to Ronald Gray et al., Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: Cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda
    • Halperin DT, Weiss HA, Hayes R, et al. Response to Ronald Gray et al., Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 2002;16: 810-812.
    • (2002) AIDS , vol.16 , pp. 810-812
    • Halperin, D.T.1    Weiss, H.A.2    Hayes, R.3
  • 98
    • 0034791493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Varieties of male circumcision: A study from Kenya
    • Brown JE, Micheni KD, Grant EM, et al. Varieties of male circumcision: a study from Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28: 608-612.
    • (2001) Sex Transm Dis , vol.28 , pp. 608-612
    • Brown, J.E.1    Micheni, K.D.2    Grant, E.M.3
  • 99
    • 0031015841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision and susceptibility to HIV infection among men in Tanzania
    • Urassa M, Todd J, Boerma JT, et al. Male circumcision and susceptibility to HIV infection among men in Tanzania. AIDS 1997;11:73-80.
    • (1997) AIDS , vol.11 , pp. 73-80
    • Urassa, M.1    Todd, J.2    Boerma, J.T.3
  • 100
    • 0035716781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fleeting foreskins: The misclassification of male circumcision status
    • Diseker RA III, Lin LS, Kamb ML, et al. Fleeting foreskins: the misclassification of male circumcision status. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:330-335.
    • (2001) Sex Transm Dis , vol.28 , pp. 330-335
    • Diseker III, R.A.1    Lin, L.S.2    Kamb, M.L.3
  • 101
    • 0036148574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acceptability of male circumcision to reduce HIV infections in Nyanza Province, Kenya
    • Bailey RC, Muga R, Poulussen, et al. The acceptability of male circumcision to reduce HIV infections in Nyanza Province, Kenya. AIDS Care 2002;14:27-40.
    • (2002) AIDS Care , vol.14 , pp. 27-40
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Muga, R.2    Poulussen3
  • 102
    • 0037974509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision: An acceptable strategy for HIV prevention in Botswana
    • Kebaabetswe P, Lockman S, Mogwe S, et al. Male circumcision: an acceptable strategy for HIV prevention in Botswana. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:214-219.
    • (2003) Sex Transm Infect , vol.79 , pp. 214-219
    • Kebaabetswe, P.1    Lockman, S.2    Mogwe, S.3
  • 103
    • 0035076641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of male circumcision practices in northwest Tanzania
    • Nnko S, Washija R, Urassa M, et al. Dynamics of male circumcision practices in northwest Tanzania. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:214-218.
    • (2001) Sex Transm Dis , vol.28 , pp. 214-218
    • Nnko, S.1    Washija, R.2    Urassa, M.3
  • 104
    • 0037414986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa
    • Lagarde E, et al. Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa. AIDS 2003;17:89-95.
    • (2003) AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 89-95
    • Lagarde, E.1
  • 105
    • 0037781975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential for an intervention based on male circumcision in a South African town with high levels of HIV infection
    • Rain-Taljaard RC, et al. Potential for an intervention based on male circumcision in a South African town with high levels of HIV infection. AIDS Care 2003;15:315-327.
    • (2003) AIDS Care , vol.15 , pp. 315-327
    • Rain-Taljaard, R.C.1
  • 106
    • 0029081161 scopus 로고
    • Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary, and rectal epithelia
    • Hussain LA, Lehner T. Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary, and rectal epithelia. Immunology 1995;85:475-484.
    • (1995) Immunology , vol.85 , pp. 475-484
    • Hussain, L.A.1    Lehner, T.2
  • 107
    • 0036733682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of human foreskin and cervical tissue grown in explant culture
    • Patterson BK, Landay A, Siegel JN, et al. Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of human foreskin and cervical tissue grown in explant culture. Am J Pathol 2002;161:867-873.
    • (2002) Am J Pathol , vol.161 , pp. 867-873
    • Patterson, B.K.1    Landay, A.2    Siegel, J.N.3
  • 108
    • 0025288661 scopus 로고
    • Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: Virus entry into the male and female genital tract
    • Alexander NJ. Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: virus entry into the male and female genital tract. Fertil Steril 1990;54:1-18.
    • (1990) Fertil Steril , vol.54 , pp. 1-18
    • Alexander, N.J.1
  • 109
    • 0037061902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners
    • Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1105-1112.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 1105-1112
    • Castellsagué, X.1    Bosch, F.X.2    Munoz, N.3
  • 110
    • 0036082590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: A study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic
    • Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, et al. Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:215-218.
