Mountain summer farms in Røldal, western Norway - Vegetation classification and patterns in species turnover and richness

Plant Ecology

Volumn 170, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 203-222

  Vandvik, V ^a   Birks, H J B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

(Detrended) (canonical) Correspondence analysis; Classification; Cultural landscapes; Diversity; Environmental effects; Generalized linear modelling; Grazing animal effects; Land use effects; Species richness; Species turnover

Indexed keywords

CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS; CULTURAL LANDSCAPE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; LAND USE; PLANT COMMUNITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; TURNOVER; VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION;

EURASIA; EUROPE; HORDALAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; ROLDAL; SCANDINAVIA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 1942442872     PISSN: 13850237     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000021669.61982.d9     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Aase K. 1981. Heavy application of farmyard manure to green fodder turnips and grassland. Forskn. Fors. Landbr. 32: 65-73.
2. Amiaud B., Bonis A. and Bouzillé J.-B. 2000. Conditions de germination et rôle des herbivores dans la dispersion et le recrutement d'une espèce clonale: Juncus gerardii Lois. Can. J. Bot. 78: 1430-1439.
3. Aune B. 1993. Temperaturnormaler, Normalperiode 1961-1990. Det Norske Meteorologiske Institutt, Oslo.
4. Austrheim G. and Eriksson O. 2001. Plant species diversity and grazing in the Scandinavian mountains - patterns and processes at different spatial scales. Ecography 24: 683-695.
5. Austrheim G. 2001. Heterogeneity in semi-natural grasslands: the importance of the elevational gradient. Nord. J. Bot. 21: 291-303.
6. Austrheim G. 2002. Plant diveristy patterns in semi-natural grasslands along an elevational gradient in southern Norway. Plant Ecol. 161: 193-205.
7. Austrheim G., Olsson E.G.A. and Grøntvedt E. 1999. Land-use impact on plant communities in semi-natural sub-alpine grasslands of Budalen, central Norway. Biol. Cons. 87: 369-379.
8. Baadshaug O.H. 1983. Fertilisation and liming of mountain pasture. III. Effects on botanical composition. Forskn. Fors. Landbr. 34: 259-268.
9. Bernes C. 1993. The Nordic Environment - Present State, Trends, and Threats. NORD-reports. The Nordic Council of Ministers, Stockholm.
10. Birks H.J.B., Berge F., Boyle J.F. and Cumming B.F. 1990. A palaeoecological test of the land-use hypothesis for recent lake acidification in South-West Norway using hill-top lakes. J. Paleolimnol. 4: 69-85.
11. Bjørgo T., Kristoffersen S. and Prescott C. 1992. Arkeologiske undersøkelser i Nyset-Steggje vassdragene 1981-1987. Hist. Mus. Univ. Bergen Arkeol. Rapp. 16: 1-314.
12. Bjørnestad O.N. 1991. Changes in forest soils and vegetation in Søgne, southern Norway, during a 20 year period. Holarct. Ecol. 14: 234-244.
13. Bonard A. and Dubost M. 1992. Diagnostic agro-écologique de la végétation des alpages latitiers des Alpes du Nord humides: établissement et utilisation d'une typologie simplifiée. Agronomie 12: 581-599.
14. Bryn A. and Daugstad K. 2001. Summer farming in the subalpine birch forest. In: Wielgolaski F.E. (ed.), Nordic Mountain Birch Ecosystems. Man and the Biosphere Series. Vol. 27. The Parthenon Publishing Group, New York.
15. Crawley M.J. 1993. GLIM for Ecologists. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 307-315.
16. Dahl E. 1957. Rondane. Mountain vegetation in South Norway and its relation to the environment. Skr. norske Vidensk-Akad. I. Mat.-naturv. KI 3: 1-374, 1956.
17. Dahl E. 1988. Acidification of soils in the Rondane Mountains, South Norway, due to acid precipitation. Økoforsk rapp. 1: 1-53, 1988.
18. Dahl E., Gjems O. and Kielland-Lund J. Jr 1967. On the Vegetation Types of Norwegian Conifer Forests in Relation to the Chemical Properties of the Humus Layer. Meddr. norske Skogfors. Ves. 85: 505-531.
19. Edelmann A. 1997. Utmarksbeitet. Den glemte ressurs. In: Monsen M. (ed.), Levende Vern. Den Norske Turistforening, Oslo, pp. 46-51.
20. Ellenberg H. 1988. Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Etherington J.R. 1975. Environment and Plant Ecology. Wiley, London.
22. Fægri K. 1988. Preface. In: Birks H.H., Birks H.J.B., Kaland P.E. and Moe D. (eds), The Cultural Landscape Past, Present, and Future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-4.
