Instability of ordination results under changes in input data order: Explanations and remedies

Journal of Vegetation Science

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 447-454

  Oksanen, Jari ^a,c   Minchin, Peter R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Algorithm; Clustering; Correspondence analysis; Detrended correspondence analysis; Eigenanalysis; Non linear rescaling; Tolerance

Indexed keywords

CANOCO; CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS; DATA INPUT; DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS; ORDINATION;

EID: 0031459526     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3237336     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Eilertsen, O., Økland, R.H., Økland, T. & Pedersen, O. 1990. Data manipulation and gradient length estimation in DCA ordination. J. Veg. Sci. 1: 261-270.
2. Gower, J.C. 1966. Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 53: 325-338.
3. Greenacre, M.J. & Hastie, T. 1987. The geometric interpretation of correspondence analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 82: 437-447.
4. Hill, M.O. 1973. Reciprocal averaging: an eigenvector method of ordination. J. Ecol. 61: 237-249.
5. Hill, M.O. 1979a. DECORANA: A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
6. Hill, M.O. 1979b. TWINSPAN: A FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
7. Hill, M.O. & Gauch, H.G. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42: 47-58.
8. Holopainen, J.K., Bergman, T., Hautala, E.L. & Oksanen, J. 1995. The ground beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in relation to soil properties and foliar fluoride content in spring cereals. Pedobiologia 39: 193-206.
9. Jongman, R.H., ter Braak, C.J.F. & van Tongeren, O.F.R. (eds.) 1987. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Pudoc, Wageningen.
10. Knox, R.G. 1989. Effects of detrending and rescaling on correspondence analysis: solution stability and accuracy. Vegetatio 83: 129-136.
11. McCune, B. & Mefford, M.J. 1995. PC-Ord. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 2.0. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, OR.
12. Minchin, P.R. 1987a. An evaluation of relative robustness of techniques for ecological ordination. Vegetatio 69: 89-107.
13. Minchin, P.R. 1987b. Simulation of multidimensional community patterns: towards a comprehensive model. Vegetatio 71: 145-156.
14. Minchin, P.R. 1989. Montane vegetation of the Mt. Field massif, Tasmania: a test of some hypotheses about properties of community patterns. Vegetatio 83: 97-110.
15. Mueck, S.G. & Peacock, R.J. 1992. Impacts of intensive timber harvesting on the forests of East Gippsland, Victoria. VSP Technical Report No. 15, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne.
16. Nicholson, K. W. 1995. Linear algebra with applications. 3rd. ed. PWS, Boston, MA.
17. Oksanen, J. 1988. A note on the occasional instability of detrending in correspondence analysis. Vegetatio 74: 29-32.
18. Oksanen, J., Holopainen, T., Kovanen, T., Kuusinen, M., Mikkola, K., Ohtonen, R., Poikolainen, J., Ritari, A., Sutinen, M.L., Tarhanen, S. & Väre, H. 1995. Lichens are most sensitive. In: Tikkanen, E. & Niemelä, I. (eds.) Kola Peninsula pollutants and forest ecosystems in Lapland, pp. 39-44. Ministry of Agriculture. Jyväskylä.
19. Oksanen, J., Läärä, E., Huttunen, P. & Meriläinen, J. 1989. Estimation of pH optima and tolerances of diatoms in lake sediments by the methods of weighted averaging, least squares and maximum likelihood, and their use for the prediction of lake acidity. J. Paleolimnol. 1: 39-49.
20. Podani, J. 1997. On the sensitivity of ordination and classification methods to variation in the input order of data. J. Veg. Sci. 8: 153-156.
21. Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T. & Flannery, B.P. 1992. Numerical recipes in C: The art of scientific computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
22. Ramp, D. 1994. Seed-bank dynamics and germination ecology in Mediterranean heathland, Wyperfeld National Park. Honours Thesis, University of Melbourne.
23. Schönemann, P.H. & Carroll, R.M. 1970. Fitting one matrix to another under choice of a central dilation and a rigid motion. Psychometrika 35: 245-255.
24. Tausch, R.J., Charlet, D.A., Weixelman, D.A. & Zamudio, D.C. 1995. Patterns of ordination and classification instability resulting from changes in input data order. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 897-902.
25. ter Braak, C.J.F. 1986. Canonical Correspondence Analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67: 1167-1179.
26. ter Braak, C.J.F. 1987. CANOCO - a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondence analysis, principal components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). TNO, Wageningen.
27. ter Braak, C.J.F. & Prentice, I.C. 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. Adv. Ecol. Res. 18: 271-371.
28. van Groenewoud, H. 1992. The robustness of correspondence, detrended correspondence and TWINSPAN analysis. J. Veg. Sci. 3: 239-246.
29. Väre, H., Ohtonen, R. & Oksanen, J. 1995. Effects of reindeer grazing on understorey vegetation in dry Pinus sylvestris forests. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 523-530.
30. Williams, N.S.G. 1995. Does logging shift the floristics of Wet Eucalypt Forests? Analysis of an East Gippsland chronosequence. Honours Thesis, University of Melbourne.