    • (2002) Sex Transm Infect , vol.78 , pp. 215-218
    • Svare, E.I.1    Kjaer, S.K.2    Worm, A.M.3
  • 113
    • 0034787143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topics in penile dermatology
    • Bunker CB. Topics in penile dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:469-479.
    • (2001) Clin Exp Dermatol , vol.26 , pp. 469-479
    • Bunker, C.B.1
  • 114
    • 0000516591 scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and penile cancer
    • Wolbarst AL. Circumcision and penile cancer. Lancet 1932; 1:150-153.
    • (1932) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 150-153
    • Wolbarst, A.L.1
  • 115
    • 0026335425 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between circumcision and cancer of the penis
    • Schoen EJ. The relationship between circumcision and cancer of the penis. CA Cancer J Clin 1991;41:306-309.
    • (1991) CA Cancer J Clin , vol.41 , pp. 306-309
    • Schoen, E.J.1
  • 116
    • 0027500463 scopus 로고
    • History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer
    • Maden C, Sherman KJ, Beckmann AM, et al. History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and risk of penile cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:19-24.
    • (1993) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.85 , pp. 19-24
    • Maden, C.1    Sherman, K.J.2    Beckmann, A.M.3
  • 117
    • 0034146689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer
    • Schoen EJ, Oehrli M, Colby CJ, et al. The highly protective effect of newborn circumcision against invasive penile cancer. Pediatrics 2000;105:E36.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105
    • Schoen, E.J.1    Oehrli, M.2    Colby, C.J.3
  • 118
    • 0036887105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penile intraepithelial neoplasia: Clinical spectrum and treatment of 35 cases
    • Porter WM, Francis N, Hawkins D, et al. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia: clinical spectrum and treatment of 35 cases. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:1159-1165.
    • (2002) Br J Dermatol , vol.147 , pp. 1159-1165
    • Porter, W.M.1    Francis, N.2    Hawkins, D.3
  • 119
    • 0034985970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for penile cancer: Results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States)
    • Tseng HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, et al. Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:267-277.
    • (2001) Cancer Causes Control , vol.12 , pp. 267-277
    • Tseng, H.F.1    Morgenstern, H.2    Mack, T.3
  • 120
    • 0037450302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys
    • Spilsbury K, Seminmens JB, Wisniewski ZS, et al. Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys. Med J Aust 2003;178:155-158.
    • (2003) Med J Aust , vol.178 , pp. 155-158
    • Spilsbury, K.1    Seminmens, J.B.2    Wisniewski, Z.S.3
  • 121
    • 0037364281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of phimosis with topical steroids in 194 children
    • Ashfield JE, Nickel KR, Siemens DR, et al. Treatment of phimosis with topical steroids in 194 children. J Urol 2003; 169:1106-1108.
    • (2003) J Urol , vol.169 , pp. 1106-1108
    • Ashfield, J.E.1    Nickel, K.R.2    Siemens, D.R.3
  • 122
    • 0036784295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical steroid therapy as an alternative to circumcision for phimosis in boys younger than 3 years
    • Elmore JM, Baker LA, Snodgrass WT. Topical steroid therapy as an alternative to circumcision for phimosis in boys younger than 3 years. J Urol 2002;168:1746-1747.
    • (2002) J Urol , vol.168 , pp. 1746-1747
    • Elmore, J.M.1    Baker, L.A.2    Snodgrass, W.T.3
  • 123
    • 0034864880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conservative treatment of phimosis in boys
    • ter Meulen PH, Delaere KP. A conservative treatment of phimosis in boys. Eur Urol 2001;40:196-199.
    • (2001) Eur Urol , vol.40 , pp. 196-199
    • Ter Meulen, P.H.1    Delaere, K.P.2
  • 124
    • 0034522419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of topical steroid on non-retractile prepubertal foreskin by a prospective, randomized, double-blind study
    • Lund L, Wai KH, Mui LM, et al. Effect of topical steroid on non-retractile prepubertal foreskin by a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 34:267-269.
    • (2000) Scand J Urol Nephrol , vol.34 , pp. 267-269
    • Lund, L.1    Wai, K.H.2    Mui, L.M.3
  • 125
    • 0033944435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservative treatment of phimosis in children using a topical steroid
    • Orsola A, Caffaratti J, Garat JM. Conservative treatment of phimosis in children using a topical steroid. Urology 2000; 56:307-310.
    • (2000) Urology , vol.56 , pp. 307-310
    • Orsola, A.1    Caffaratti, J.2    Garat, J.M.3
  • 126
    • 0034849161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of childhood phimosis with a moderately potent topical steroid
    • Ng WT, Fan N, Wong CK, et al. Treatment of childhood phimosis with a moderately potent topical steroid. Aust N Z J Surg 2001;71:541-543.
