Muslims Pluralize the West, Resist Assimilation

Middle East Policy

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 70-83

  Malik, Mustafa ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1942443915     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00142.x     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Matthew Taylor, "Minister's Call to Choose Outrages Muslims," The Guardian, London, November 22, 2003.
2. I b i d.
3. Peter Mandaville, "Towards a Critical Islam: European Muslims and the Changing Boundaries of Transnational Religious Discourse," Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and Across Europe, eds. Stefano Allievi and Jorgen S. Nielsen (Boston: Brill, 2003), p. 127.
4. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1991), pp. 42, 44; Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, eds., Muslim Travelers: Pilgrimage, Migration and the Religious Imagination (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), p. 4.
5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1991), pp. 42, 44; Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, eds., Muslim Travelers: Pilgrimage, Migration and the Religious Imagination (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), p. 4.
6. Muhammad Khalid Masud narrated the incident to the author in London on September 9, 1995.
7. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 119-120.
8. Robert Bellah, Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditionalist World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991), p. 146.
9. Author's interview with Muhammad Anwar, Warwick University, Warwick, England, November 15, 2000.
10. Daniel Pipes and Lars Hedegaard, "Something Rotten in Denmark?" The New York Post, August 27, 2002.
11. Jati, Dharma O Probashi Musalman (Bengali-language booklet: "Nationality, Religion and Diasporic Muslims"), Detroit, 1995.
12. Jocelyne Cesari, "Muslim Minorities in Europe," Modernizing Islam (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003), p. 257.
13. Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew (New York: Anchor Books, 1955), p. 37.
14. Jacques Waardenburg, "The Institutionalization of Islam in the Netherlands, 1961-86," The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe, eds. Tomas Gerholm and Yngve Gorg Lithman (New York: Mansell Publishing Ltd., 1988), p. 31.
15. Jorgen S. Nielsen, Towards a European Islam (Warwick, England: Center for Research in Ethnic Relations, 2000); Tariq Ramadan, To Be a European Muslim (Leicester, England: The Islamic Foundation, 1999).
16. Jorgen S. Nielsen, Towards a European Islam (Warwick, England: Center for Research in Ethnic Relations, 2000); Tariq Ramadan, To Be a European Muslim (Leicester, England: The Islamic Foundation, 1999).
17. Richard D. Alba, Ethnic Identity: Transformation of White America (New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 12, 290.
18. Mustafa Malik, "Islam in Europe: Quest for a Paradigm," Middle East Policy, Vol. VIII, No. 2, June 2001, p. 103.
19. Author's interviews with Mohammad Arkoun, Washington, DC, June 27, 2001.
20. Author's interview with Lucette Valensi, Paris, October 31, 2000.
21. Ernst Gellner, Nationalism (New York: New York University Press, 1997) p. 84.
22. Ethnic Identity, pp. 12, 174.
23. Gerald Early, "Understanding Integration," Civilization, October-November 1996, p. 58.
24. Peter Schywartz, Inevitable Surprises: Thinking Ahead in a Time of Turbulence (New York: Gotham Books, 2003), p. 64.
25. Said ibn Ahmed, a judge in the then Muslim city of Toledo, Spain, quoted in Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982), p. 68.
26. Omer Taspinar, "Europe's Muslim Street," Foreign Policy, March/April 2003.
27. Oussama Cherribi, "The Growing Islamization of Europe," Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in Europe and the Middle East, eds. John L. Esposito and Francois Burgat (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003), p. 195.
28. George F. McLean, Faith, Reason and Philosophy (Washington, DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2000), pp. 88-89.
29. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1998), chapters 1-3.
30. Quoted in Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Rise of Christian Europe (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1989), p. 73.
31. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 10-12.
32. The Rise of Christian Europe, p. 22.
33. E.J. Dionne Jr., "In France, Scarves and Secularism," The Washington Post, December 23, 2003.
34. Tariq Modood, "Introduction," and Ayse S. Calgar, "Hyphenated Identities and the Limits of 'Culture'," The Politics of Multiculturalism in New Europe, eds. Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner (New York: Zed Books Ltd., 1997), pp. 10, 170.
35. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p. 67.
36. Translocal Muslim Space, p. 168.
37. Ernest Gellner, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 15.
38. I b i d.
39. Dale F. Eickelman, "The Coming Transformation of the Muslim World," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 1990.
40. Abul Ala Maududi, First Principles of the Islamic State (Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications, 1967), p. 13; Abu Husayn al-Basri quoted in Wael B. Hallaq, "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 1984, p. 5.
41. Abul Ala Maududi, First Principles of the Islamic State (Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications, 1967), p. 13; Abu Husayn al-Basri quoted in Wael B. Hallaq, "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 1984, p. 5.
42. Fazlur Rahman, Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 8.
43. Heath W. Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State (New York: State University of New York Press, 2003), p. 137.
44. Jeremy Johns, "Christianity and Islam," The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, eds. John McManners (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 194.
45. Local Knowledge, p. 68.