23. Fægri K. 1960. Maps of Distribution of Norwegian Vascular Plants. I. Coast Plants. Oslo University Press, Oslo.
24. Førland E.J. 1993. Nedbørnormaler, Normalperiode 1961-1990. Det Norske Meteorologiske Institutt, Oslo.
25. Fremstad E. and Moen A. (eds) 2001. Threatened Vegetation Types in Norway. NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet Rapp. Bot. Serie., 1-231.
26. Frödin J. 1929. Om fäbodsbebyggelsens utbredning ock olika typer i Europa. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok. Sydsv. Geogr. Sällskapet, Lund.
27. Gorham E. 1953. The development of the humus layer in some woodlands of the English Lake District. J. Ecol. 41: 123-152.
28. Grime J.P. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. John Wiley & Sons, Chiester.
29. Grytnes J.-A. 2000. Fine-scale vascular plant species richness in different alpine vegetation types: relationships with biomass and cover. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 87-92.
30. Hill M.O. and Gauch H.G. Jr 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: An improved ordination technique. Vegetatio. 42: 47-58.
31. Hill M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN - A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of individuals and attributes. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
32. Hobbs R.J. and Hunneke L.F. 1992. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 6: 324-337.
33. Holzner W. 1978. Weed species and weed communities. Vegetatio. 38: 13-20.
34. Huston 1994. Biological Diversity - The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
35. Huston M. and DeAngelis D.L. 1994. Competition and coexistence: the effects of resource transport and supply rates. American Naturalist 144: 954-977.
36. Knatterud B. 1974. En plantesosiologisk undersøkelse av vegetasjonen på sætervollene i Grimsdalen. Real, Cand. Real thesis Univ., Oslo.
37. Krog H., Østhagen H. and Tønsberg T. 1980. Lav flora. Norske busk - og bladlav. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
38. Kvamme M. 1988. Pollen Analytical Studies of Mountain Summer-Farming in Western Norway. In: Birks H.H. (ed.), The Cultural Landscape - Past, Present, and Future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 349-367.
39. Kvamme M., Berge J. and Kaland P.E. 1992. Vegetasjonshistoriske undersøkelser i Nyset-Steggje vassdragene. Hist. Mus. Univ. Bergen Arkeol. Rapp. 17: 1-132.
40. Lawton J. 1999. Time to reflect: Gilbert White and environmental change. Oikos 87: 476-478.
41. Lid J. 1985. Norsk, Svensk, Finsk flora. 5th edn. Det norske Samlaget, Oslo.
42. Lid J. and Lid D.T. Elven R. (ed.) 1994. Norsk Flora. Det norske samlaget, Oslo.
43. Losvik M. 1993. Hay meadow communities in Western Norway and relations between vegetation and environmental factors. Nord. J. Bot. 13: 95-206.
44. McCullagh P. and Neider J.A. 1989. Generalized Linear Models. 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, London.
45. Milchunas D.G., Sala O.E. and Lauenroth W.K. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. Am. Nat. 132: 87-106.
46. Mossberg B. 1992. Den Nordiska Floran. Wahlström and Widtrand, Stockholm.
47. Naterstad J., Andresen A. and Jorde K. 1973. Tectonic succession of the Caledonian Nappe Front in the Haukelisæter-Røldal Area, Southwestern Norway. Nor. Geol. Unders. 292: 1-20.
48. Nordhagen R. 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter. Bergens Mus. Skr. 22: 1-607.
49. Nordic Council of Ministers 1989. Rekommendiationer för kulturlandskapet. Nordiska ministerrådet miljørapport 1989 5: 1-112.
50. Odland A. and Birks H.J.B. 1999. The altitudinal gradient of vascular plant richness in Aurland, western Norway. Ecography 22: 548-566.
51. Odland A. 1981. Pre- and subalpine tall herb vegetation in Røldal, W Norway. Nord. J. Bot. 1: 671-690.
52. Oke T.R. 1987. Boundary Layer Climates. 2nd edn. Methuen & Co., NY, USA.
53. Økland T. 1988. An ecological approach to the investigation of a beech forest in Vestfold, SE Norway. Nord. J. Bot. 8: 375-407.
54. Oksanen J. and Minchin P.R. 1997. Instability of ordination results under changes in input data order: explanations and remedies. J. Veg. Sci. 8: 447-454.
55. Olsson E.G.A. 1998. The roles of humans in shaping biodiversity through environmental manipulation. In: Fielder P.L. and Kareiva P. (eds), Conservation Biology. 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, New York.
56. Orloci L. 1967. An agglomerative method for the classification of plant communities. J. Ecol. 55: 193-206.