    • (2001) Aust N Z J Surg , vol.71 , pp. 541-543
    • Ng, W.T.1    Fan, N.2    Wong, C.K.3
  • 127
    • 0035129189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments for phimosis: A comparison of surgical and medicinal approaches and their economic effect
    • Berdeu D, Sauze L, Ha-Vinh P, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments for phimosis: a comparison of surgical and medicinal approaches and their economic effect. BJU Int 2001;87:239-244.
    • (2001) BJU Int , vol.87 , pp. 239-244
    • Berdeu, D.1    Sauze, L.2    Ha-Vinh, P.3
  • 128
    • 0032185718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effective treatment of phimosis
    • Van Howe RS. Cost-effective treatment of phimosis. Pediatrics 1998;102:E43.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.102
    • Van Howe, R.S.1
  • 130
    • 0001684473 scopus 로고
    • Bloodless circumcision of the newborn
    • Yellen HS. Bloodless circumcision of the newborn. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1935;30:146-147.
    • (1935) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.30 , pp. 146-147
    • Yellen, H.S.1
  • 131
    • 0036247719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gomco circumcision clamp: An enduring and unexpected success
    • Wan J. Gomco circumcision clamp: an enduring and unexpected success. Urology 2002;59:790-794.
    • (2002) Urology , vol.59 , pp. 790-794
    • Wan, J.1
  • 132
    • 0036129638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the effects of sucrose on neonatal pain with 2 commonly used circumcision methods
    • Kaufman GE, Cimo S, Miller LW, et al. An evaluation of the effects of sucrose on neonatal pain with 2 commonly used circumcision methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:564-568.
    • (2002) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.186 , pp. 564-568
    • Kaufman, G.E.1    Cimo, S.2    Miller, L.W.3
  • 133
    • 0033069524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the Mogen and Gomco clamps in combination with dorsal penile nerve block in minimizing the pain of neonatal circumcision
    • Kurtis PS, DeSilva HN, Bernstein BA, et al. A comparison of the Mogen and Gomco clamps in combination with dorsal penile nerve block in minimizing the pain of neonatal circumcision. Pediatrics 1999;103:E23.
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.103
    • Kurtis, P.S.1    DeSilva, H.N.2    Bernstein, B.A.3
  • 134
    • 0036237663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain during Mogen or Plastibell circumcision
    • Taeusch HW, et al. Pain during Mogen or Plastibell circumcision. J Perinatol 2002;22:214-218.
    • (2002) J Perinatol , vol.22 , pp. 214-218
    • Taeusch, H.W.1
  • 135
    • 0027378076 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes and practices regarding analgesia for newborn circumcision
    • Wellington N, Rieder MJ. Attitudes and practices regarding analgesia for newborn circumcision. Pediatrics 1993;92: 541-543.
    • (1993) Pediatrics , vol.92 , pp. 541-543
    • Wellington, N.1    Rieder, M.J.2
  • 136
    • 0031046446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination
    • Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 1997;349:599-603.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 599-603
    • Taddio, A.1    Katz, J.2    Ilersich, A.L.3
  • 137
    • 0037151503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances
    • Taddio A, Shah V, Gilbert-MacLeod C, et al. Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances. JAMA 2002;288:857-861.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 857-861
    • Taddio, A.1    Shah, V.2    Gilbert-MacLeod, C.3
  • 138
    • 0033965108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and management of pain and stress in the neonate
    • American Academy of Pediatrics and Canadian Paediatric Society. Prevention and management of pain and stress in the neonate. Pediatrics 2000;105:454-461.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105 , pp. 454-461
  • 139
    • 0031881156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: Current training practices
    • Howard CR, Howard FM, Garfunkel LC, et al. Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: current training practices. Pediatrics 1998;101:423-428.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.101 , pp. 423-428
    • Howard, C.R.1    Howard, F.M.2    Garfunkel, L.C.3
  • 141
    • 0026034384 scopus 로고
    • Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants
    • Blass EM, Hoffmeyer LB. Sucrose as an analgesic for newborn infants. Pediatrics 1991;87:215-218.
    • (1991) Pediatrics , vol.87 , pp. 215-218
    • Blass, E.M.1    Hoffmeyer, L.B.2
  • 142
    • 0028909738 scopus 로고
    • Pain-reducing properties of sucrose in human newborns
    • Blass EM, Shah A. Pain-reducing properties of sucrose in human newborns. Chem Senses 1995;20:29-35.
    • (1995) Chem Senses , vol.20 , pp. 29-35
    • Blass, E.M.1    Shah, A.2
  • 143
    • 0034252041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary biology and the practice of medicine: The case of management of infant pain experience
    • Blass EM, Barr RG. Evolutionary biology and the practice of medicine: the case of management of infant pain experience. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2000;21:283-284.
    • (2000) J Dev Behav Pediatr , vol.21 , pp. 283-284
    • Blass, E.M.1    Barr, R.G.2
  • 144
    • 0032919886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of crying newborns to sucrose: Is it a 'sweetness' effect?
    • Barr RG, Pantel MS, Young SN, et al. The response of crying newborns to sucrose: is it a 'sweetness' effect? Physiol Behav 1999;66:409-417.
    • (1999) Physiol Behav , vol.66 , pp. 409-417
    • Barr, R.G.1    Pantel, M.S.2    Young, S.N.3
  • 145
    • 0242660382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B-Endorphin concentration after administration of sucrose in preterm infants
    • Taddio A, Shah V, Shah P, et al. B-Endorphin concentration after administration of sucrose in preterm infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:1071-1074.
    • (2003) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.157 , pp. 1071-1074
    • Taddio, A.1    Shah, V.2    Shah, P.3
  • 146
    • 0031612171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of analgesics in ameliorating the pain of circumcision
    • Mohan CG, Risucci DA, Casimir M, et al. Comparison of analgesics in ameliorating the pain of circumcision. J Perinatol 1998;18:13-19.
    • (1998) J Perinatol , vol.18 , pp. 13-19
    • Mohan, C.G.1    Risucci, D.A.2    Casimir, M.3
  • 147
    • 0031916739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal circumcision: Randomized trial of a sucrose pacifier for pain control
    • Herschel M, Khoshnood B, Ellman C, et al. Neonatal circumcision: randomized trial of a sucrose pacifier for pain control. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:279-284.
    • (1998) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.152 , pp. 279-284
    • Herschel, M.1    Khoshnood, B.2    Ellman, C.3
  • 148
    • 0034822924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral glucose solution for analgesia in infant circumcision
    • Kass FC, Holman JR. Oral glucose solution for analgesia in infant circumcision. J Fam Pract 2001;50:785-788.
    • (2001) J Fam Pract , vol.50 , pp. 785-788
    • Kass, F.C.1    Holman, J.R.2
  • 149
    • 0028296225 scopus 로고
    • Acetaminophen analgesia in neonatal circumcision: The effect on pain
    • Howard CR, Howard FM, Weitzman ML. Acetaminophen analgesia in neonatal circumcision: the effect on pain. Pediatrics 1994;93:641-646.
    • (1994) Pediatrics , vol.93 , pp. 641-646
    • Howard, C.R.1    Howard, F.M.2    Weitzman, M.L.3
  • 150
    • 0035463988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesia for circumcision: Effects on newborn behavior and mother/ infant interaction
    • Macke JK. Analgesia for circumcision: effects on newborn behavior and mother/infant interaction. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2001;30:507-514.
    • (2001) J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs , vol.30 , pp. 507-514
    • Macke, J.K.1
  • 151
  • 152
    • 0024762080 scopus 로고
    • The effects of topical lidocaine on infant response to circumcision
    • Mudge D, Younger JB. The effects of topical lidocaine on infant response to circumcision. J Nurs Midwifery 1989;34: 335-340.
    • (1989) J Nurs Midwifery , vol.34 , pp. 335-340
    • Mudge, D.1    Younger, J.B.2
  • 153
    • 0027381582 scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of a topical anesthetic for neonatal circumcision
    • Weatherstone KN, Rasmussen LB, Erenberg A, et al. Safety and efficacy of a topical anesthetic for neonatal circumcision. Pediatrics 1993;92:710-714.
    • (1993) Pediatrics , vol.92 , pp. 710-714
    • Weatherstone, K.N.1    Rasmussen, L.B.2    Erenberg, A.3
  • 155
    • 0032933790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical lidocaine-prilocaine versus lidocaine for neonatal circumcision: A randomized controlled trial
    • Woodman PJ. Topical lidocaine-prilocaine versus lidocaine for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:775-779.
    • (1999) Obstet Gynecol , vol.93 , pp. 775-779
    • Woodman, P.J.1
  • 156
    • 0033855063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methaemoglobinaemia secondary to topical lidocaine/prilocaine in a circumcised neonate
    • Couper RT. Methaemoglobinaemia secondary to topical lidocaine/prilocaine in a circumcised neonate. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:406-407.