57. Palmer M.W. and Dixon P.M. 1990. Small-scale environmental heterogeneity and the analysis of distributions along gradients. J. Veg. Sci. 1: 57-65.
58. Palmer M.W. 1993. Putting things in even better order: the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis. Ecology 74: 2215-2230.
59. Pausas J.G. 1994. Species richness patterns in the understory of Pyrenean Pinus sylvestris forest. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 517-524.
60. Pedersen B. 1989. Distributional patterns of vascular plants in Fennoscandia: a numerical approach. Nordic J. Bot. 19: 163-189.
61. Pedersen B. 1990. Distributional patterns of vascular plants in Fennoscandia: a numerical approach. Nord. J. Bot. 10: 163-189.
62. Pulliam H.R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist 132: 652-661.
63. Randers K. and Kvamme M. 1992. Breheimenundersøkelsene 1982-1984. II. Hist. Mus. Univ. Bergen Arkeol. Rapp. 16., Bergen.
64. Reinton L. 1955, 1957, 1961. Sæterbruket i Noreg I, II, & III. Institutt for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie B, Skrifter, XLVIII., Oslo.
65. Resvoll-Holmsen H. 1920. Om fjeldvegetationen i det østenfjeldske Norge. Arch. Mat. Naturv. 37: 1-266.
66. Rhinschede G. 1988. Transhumance in European and American mountains. In: Allan N.J.R., Knapp G. and Stadel C. (eds), Human Impact on Mountains. Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, NJ, USA, pp. 109-115.
67. Røsberg I. 1984. Rettleiing i analyse av jord og plantemateriale. Laboratory manual. Botanical institute, Univ., Bergen.
68. SAS Institute 1997. SAS (Computer Package). SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
69. Schroeder D. 1984. Soils: Facts and Concepts. International Potash Institute, Bern.
70. Selsjord I. 1966. Vegetation and Pasture Investigations in Mountain Districts of Norway. Forskn. Fors. Landbr. 17: 325-381.
71. Shmida A. and Wilson M.V. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 12: 1-20.
72. Šmilauer P. 1993. Canodraw 3.0. Microcomputer Power. Ithaca, New York.
73. Smith A.J.E. 1978. The Moss Flora of Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
74. Smith A.J.E. 1990. The Liverworts of Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
75. Spatz G. 1980. Succession patterns on mountain pastures. Vegetatio. 43: 39-41.
76. Stanners D. and Bordeau P. 1995. Europe's Environment. The Dobris Assessment. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen.
77. Sterten A.K. 1974. Hardangerviddas klima. Nor. Off. Utr. 1974 30B: 32-38.
78. Szabó M. 1970. Herdar ock husdjur. En etnologisk studie över Skandinaviens och Mellaneuropas beteskultur och vallningsorganisasjon. Nordiska museets handlingar, Lund.
79. ter Braak C.J.F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167-1179.
80. ter Braak C.J.F. 1987. CANOCO - A FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial) (detrended) (canoni-cal) correspondance analysis, principal components analysis, and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). TNO Institute for Applied Computer Science, Statistics Department, Wageningen.
81. ter Braak C.J.F. 1990. Update Notes: Canoco Version 3.10. Agricultural Mathematical Group, Wageningen.
82. Tyler G. 1987. Probable effects of Soil Acidification and Nitrogen Deposition on the Floristic Composition of Oak (Quercus robur L.) Forest. Flora 179: 165-170.
83. Vandvik V. and Birks H.J.B. 2002a. Partitioning floristic variance in Norwegian upland grasslands into within-site and between-site components: Are the patterns determined by environment or by land-use? Plant Ecol. 162: 233-245.
84. Vandvik V. and Birks H.J.B. 2002b. Pattern and process in Norwegian upland grasslands - the relative importance of environmental factors and grazing effects can be elucidated by plant functional responses. J. Veg. Sci. 13: 123-134.
85. Vetaas O.R. 1997. The effect of canopy disturbance on species richness in central Himalayan oak forest. Plant Ecol. 132: 29-38.
86. Wallis de Vries M., Poschlod P. and Willems J. 2002. Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna. Biol. Conserv. 104: 265-273.
87. Whittaker R.H. 1975. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science 147: 250-260.
88. Zobel M. 1997. The relative role of species pools in determining plant species richness: an alternative explanation of species coexistence? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12: 266-269.
89. Zobel M. 1992. Plant species coexistence - the role of historical, evolutionary, and ecological factors. Oikos 65: 314-320.