    • (2000) J Paediatr Child Health , vol.36 , pp. 406-407
    • Couper, R.T.1
  • 157
    • 0029958247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of methemoglobin after EMLA analgesia for newborn circumcision
    • Law RM, Halpern S, Martins RD, et al. Measurement of methemoglobin after EMLA analgesia for newborn circumcision. Biol Neonate 1996;70:213-217.
    • (1996) Biol Neonate , vol.70 , pp. 213-217
    • Law, R.M.1    Halpern, S.2    Martins, R.D.3
  • 158
    • 0030995915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream for pain during circumcision
    • Taddio A, Stevens BS, Craig K, et al. Efficacy and safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream for pain during circumcision. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1197-1201.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1197-1201
    • Taddio, A.1    Stevens, B.S.2    Craig, K.3
  • 159
    • 0036208993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lidocaine-prilocaine cream versus tetracaine gel for procedural pain in children
    • Taddio A, Gurguis MG, Koren G. Lidocaine-prilocaine cream versus tetracaine gel for procedural pain in children. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:687-692.
    • (2002) Ann Pharmacother , vol.36 , pp. 687-692
    • Taddio, A.1    Gurguis, M.G.2    Koren, G.3
  • 160
    • 0031469365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: A randomized controlled trial
    • Lander J, Brady-Fryer B, Metcalfe JB, et al. Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;278:2157-2162.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 2157-2162
    • Lander, J.1    Brady-Fryer, B.2    Metcalfe, J.B.3
  • 161
    • 0032041343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesia for neonatal circumcision: A randomized controlled trial of EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve block
    • Butler-O'Hara M, LeMoine C, Guillet R. Analgesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial of EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve block. Pediatrics 1998;101: E5.
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.101
    • Butler-O'Hara, M.1    LeMoine, C.2    Guillet, R.3
  • 162
    • 0033372349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, controlled trial of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream (lidocaine and prilocaine) versus penile nerve block for pain relief during circumcision
    • Howard CR, Howard FM, Fortune K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream (lidocaine and prilocaine) versus penile nerve block for pain relief during circumcision. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181: 1506-1511.
    • (1999) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.181 , pp. 1506-1511
    • Howard, C.R.1    Howard, F.M.2    Fortune, K.3
  • 163
    • 0027994151 scopus 로고
    • Post-circumcision analgesia: Comparison of topical analgesia with dorsal nerve block using the midline and lateral approaches
    • Chambers FA, Lee J, Smith J, et al. Post-circumcision analgesia: comparison of topical analgesia with dorsal nerve block using the midline and lateral approaches. Br J Anaesth 1994;73:437-439.
    • (1994) Br J Anaesth , vol.73 , pp. 437-439
    • Chambers, F.A.1    Lee, J.2    Smith, J.3
  • 164
    • 0032898605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dorsal penile nerve block vs topical placebo for circumcision in low-birth-weight neonates
    • Holliday MA, Pinckert TL, Kiernan SC, et al. Dorsal penile nerve block vs topical placebo for circumcision in low-birth-weight neonates. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:476-480.
    • (1999) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.153 , pp. 476-480
    • Holliday, M.A.1    Pinckert, T.L.2    Kiernan, S.C.3
  • 165
    • 0037301966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve block for postcircumcision analgesia in children
    • Choi WY, Irwin MG, Hui TWC, et al. EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve block for postcircumcision analgesia in children. Anesth Analg 2003;96:396-399.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 396-399
    • Choi, W.Y.1    Irwin, M.G.2    Hui, T.W.C.3
  • 166
    • 0017804749 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block - A painless procedure
    • Kirya C, Werthmann MW Jr. Neonatal circumcision and penile dorsal nerve block-a painless procedure. J Pediatr 1978;92:998-1000.
    • (1978) J Pediatr , vol.92 , pp. 998-1000
    • Kirya, C.1    Werthmann Jr., M.W.2
  • 167
    • 0025805702 scopus 로고
    • Dorsal penile nerve block for newborn circumcision
    • Fontaine P, Toffler WL. Dorsal penile nerve block for newborn circumcision. Am Fam Physician 1991;43:1327-1333.
    • (1991) Am Fam Physician , vol.43 , pp. 1327-1333
    • Fontaine, P.1    Toffler, W.L.2
  • 168
    • 0029045823 scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of complications of dorsal penile nerve block for neonatal circumcision
    • Snellman LW, Stang HJ. Prospective evaluation of complications of dorsal penile nerve block for neonatal circumcision. Pediatrics 1995;95:705-708.
    • (1995) Pediatrics , vol.95 , pp. 705-708
    • Snellman, L.W.1    Stang, H.J.2
  • 169
    • 0021046837 scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia during newborn circumcision. Effect on infant pain response
    • Holve RL, Bromberger PJ, Groveman HD, et al. Regional anesthesia during newborn circumcision. Effect on infant pain response. Clin Pediatr 1983;22:813-818.
    • (1983) Clin Pediatr , vol.22 , pp. 813-818
    • Holve, R.L.1    Bromberger, P.J.2    Groveman, H.D.3
  • 170
    • 0023634935 scopus 로고
    • Penile nerve block for newborn circumcision
    • Maxwell LG, Yaster M, Wetzel RC, et al. Penile nerve block for newborn circumcision. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:415-419.
    • (1987) Obstet Gynecol , vol.70 , pp. 415-419
    • Maxwell, L.G.1    Yaster, M.2    Wetzel, R.C.3
  • 171
    • 0023928415 scopus 로고
    • Local anesthesia for neonatal circumcision. Effects on distress and cortisol response
    • Stang HJ, Gunnar MR, Snellman L, et al. Local anesthesia for neonatal circumcision. Effects on distress and cortisol response. JAMA 1988;259:1507-1511.
    • (1988) JAMA , vol.259 , pp. 1507-1511
    • Stang, H.J.1    Gunnar, M.R.2    Snellman, L.3
  • 172
    • 0030778971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local anesthesia for circumcision: Which technique is most effective?
    • Lenhart JG, Lenhart NM, Reid A, et al. Local anesthesia for circumcision: which technique is most effective? J Am Board Fam Pract 1997;10:310-311.
    • (1997) J Am Board Fam Pract , vol.10 , pp. 310-311
    • Lenhart, J.G.1    Lenhart, N.M.2    Reid, A.3
  • 173
    • 0031834615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ring block for neonatal circumcision
    • Hardwick-Smith S, et al. Ring block for neonatal circumcision. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:930-934.
    • (1998) Obstet Gynecol , vol.91 , pp. 930-934
    • Hardwick-Smith, S.1
  • 174
    • 0023359804 scopus 로고
    • Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine, with or without epinephrine
    • McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P. Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine, with or without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 1987;66:572-574.
    • (1987) Anesth Analg , vol.66 , pp. 572-574
    • McKay, W.1    Morris, R.2    Mushlin, P.3
  • 175
    • 0028249686 scopus 로고
    • Reducing the discomfort of lidocaine administration through pH buffering
    • Matsumoto AH, Reifsnyder AC, Hartwell GD, et al. Reducing the discomfort of lidocaine administration through pH buffering. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994;5:171-175.
    • (1994) J Vasc Interv Radiol , vol.5 , pp. 171-175
    • Matsumoto, A.H.1    Reifsnyder, A.C.2    Hartwell, G.D.3
  • 176
    • 0031197039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond dorsal nerve block: A more humane circumcision
    • Stang HJ, Snellman LW, Condon LM, et al. Beyond dorsal nerve block: a more humane circumcision. Pediatrics 1997; 100:E3.
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.100
    • Stang, H.J.1    Snellman, L.W.2    Condon, L.M.3
  • 177
    • 0033104276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plain and buffered lidocaine for neonatal circumcision
    • Newton CW, Mulnix N, Baer L, et al. Plain and buffered lidocaine for neonatal circumcision. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93:350-352.
    • (1999) Obstet Gynecol , vol.93 , pp. 350-352
    • Newton, C.W.1    Mulnix, N.2    Baer, L.3
  • 178
    • 0032749530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alkalinizing local anesthetic does not decrease pain during injection for dorsal penile nerve block
    • Serour F, Levine A, Mandelberg A, et al. Alkalinizing local anesthetic does not decrease pain during injection for dorsal penile nerve block. J Clin Anesth 1999;11:563-566.
    • (1999) J Clin Anesth , vol.11 , pp. 563-566
    • Serour, F.1    Levine, A.2    Mandelberg, A.3
  • 179
    • 0026130118 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cycled light on activity state and cardiorespiratory function in preterm infants
    • Blackburn S, Patteson D. Effects of cycled light on activity state and cardiorespiratory function in preterm infants. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 1991;4:47-54.
    • (1991) J Perinat Neonatal Nurs , vol.4 , pp. 47-54
    • Blackburn, S.1    Patteson, D.2
  • 180
    • 0024634959 scopus 로고
    • Pain reduction during neonatal circumcision
    • Marchette L, Main R, Redick E. Pain reduction during neonatal circumcision. Pediatr Nurs 1989;15:207-208, 210.
    • (1989) Pediatr Nurs , vol.15 , pp. 207-208
    • Marchette, L.1    Main, R.2    Redick, E.3
  • 181
    • 0025068338 scopus 로고
    • Nursing approaches to nonpharmacological pain control
    • McCaffery M. Nursing approaches to nonpharmacological pain control. Int J Nurs Stud 1990;27:1-5.
    • (1990) Int J Nurs Stud , vol.27 , pp. 1-5
    • McCaffery, M.1
  • 182
    • 0035347494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of pain management interventions for neonatal circumcision pain
    • Joyce BA, Keck JF, Gerkensmeyer J. Evaluation of pain management interventions for neonatal circumcision pain. J Pediatr Health Care 2001;15:105-114.
    • (2001) J Pediatr Health Care , vol.15 , pp. 105-114
    • Joyce, B.A.1    Keck, J.F.2    Gerkensmeyer, J.3
  • 183
    • 0031692068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slow injection of local anaesthetic will decrease pain during dorsal penile nerve block
    • Serour F, Mandelberg A, Mori J. Slow injection of local anaesthetic will decrease pain during dorsal penile nerve block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998;42:926-928.
    • (1998) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.42 , pp. 926-928
    • Serour, F.1    Mandelberg, A.2    Mori, J.3
  • 184
    • 0020513151 scopus 로고
    • Complications of circumcision
    • Kaplan GW. Complications of circumcision. Urol Clin North Am 1983;10:543-549.
    • (1983) Urol Clin North Am , vol.10 , pp. 543-549
    • Kaplan, G.W.1
  • 185
    • 0024398888 scopus 로고
    • Risks from circumcision during the first month of life compared with those of uncircumcised boys
    • Wiswell TE, Geschke DW. Risks from circumcision during the first month of life compared with those of uncircumcised boys. Pediatrics 1989;83:1011-1015.
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.83 , pp. 1011-1015
    • Wiswell, T.E.1    Geschke, D.W.2
  • 186
    • 0033988881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A trade-off analysis of routine newborn circumcision
    • Christakis DA, Harvey E, Zerr DM, et al. A trade-off analysis of routine newborn circumcision. Pediatrics 2000;105:246-249.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105 , pp. 246-249
    • Christakis, D.A.1    Harvey, E.2    Zerr, D.M.3
  • 187
    • 0017030279 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal circumcision: A ten-year overview with comparison of the Gomco clamp and the Plastibell device
    • Gee WF, Ansell JS. Neonatal circumcision: a ten-year overview with comparison of the Gomco clamp and the Plastibell device. Pediatrics 1976;58:824-827.
    • (1976) Pediatrics , vol.58 , pp. 824-827
    • Gee, W.F.1    Ansell, J.S.2
  • 188
    • 0037611077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient management of phimosis following newborn circumcision
    • Blalock HJ, Vemulakonda V, Ritchey ML, et al. Outpatient management of phimosis following newborn circumcision. J Urol 2003;169:2332-2334.
    • (2003) J Urol , vol.169 , pp. 2332-2334
    • Blalock, H.J.1    Vemulakonda, V.2    Ritchey, M.L.3
  • 189
    • 0033928312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penile adhesions after neonatal circumcision
    • Ponsky LE, Ross JH, Knipper N, et al. Penile adhesions after neonatal circumcision. J Urol 2000;164:495-496.
    • (2000) J Urol , vol.164 , pp. 495-496
    • Ponsky, L.E.1    Ross, J.H.2    Knipper, N.3
  • 190
    • 0026655376 scopus 로고
    • Postcircumcision urinary tract infection
    • Cohen HA, Drucker MM, Vainer S, et al. Postcircumcision urinary tract infection. Clin Pediatr 1992;31:322-324.
    • (1992) Clin Pediatr , vol.31 , pp. 322-324
    • Cohen, H.A.1    Drucker, M.M.2    Vainer, S.3
  • 191
    • 0036377973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of circumcision technique on frequency of urinary tract infections in neonates
    • Harel L, et al. Influence of circumcision technique on frequency of urinary tract infections in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:879-880.
    • (2002) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.21 , pp. 879-880
    • Harel, L.1
  • 192
    • 0031397026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significantly increased complication risk with mass circumcisions
    • Ozdemir E. Significantly increased complication risk with mass circumcisions. Br J Urol 1997;80:136-139.
    • (1997) Br J Urol , vol.80 , pp. 136-139
    • Ozdemir, E.1
  • 195
    • 0032882985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retention of urine: An unusual complication of the Plastibell device
    • Mihssin N, Moorthy K, Houghton PW. Retention of urine: an unusual complication of the Plastibell device. BJU Int 1999; 84:745.
    • (1999) BJU Int , vol.84 , pp. 745
    • Mihssin, N.1    Moorthy, K.2    Houghton, P.W.3
  • 196
    • 0041927903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute venous stasis and swelling of the lower abdomen and extremities in an infant after circumcision
    • Ly L, Sankaran K. Acute venous stasis and swelling of the lower abdomen and extremities in an infant after circumcision. CMAJ 2003;169:216-217.
    • (2003) CMAJ , vol.169 , pp. 216-217
    • Ly, L.1    Sankaran, K.2
  • 197
    • 0016110711 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal septicemia after circumcision
    • Kirkpatrick BV, Eitzman DV. Neonatal septicemia after circumcision. Clin Pediatr 1974;13:767-768.
    • (1974) Clin Pediatr , vol.13 , pp. 767-768
    • Kirkpatrick, B.V.1    Eitzman, D.V.2
  • 198
    • 0024094211 scopus 로고
    • A review of a Plastibell device in neonatal circumcision in 2000 instances
    • al-Samarrai AY, Mofti AB, Crankson SJ, et al. A review of a Plastibell device in neonatal circumcision in 2000 instances. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988;167:341-343.
    • (1988) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.167 , pp. 341-343
    • Al-Samarrai, A.Y.1    Mofti, A.B.2    Crankson, S.J.3
  • 199
    • 0023904546 scopus 로고
    • Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: An 8-year longitudinal study
    • Fergusson DM, Lawton JM, Shannon FT. Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics 1988;81:537-541.
    • (1988) Pediatrics , vol.81 , pp. 537-541
    • Fergusson, D.M.1    Lawton, J.M.2    Shannon, F.T.3
  • 200
    • 0025026381 scopus 로고
    • Routine circumcision in the newborn: An opposing view
    • Thompson RS. Routine circumcision in the newborn: an opposing view. J Fam Pract 1990;31:189-196.
    • (1990) J Fam Pract , vol.31 , pp. 189-196
    • Thompson, R.S.1
  • 201
    • 0034090853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newborn circumcision decreases incidence and costs of urinary tract infections during the first year of life
    • Schoen EJ, Colby CJ, Ray GT. Newborn circumcision decreases incidence and costs of urinary tract infections during the first year of life. Pediatrics 2000;105:789-793.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105 , pp. 789-793
    • Schoen, E.J.1    Colby, C.J.2    Ray, G.T.3
  • 203
    • 0036231002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of circumcision on male sexual function: Debunking a myth?
    • Collins S, Upshaw J, Rutchik S, et al. Effects of circumcision on male sexual function: debunking a myth? J Urol 2002; 167:2111-2112.
    • (2002) J Urol , vol.167 , pp. 2111-2112
    • Collins, S.1    Upshaw, J.2    Rutchik, S.3
  • 204
    • 0036226245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult circumcision outcomes study: Effect on erectile function, penile sensitivity, sexual activity and satisfaction
    • Fink KS, Carson CC, DeVellis RF. Adult circumcision outcomes study: effect on erectile function, penile sensitivity, sexual activity and satisfaction. J Urol 2002;167:2113-2116.
    • (2002) J Urol , vol.167 , pp. 2113-2116
    • Fink, K.S.1    Carson, C.C.2    DeVellis, R.F.3
  • 205
    • 0642283462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between prophylaxis and child abuse: The ethics of neonatal male circumcision
    • Benatar M, Benatar D. Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision. Am J Bioeth 2003; 3:35-48.
    • (2003) Am J Bioeth , vol.3 , pp. 35-48
    • Benatar, M.1    Benatar, D.2
  • 206
    • 0033029094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involuntary circumcision: The legal issues
    • Van Howe RS, Svoboda JS, Dwyer JG, et al. Involuntary circumcision: the legal issues. BJU Int 1999;83(suppl 1):63-73.
    • (1999) BJU Int , vol.83 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 63-73
    • Van Howe, R.S.1    Svoboda, J.S.2    Dwyer, J.G.3
  • 207
    • 0035379425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male and female genital alteration: A collision course with the law?
    • Davis DS. Male and female genital alteration: a collision course with the law? Health Matrix 2001;11:487-570.
    • (2001) Health Matrix , vol.11 , pp. 487-570
    • Davis, D.S.1
  • 208
    • 0036218543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of parental education on decision-making about neonatal circumcision
    • Binner SL, Mastrobattista JM, Day MC, et al. Effect of parental education on decision-making about neonatal circumcision. South Med J 2002;95:457-461.
    • (2002) South Med J , vol.95 , pp. 457-461
    • Binner, S.L.1    Mastrobattista, J.M.2    Day, M.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.